...Lead poisoning (also known as plumbism, colica Pictonum, saturnism, Devon colic[->0], or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the heavy metal[->1] lead[->2] in the body. Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart[->3], bones[->4], intestines[->5], kidneys[->6], and nervous[->7] systems.Symptoms include abdominal pain, confusion[->8], headache, anemia[->9], irritability, and in severe cases seizures[->10], coma[->11], and death[->12]. Routes of exposure to lead include contaminated air, water, soil, food, and consumer Occupational exposure is a common cause of lead poisoning in adults Classically, "lead poisoning" or "lead intoxication" has been defined as exposure to high levels of lead typically associated with severe health effectsLead is a common environmental pollutant.[11] Causes of environmental contamination include industrial use of lead, such as is found in facilities that process lead-acid batteries or produce lead wire or pipes, and metal recycling and foundries.[32] Children living near facilities that process lead, such as smelters, have been found to have unusually high blood lead levels.[33] In August 2009, parents rioted in China after lead poisoning was found in nearly 2000 children[->13] living near zinc and manganese smelters.[34] Lead exposure can occur from contact with lead in air, household dust, soil, water, and commercial products.[9] People can be...
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...produces many different chemical compounds and solutions, including the ever controversial lead additive used in gasoline in some developing nations. The company, which was originally founded as an oil company, eventually acquired several other corporations and extended their oil business into one that handles chemicals such as bromine and eventually took over the company Octel which produced a lead additive. While the use of leaded gasoline became illegal in the US and all developed countries, it was still in heavy use in developing countries. These countries had yet converted to non-lead use, impart by the total control of these businesses by the government who cared solely on their profits. By a technological standpoint, Great Lakes uses minimal technological advances in its production of the lead additive, along with their other chemicals. With the advancement and use of non-leaded gasoline, all other chemical companies stopped producing the lead additive, mostly to comply with new regulations enforced against the environmentally unsafe additive. The company has been faced with dramatic push backs from environmentalists who urge the company to stop the production of this. The main issue with following through with this is that their economic situation has been extremely successful. The company itself is a billion dollar company, with well over half of their profit being from the lead additive itself (Octel). Although the company was beginning to see small declines in...
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...Evaluation of Metal Whistle Containing Low Lead Level for South American Shipment Cale C. Mitchell Western Governors University Table of Contents Situation Synopsys 3 Possible Alternatives 3 Recommended Course of Action 4 Future Actions 5 References 6 Whistle Evaluation Situation Synopsys Toy Company had developed and sold a child’s toy set containing a whistle. These sets are set to be sent to the South American market, primarily elementary schools, for order fulfillment. The toy has been found to contain levels of lead that exceed what is considered safe in the U.S. marketplace. Possible Alternatives In order to evaluate each of the following possible alternatives Toy Company needs to establish some level of a decision making matrix. For example each alternative needs to be evaluated on three core questions. What is the cost, in dollars, of this alternative? What is the potential for harm to the consumer by using an alternative? What is the long term impact to Toy Company by moving forward with this alternative? In the process of asking and answering all of the questions a more plausible outcome evaluation will develop. In the evaluation and decision making process the long term impacts need to also be considered, some of the choices may potentially strengthen the relationship with the consumer. All of the considerations need to always be tested with the question “Is this the right thing to do?”. Each...
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... |Estimated Cost: | |Pamphlets Printed Out in Color (via Staples) |For color copies, approximately $1.00 per pamphlet | |Community and Target Aggregate: | |Parents and Day Care Providers | |Topic: Lead Poisoning | • Epidemiological Rationale for Topic (statistics related to topic): -The CDC estimates that 70% of homes built before 1980 contain lead based paint -The CDC estimates that 4 million households have children living in them that are being exposed to lead -There are approximately half a million U.S. children ages 1-5 with blood lead levels above 5 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL) the reference level at...
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...Eating habits have been changing rapidly in modern India. While traditionally, Indian families used to cook food at home with healthy ingredients and knew what went into the meal, in modern times, with rising incomes and affluence, more and more people are moving away to readymade fast foods and eating regularly at restaurants. The food in many of these outlets is cooked with poor quality ingredients to attract and satisfy the palate rather than provide a wholesome nutritional meal. We now have a lot more varieties and the choices are many. Though, some of us may not be aware of the fact that the food we consume may be adulterated, 25 to 30 per cent of the food items in India are intentionally adulterated. Impure, unsafe Food adulteration is the addition or removal of any substances to or from food, so that the natural composition and quality is affected. Adulterated food is impure, unsafe and not wholesome. Food can be adulterated intentionally and accidentally. Unintentional adulteration is a result of ignorance or the lack of facilities to maintain food quality. This may be caused by spill over effect from pesticides and fertilisers. Inappropriate food handling and packaging methods can also result in adulteration. Intentional food adulteration is usually done for financial gain. The most common form of intentional adulteration is colour adulteration. Some examples of intentional adulteration are addition of water to liquid milk, extraneous matter to ground spices...
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...Lead (Pb) is a malleable, ductile, heavy metal that is resistant to corrosion and is bluish-white in color but turns gray and tarnishes when exposed to air. It is a moderately active metal, dissolves slowly in water, and does not burn. It is naturally occurring in the Earth’s crust. Its abundance is estimated to be between 13 and 20 parts per million. It rarely occurs as a pure element and its most commonly found in the form of lead sulfide (PbS). Children are the most vulnerable population susceptible to the health hazards of lead exposure. They are more sensitive to elevated blood led levels, are more likely to ingest toxins due to frequent hand-to-mouth activity, and are more likely to breathe lead-contaminated dust and soil as well as fumes close to the ground. Increased lead levels in pregnant women may pose risk to the developing fetus. Low lead levels that may harm the fetus and cause neurological problems in newborns may not present risk to the mother. Women may also store lead in their bones from prior lead exposure that can be released during times of calcium stress such as pregnancy and lactation. Elevated lead levels in pregnant women pose an increased risk of preterm labor, miscarriage, spontaneous abortion or still birth, and low birth weight. Other major at risk populations include adults whos occupations are in lead-related industries including lead smelting, refining, and manufacturing industries. People who participate in activities...
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...Memorandum To: Mr. Jones, CEO CC: Executive Leadership Team From: Shannon Peaden, Elementary Division Manager Date: [ 10/13/2013 ] Re: South American toy collection shipment Confidential A. South American toy collection alternative decision actions 1. Since the lead limit in South America apparently regulated as tightly as it is here in the U.S. the company should proceed with the shipment as scheduled. This decision alternative came to me when I realized that I couldn’t locate a lead level for South America. After a few unsuccessful Google searches for South American lead level regulations, the automatic thought is that this is not a heavily monitored in that country. This Advantages of this alternative * The obvious cost savings achieved by not having to repackage the collection = positive financial move for the company. * Avoidance of the receiving company finding out about the production error, and on time shipping proceeding as scheduled = this is dishonest and unethical. The difference between right and wrong is obvious to me, personally. * Avoiding bad publicity Disadvantages * Potential to harm a child with increased lead levels * If the client were to find out about this incident after the fact, your company could lose a business deal. Word of mouth also travels fast regarding negative client experiences. This decision is ethically unsound. If one of the children were to get sick after playing with one of the whistles...
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...Lakes. Describe how Great Lakes will be affected by each of these external factors. Social/Demographic Segment-Ellie Shannon, the Division Manager for Great Lakes Chemical Corporation had a concern for what option was to offer regarding the continued use of lead based additives in developing countries. Even though it was not illegal to do so, Ms. Shannon considered the potential effects this decision would have on Great Lakes to compete in global markets and if it would impact the company positively or negatively as a corporate citizen. Technological Segment-Great Lakes was a company that always sought to keep up with technology and ways to make its product better. During the 1950s they focused on petroleum production and from there moved into the bromine and chemical business. Great Lakes developed chemical products for applications such as water treatments, specialty household cleaners, flame retardants, polymer stabilizers, fire suppressants, and performance chemicals. Great Lakes took on the production of lead additives and that is where they made the majority of their wealth. Economic Segment-Great Lakes made very wise decisions as far as investing in companies such as Octel Associates, a tetraethyl lead (TEL) producer, which accounted for over most of the company’s total operating profit per year. Even when the company was down they were still up because business was just that good because they made a great investment. When Ms. Shannon was trying to decide whether...
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...SUMMARY: During routine product testing, item 32167 was found to contain levels of lead that exceed U.S. allowable limits. This finding may impact a recent order scheduled to be shipped to Department of Elementary Education in South America. The client is expecting delivery next week. Remedies to the situation must be weighed carefully. Financial impact, changes to the company’s reputation, potential liabilities, as well as, social and ethical responsibility should be thoughtfully considered prior to moving forward. The company will incur a cost associated with these findings; the decision that must be made is how we pay the price; with dollars or with our reputation. Considering the above, there are three options, outlined below, that may mitigate the situation. OPTION 1: Ship the items as scheduled. RATIONALE: This option is the simplest. It requires nothing more on our part than to fulfill the existing contract. ADVANTAGES: No further cost incurred. We fulfill the contract with on-time delivery. By delivering the product as requested and on time, the client will be happy and contract with us in the future. The children will be happy with their new toys. DISADVANTAGES: Children could be harmed. South American equivalent of Consumer Product Safety Commission could test the items and determine the lead content and insist on replacement or refund. Our reputation as a company could be damaged internationally, as well as domestically. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:...
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...named Elmer Galbraith who has mysteriously contracted lead poisoning and is frantically searching for the cause to his illness. Throughout the story Carey uses suspense and dialogue to grab the attention of the everyday reader. The most obvious way that Carey builds interest is by creating suspense. He begins the story by describing the symptoms that Elmer has, continuing to do so for the first five paragraphs. As the story progresses, the interest towards Elmer’s illness grows. Once Carey has the reader hooked, he reveals that Elmer is actually suffering from lead poisoning. After Elmer’s illness is revealed, the reader stars to wonder what is actually causing the lead poisoning, which creates even more suspense. Using suspense keeps the reader interested and alert throughout the story. If Carey simply stated at the beginning that Elmer suffered from lead poisoning obtained by chewing plastic wire coating, then the reader would not read the rest of the story to learn about the symptoms and complications of lead poisoning. By creating suspense, Carey ensures readers actively read and understand the story. Another way that Benedict Carey is able to grab the interest of the reader is through dialogue. Reading words that were actually spoken by the characters is an excellent way to draw the audience into the story. For instance, the conversation between Galbraith and Kelley about the possible causes of the lead poisoning successfully accomplishes this goal. The reader gets a...
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...extraction of lead in saliva via use of non-ionic PONPE 7.5 without added chelating agent ARTICLE in TALANTA · FEBRUARY 2000 Impact Factor: 3.51 · DOI: 10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00252-0 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS DOWNLOADS VIEWS 77 369 333 4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Maria Fernanda Silva Liliana P Fernández National University of Cuyo Universidad Nacional de San Luis 17 PUBLICATIONS 363 CITATIONS 43 PUBLICATIONS 540 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Available from: Maria Fernanda Silva Retrieved on: 08 September 2015 Talanta 51 (2000) 123 – 129 www.elsevier.com/locate/talanta Cloud point extraction of lead in saliva via use of nonionic PONPE 7.5 without added chelating agents Marta O. Luconi, M. Fernanda Silva, Roberto A. Olsina, Liliana P. Fernandez * ´ Area of Analytical Chemistry, National Uni6ersity of San Luis, CONICET, San Luis 5700, Argentina Received 4 March 1999; received in revised form 13 August 1999; accepted 16 August 1999 Abstract A new micelle-mediated phase separation of metal ions to preconcentrate trace levels of lead as a prior step to its determination by flame atomic spectroscopy has been developed. The methodology is based on the cloud point extraction of lead with PONPE 7.5 in the absence of chelating agent. The chemical variables affecting the sensitivity of the extractive-spectrometric procedure were evaluated in detail, optimised and successfully applied to the determination of lead in saliva...
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...Shavar Walker Sarah Seeley Comp 101 2/22/16 Flint Michigan Lead Exposure (Environmental Racism) The water crisis in Flint, Michigan is instance of environmental racism, because if it were a higher economic, non-minority group of people, this case wouldn’t even be taking place. This issue could have been prevented years ago if not prevented then at least worked on. Imagine if it were New York City? with a more diverse and stable group of individuals. According to the Detroit Free Press majority of all the Flint residents paid water rates. Flint residents paid the highest water rates in America even as their water was tainted with lead, according to a national study released Tuesday by the public interest group Food and Water Watch. A survey of the 500 largest water systems in the country, conducted last year, found that on average, Flint residents paid about $864 a year for water service, nearly double the national average and about three-and-a-half times as much as Detroiters pay. The figure is based on an annual household consumption of 60,000 gallons. Ailene Butler an African activist who lived in Flint for 18-20 years was asked, “why she and her neighbors had not moved away,” Butler pointed out that discriminatory real estate practices particularly redlining had trapped black people in the North End.” So even the residents wanted to escape they were financially trapped. According to the LA times, the flint toxic water crisis was 50 years in the making....
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...11/14/14 This article is basically discussing on how many kids are being diagnosed with lead poisoning. That state has decided that they will reduce the safety threshold for lead in children’s blood, making a standard level not normal anymore. More kids will be diagnosed with lead poisoning, and there house will undergo abatement measures. The city is going to get ahold of the families with children who have elevated lead levels at the lower threshold, ask questions about their living conditions and advise them on what steps to take. Some of these homes are going to lose a lot of these materials such as Lead-contaminated objects that are porous or materials that may suffer damage from water may not be able to be sufficiently decontaminated should be discarded. The City health inspectors as stated in the article will be assessing 250 homes over three years that are suspected of having lead-based paint. The federal government banned lead in paint in 1978. Lead poisoning doesn't only occur in children, but adults too. Adults can get it from leaded soldering fumes, lead tainted soil or heroin. It takes more lead to poison adults than children because an adult's body has formed and is prepared for such things unlike children who are still growing. Some common symptoms of lead poisoning in adults are fatigue, depression, heart failure and high blood pressure. “Exposure to high levels of lead can damage a child’s kidneys, slow body growth and harm mental development” (Ferenchik,...
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...Eating habits have been changing rapidly in modern India. While traditionally, Indian families used to cook food at home with healthy ingredients and knew what went into the meal, in modern times, with rising incomes and affluence, more and more people are moving away to readymade fast foods and eating regularly at restaurants. The food in many of these outlets is cooked with poor quality ingredients to attract and satisfy the palate rather than provide a wholesome nutritional meal. We now have a lot more varieties and the choices are many. Though, some of us may not be aware of the fact that the food we consume may be adulterated, 25 to 30 per cent of the food items in India are intentionally adulterated. Impure, unsafe Food adulteration is the addition or removal of any substances to or from food, so that the natural composition and quality is affected. Adulterated food is impure, unsafe and not wholesome. Food can be adulterated intentionally and accidentally. Unintentional adulteration is a result of ignorance or the lack of facilities to maintain food quality. This may be caused by spill over effect from pesticides and fertilisers. Inappropriate food handling and packaging methods can also result in adulteration. Intentional food adulteration is usually done for financial gain. The most common form of intentional adulteration is colour adulteration. Some examples of intentional adulteration are addition of water to liquid milk, extraneous matter to ground spices...
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...Toxicology Student’s Name Affiliation Date 1. Snakebites are often treated by administering specific “anti-venom”. Explain how “anti-venom” may work. Snakes are cold blooded animals that are found in tropical and subtropical countries. Snakes have some glands in their mouth that produce very poisonous substance and its even worst through their bites. The seriousness or extend of the poison depends on various factors. One is the body tissue where the venom is injected. It’s more serious when the poison is injected directly to the blood vessels meaning it spreads very quickly through blood transmission in the rest of the body. The extent of the poison also depends on the part of the body where the snake bites. Snake bites that occur on parts of the body with a lot of adipose tissue are less poisonous than in the parts with less adipose tissue. This is because these tissues are low in blood supply hence they end up delaying transmission or the spread of poison to the rest of the body (Timbrell, 2009) Specific anti-venom is used in treating snake bite since the severity of the poison depends on the snake type and other factors. Since the venom is injected in the blood the anti-venom should also be administered to the blood In order to neutralize the poison. This means that it might have some side effects if not well used since its injected directly to the blood. The anti-venom neutralizes the poisonous venom injected...
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