...Anti-Cancer Drug Cost Regulations- Cost-Containment for the Pharmaceutical Companies Brenda Roberson University of Maryland University College Abstract Drug development is a long, inefficient, and expensive process and takes 10 to 15 years for development at a cost of about $1.3 billion (Nelson, 2014). When speaking of research and development (R&D) for new drugs; a large number of drugs that go through research do not make it to the FDA or the marketplace. Critics of pharmaceutical companies point out that only a small portion of the pharmaceutical companies’ expenditures account for research and development (R&D). The majority of the money’s spent in marketing and administration. There is also controversy over the $1.3 billion figure as an actual cost. Reported by Nelson (2014) Dr. Kantarjian of M.D. Anderson disputes the $1.3 billion figure for development; he believes this figure to be inflated to cover ancillary expenses, salaries, bonuses, stock market returns, and other indirect costs not related to R&D. The cost of cancer drug therapy is becoming impossible to justify or rationalize for both patient and society. New cancer drugs being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are typically costing upwards of $100,000 per year and many times used in combination with other agents (Bunnell, 2012, p. 932) increasing the cost even more. These high priced anti-cancer drugs achieve only marginal benefit for the patient. Benefits achievements of...
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...This essay will be a reflective account of an incident from practice based on Gibbs’ Reflective cycle; I will critically analyse the nature of the incident based on the best available evidence. This reflection will help to identify new skills and knowledge learnt as a result of the incident and the implications for my future nursing practice. Although I am aware many reflective models exist, I have chosen to use Gibbs’s reflective framework as it is a cycle and encourages me to think about what I would do differently next time. This clearly shows Gibbs’ awareness that a nurse will have a similar experience again. This reflection method supports Schon’s (1991 cited Issitt 2003) opinion that reflecting on practice after the event is the most effective way to maintain an improvement as a development can be made. As part of the UKCC Project 2000 pre registration nurses are expected to be able to reflect on practice experiences and reflection can help create holistic and flexible practitioners (Andrews et al 1998). For the purpose of the assignment I will use a pseudonym to protect the client’s identity in accordance with the law as stated by the Department of Health (2003), there is also an obligation stated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) to protect client confidentiality. This pseudonym is Sue. The first stage of Gibbs’ model is a description of what happened; whilst on a surgical ward I was caring for a lady post operatively who had a bilateral total mastectomy...
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...Life Threatening Illness: Can you live with it? Abstract This paper is a personal reflection on facing death while living with a life threatening illness. While there are many ages of persons who can be affected by illnesses, when a child is affected it brings many stages of grief while accepting what you are faced with. Systems are in place that are available for those affected and if utilized can prove to be a blessing in what feels like a time where feels as if they are being cursed. Life Threatening Illnesses and Living with It This paper will hopefully give you a firsthand encounter of how a life threatening illness can affect not only the immediate victim of the illness, but the family and the friends of the victim as well. Life threatening illnesses, specifically Cancer in this instance creates an immediate crisis in the life of each family member. Normal daily life comes to a halt, parents will miss work or feel forced to quit their jobs, siblings might need to be cared for by relatives or neighbors and the ill child becomes the major focus of family time and attention. All other concerns that might have been before the diagnosis is put on hold and parents will have to make tough decisions and become their strongest ever at the weakest of moments. Life is taken for Granted Sometimes My cousin Amy was a beautiful red-headed...
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...of communication amongst the health care professionals and how a good nursing documentation is an integral part of nursing. It will also demonstrate how reflection enabled me to make sense of and learn from this experience, as well as identify any further learning developments needed to improve my practice and achieve the level of competency needed for when I qualify as an assistant practitioner. While discussing the knowledge underpinning practice, evidence based literature will be reviewed to support my discussion and for the purpose of reflection the essay will be written in the first person. Spouse, J, et al (2008). Jonhs, C (2009) defined reflection as learning through our every day experiences, towards realising one’s vision of desirable practice as a lived reality. He also added that it is a critical and a flexible process of self inquiry and transformation of being and becoming the practitioner you desire to be. However, Ghaye, T et al. (2000) stated that for the health care professionals to develop a more reflective posture, they must fully embrace both the principles and the practices of reflection. It is about becoming more aware of how we learn and how this affects what we think, feel and do. There are different models for reflection; some are more complex and detailed than others. To help me with my reflection, I have chosen Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle as a guide: The names of the patient, staff members and health care setting will be changed to protect...
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...Learning through reflection 2 Reflection is an active process whereby the professional can gain an understanding of how historical, social, cultural and personal experiences have contributed to professional knowledge and practice (Wilkinson, 1996). Duffy (2007) believes that reflective practice is an active deliberate process of critically examining practice where an individual is challenged and enabled to undertake the process of self-enquiry to empower the practitioner to realize desirable and effective practice within a reflexive spiral of personal transformation. Learning is derived from experience but it doesn’t just happen. For it to take place you not only need to engage in reflection you must also record it. By thinking about what you are doing and why you are doing it is what turns your experiences into meaningful learning. If you are to become a reflective practitioner you have to use that learning to increase your professional knowledge and skills to the benefit of not only yourself but also to your patients / clients. Why Reflect Reflection is really a process that begins with looking back on a situation, pondering over it, learning from it and then using the new knowledge to help you in future similar situations. Reflection, which is learning through experience, is not a new concept. As humans, we naturally reflect on our surroundings and experiences. However, the conscious, deliberate and ordered process of using reflection as a learning tool...
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...GE 2218 Third Reflection Paper “Write your own script for your play” this is the most impressing point I have learnt form Mr. Ki ‘ s success on his career, which is also the major principle for his career management. In this talk, Mr. Ki shed light on the meaning of success from different perspectives and dimensions. I can tell from his career that he is satisfied with what he did in the past and what he is doing now. There are two essential factors I can draw from his experience, reinvent your career and refine your life. For the points that he raised in this talk, I quite endorsed his unique perception on career that it is divided into three phases. “ Work for success”, “ work for significance” and “ work for legacy”. Apart from myself, I guess most of the people value ones’ success by wealth and positions. Mr. Ki , however, adds to that life structure, purpose, identity and significance. Exemplified by Mr. Ki ‘s career, he retreated from his respected working position just at the prime of his career simply because he wanted to do something meaningful, not only to his life but also to the whole society. So he transfers his prowess to help and engage in social enterprise project. Reinventing one’s career is equally important in a sense that it helps put your career into perspective, and achieve a balance of life, just like what Mr. Ki mentioned, the second career, the parallel career and the social career. Besides, always reflect on you experience as well as have a full...
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...Examples of Reflective Writing Example 1 I arrived on the ward at 7:30 ready to begin a 12-hour shift. After receiving handover, my mentor assigned me the job of bathing Mr B with the help of a healthcare assistant. Mr B has Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a progressive disease of the nervous system with rapid deterioration due to spongiform encephalopathy. He is not expected to live to Christmas, even though he is only 19 years old. He is mentally aware of what is going on but is physically unable to demonstrate activities of daily living, including eating and drinking, has limited communication skills and is doubly incontinent. He is unsafe on his feet so mobilises with a wheelchair. I approached Mr B’s bed and asked his consent to take him for a bath. While the bath was running we began helping him to undress. He looked rather nervous. At the thought of myself being in his position, being the same age as him, I began to feel embarrassed too. I thought that I could not possibly be a professional individual if I let my embarrassment and sympathy get in the way of my nursing care. We assisted Mr B into the bath and started his wash. I knew he was uncomfortable and wanted to be able to wash himself, but was unable to do so. I was finding it difficult to look him in the eye, especially when it came to washing his genitalia. I tried to ease this by making conversation, but in a way this made matters worse. After the bath we dried Mr B, dressed him and returned him...
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...------------------------------------------------- University of Phoenix Material Academic Success Answer each question below in at least 75 words per question, reflecting on your current abilities, and identify resources to strengthen your skills. Refer to the videos, readings, and other weekly assignments to help you compose your answers. Question | Your reflection | How would you define academic readiness? | I would define academic readiness as your own understanding of your study. Also what your own goals are and what your plans are to obtain them. As well as what your self discipline is | What concerns, if any, do you have with academic writing and reading? | My concerns mostly is the writing part of it all. I love to read, I just have a hard time putting things on paper. But. I know I will learn through all these exercise | What two university resources will you use to strengthen your writing and reading skills (refer to your Student Resources Worksheet)? | I believe the two resources that will best benefit me will be writepoint and guides. | What is your personal learning style (refer to the Ch. 1 Aplia homework)? | My personal learning style is like more hands on mode3. | What are two obstacles you might need to overcome (refer to your Life Factors and personality assessments)? | One of my biggest obstacle is time management. Plus another would be financial. | What strategies can you use to overcome these obstacles and be successful? | One strategy would...
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...Date: 27th October, 2014 Title: Morrisons breaks pledge on low prices Link: http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/Retail_and_leisure/article1475669.ece The ethical issue was related to credibility of a company. It was about Morrisons the supermarket increased prices of some products marked with “I’m cheaper” sign after promising to cut prices permanently on over 1000 goods six months ago. The supermarket claimed the rise in prices was only a reflection of “commodity inflation” and still “lower than they would have been” without the “I’m Cheaper”cuts. No doubt by increasing the price of goods, the supermarket could compensate the losses from the inflation in supply costs. This do help to maintain profitability of the supermarket and strengthen the confidence of its investors. Also, even though the prices had been raised, they were still lower than the general prices of these goods. The promise of enduring price cut was kept. It was a win-win situation in the eyes of Morrisons. One of the problems arose in this issue was the reputation of Morrisons towards the customers was deeply affected. Although action of increasing the prices due to inflation was justifiable, Morrisons still broke part of its vow of long-lasting price cut. A credibility gap between Morrisons and customers might have been develop as a result. Moreover, the intention of the supermarket was to maintain its profitability while the issue of the news had leaded to a fall in its share price of 0.46...
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................................................................................................ 2 POSTING INSTRUCTOR FEEDBACK TO MY ITEMS (INCLUDING DOCUMENTING YOUR REACTIONS AND FUTURE PLANS BASED ON THE FEEDBACK IN THE ARTIFACT DESCRIPTION FIELD) ............................................................... 4 ACCESSING AND RENAMING THE PRESENTATION TEMPLATE ................................................................................ 7 ADDING ITEMS (ARTIFACTS OR REFLECTIONS) TO MY PRESENTATION................................................................. 11 REORDERING ITEMS (ARTIFACTS OR REFLECTIONS) IN MY PRESENTATION ......................................................... 14 HOW DO I UPLOAD A FILE TO MY ITEMS AREA? .................................................................................................. 17 HOW DO I CREATE A REFLECTION? ...................................................................................................................... 21 ASSOCIATING ITEMS WITH A REFLECTION ........................................................................................................... 23 HOW DO I SUBMIT MY EPORTFOLIO PRESENTATION TO THE DROPBOX? ............................................................ 25 HOW DO I ADD A VIDEO TO YOU TUBE (WITH PRIVATE OR UNLISTED OPTION) .................................................. 30 A QUICK WAY TO FIND THE EMBED CODE FOR YOUTUBE, FACEBOOK, ETC...........................................................
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...Team Leader and Member Report PSYC305 Week: 2 Team Assignment: 2 Anais Ortega | Team member Name: Javon Pablo | Team Leader’s Name: Please answer the questions below, having reflected on your experiences in the team work this week. Please provide examples to back up your claims. A. Rate your team leader and make a short comment that describes what the leader did or did not do, on the four leadership functions below, that makes you give that appraisal. 5- Good, 4-Satisfactory, 2-Could have been better, 1- Poor. Note absence of Rating 3. | Four leadership functions | Rating | Supporting comments | Quality of planning of the week’s team assignment | 5 | Javon was organized and planned out this week’s assignment well. | Communication with members and professor | 5 | Communication was open and clear. | Guidance provided to team members | 5 | Guidance was given and always responded back in a well timely matter. | Timely feedback and posting of final team product | 5 | Feedback was open and given. As well as tips and advice. | | B. If you are the Team Leader, comment in A. above and on the following: | What did you do in order to motivate your team’s contribution? | What would you try again? What would you never try again? | What did you do in order to motivate your team’s contribution? | | C. Write a short comment that describes your team members and team work during this...
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...Topic: Perception Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give the meaning to their environment. Concept #1 – Factors influencing perception The perceiver are the commuters that were affected by the breakdown of the NEL train service. Some of the commuters felt that the breakdown on 15th March was well handled by SBS while others felt that it was poorly handled. SBS was able to provide a more efficient announcement service as commuters were told in advance. They also provided free bus services at affected MRT stations in addition to the free shuttle bus services that were already provided. Thus, this allowed certain commuters to realise that actually, SBS had made good efforts to handle the breakdown. The target is the issue or individual that we are interpreting. In this situation, it will be the MRT breakdown. The repetition of the MRT breakdown might cause commuters to feel that the transport system is poorly maintained. Furthermore, MRT breakdowns have been happening regularly. Thus, they might have a negative impression of the MRT system. The situation is the time and event in which the breakdown happened for different commuters. There were commuters that were rushing for work or school and also there might be others whom were just running some errands. Commuters that were rushing to work felt that the breakdown caused inconvenience to them as it increased their traveling time to work and...
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...Handbook for complete details regarding Christian Service. Any questions about your service should be directed to the teacher listed above for your grade level. Please look for a monthly progress report on Edline which will show your hours approved. You must maintain a copy of all forms turned in for your records. Part I: Where did you perform this service? Name, Address, Phone Number of agency: ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Names of other FGRHS students who also served with you ____________________________________________ REFLECTION: On the back of this paper write a paragraph about what you did, another paragraph about how Christ was reflected in your work and a third paragraph about how Christ was reflected in those you served. Approval of hours is contingent upon a well written reflection. Part II: To be completed by adult supervisor (not a parent): What assigned tasks did the student complete? MERCY o Served meal to homeless o...
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...RA3 – Reflection of techniques Barometer of confidence +Using a scale system helped me identify what current level I felt I was. +Open questioning for the analysis of current level enabled me to explain why I felt I was at the current level stated and give examples to reinforce the level indicated. -The scale system though is relatively vague in regards to numbers and their value. It is through interpretation of their value in regards to how confident you are rather than a systematic and calculated approach. This means the level you suggest you are currently achieving could be over or under the realistic level. -Answering is subjective and could have an element of bias. There are no set criteria to base the level and descriptive answering on. Learning Styles Questionnaire +Questions asked reinforce a particular learning style when answers are collated, to make the claim to be stronger in a particular learning style more valid. +Questions can be related to the careers work that I do and therefore indicate the learning styles I tend to use in appointments. -Questions can be interpreted in a variety of situations, so the answers given may not truly reflect the learning styles being used. -Final scoring of answers given doesn’t indicate the scale of which a learning style is used. It is only an indication and further analysis would need to be used to definitively suggest the learning styles more suited to an individual. My results are fairly even and don’t indicate...
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...EDU 644 Week 6 DQ 1 Course Reflection To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/edu-644-new/edu-644-week-6-dq-1-course-reflection In this final discussion, reflect upon your overall learning experience and relate it to your earned specialization and/or advanced degree as well as your current or future practice serving at-risk children and families. Your reflection must include the learning you have gained about the topics of this course and learning from the creation of your website. Review the Week Six Instructor Guidance to further support your response to this discussion. You may respond to this discussion in written form, or through a video and/or audio recording of yourself using the digital technology of your choosing. Initial Post: Create an initial post that addresses the following: • What new insights have you obtained about at-risk children and families overall? • What specific concepts have you learned that have left a more lasting impression or impact on you? How and/or why have these concepts impacted you more significantly than others? • What affirmations have you gained about your current or future role working with at-risk children and families from reflecting on your learning? Be sure to indicate what your professional focus is (e.g., education, early childhood education, family and community service, etc.). • How has the construction and review of others’ websites added value to your learning experience? Include challenges...
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