...many ethical accounting breeches in large corporations that ended up costing investors and employees of the corporations a lot of money. Enron was a major player in many breeches, and ultimately was one of the key players for the SEC creating new guidelines and punishments for fraudulent behavior, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As of today, with the SOX act put in place for almost 11 years, there are still corporate breeches, Chesapeake Energy, Wal-Mart, Green Mountain Coffee, and Groupon are among the most recent (Rogers, 2012). I believe the SOX act helped prevent a lot of accounting illegalities and helped to protect the shareholders, but ultimately the act is not strong enough or covers enough to prevent it all. While more accountability is definitely held with the CFO, and CEO of corporations, as well as with outside accounting teams, the SEC is not going forward with investigations regarding independent CPAs or accounting firms (Benston & Hartgraves, 2002). Chesapeake Energy is a clear example; the CEO had taken out $1.1 billion in loans funded by Chesapeake in return for stake in the company (Driver & Grow, 2012; McKenna, 2012). The SEC has rules against taking out loans for stocks, but because it does not mention any areas related to stake in the company, it falls in a grey area that cannot be prevented by the SOX act or SEC (Driver & Grow, 2012). In section 402 of the SOX act, it states that companies are unable to give personal loans to any director or executive...
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...During the 1600's, people in the American colonies lived in very distinctive societies. While some colonists led hard lives, others were healthy and prosperous. The two groups who showed these differences were the colonists of the New England and Chesapeake Bay areas. The differentiating characteristics among the Chesapeake and New England colonies developed due to economy, religion, and motives for colonial expansion. The colonists of the New England area possessed a very happy and healthy life. This high way of living was due in part to better farming, a healthier environment, and a high rate of production because of more factories. The colonists of the Chesapeake Bay region, on the other hand, led harder lives compared to that of the colonists of New England. The Chesapeake Bay had an unhealthy environment, bad eating diets, and intolerable labor. The colonists had different reasons for settling in these two distinct regions. The New England region was a more religiously strict yet diverse area compared to that of the Chesapeake Bay. The development of religion in the two regions came from separate roots. After Henry VIII and the Roman Catholic Church broke away from each other, a new group of English reformers was created called the Puritans. The Puritans came from protestant backgrounds, after being influenced by Calvinistic ideas. When their reforms were thwarted by King James I of England, they fled to the New World in what is now known as the "Great Migration". The Puritans...
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...The Chesapeake Bay oyster wars were multiple wars between pirates and legal watermen and authorities during 1865 through 1959. Watermen from near and far would come to the Chesapeake Bay and sometimes even the Potomac River to harvest oysters. The oyster wars demonstrate exploration, encounter, and exchange in history. Exploration is demonstrated through the Chesapeake Bay oyster wars. Foreign watermen would travel far distances to come to the Chesapeake Bay to harvest oysters. Many did this because of restrictions in their harvesting areas, such as laws and/or the amount of oysters in their local oyster beds. “New England watermen encroached on the Bay after their local oyster beds had been exhausted… (1)” Oyster dredgers would clean out their local oyster beds and would search for places with a plethora of oysters so they can continue their business....
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...Felice Schwartz Ms. North IB Environmental Science I September 23, 2013 Field Survey Project A. Defining the Problem 1. Run off is the indicator 2. The runoff affects the Chesapeake Bay because it brings pollution into it. It carries contaminants from land such as nitrogen and bacteria. This then creates algae, which deprives the bay of oxygen. It also clouds the water and in turn restricts the amount of sunlight in the water, which limits the growth of grasses. Ultimately creating an unstable environment in the bay and kills the life that lives there. 3. Healthy system: RainDrainage Systems Heavily forested area with high grasseslimited runoffHealthy Bay Unhealthy system: RainDrainage systemsImpervious surfaceRunoff from the surface into the storm drainsstorm drains give off into the bayBay is unhealthy from excessive runoff. B. Data Collection Qualitative | Bare soil | Landscape | Drainage systems | | Quantitative | Measure in cm^2 | Percentages taking of different land use | Count how many | | C. Data Processing 1. The mathematical formula used was Q= (C)(i)(A). The calculated results of the formula were Q= .89x3x3.2, Q=8.54. 2. The uncertainties that exist in our formula are that some of the components are our own estimations and therefore the validity of them is uncertain. 3. The estimated effect is that our calculation could be about .2 off. We got this effect because we calculated a different Q using slightly...
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...Introduction: The native oyster population of the Navesink and Shrewsbury estuary was a key component to the environment, biological health of the waterways and important economic component of the regions early development. The loss of this key element of the healthy estuary ecosystem has negatively impacted the environment through the absence of the oysters filtering capabilities and habitat development from oyster reefs and a healthy and thriving oyster population. The proposed reintroduction of the native oyster population to the Navesink and Shrewsbury estuary where the species is a basically extinct due to overharvesting, poor resource management and pollution will result in improved water quality, biodiversity and the overall environment rehabilitation through the reestablishment of this foundation element of a healthy estuary environment. History: If you visit the Navesink River area today you will hear tales of how the streets of Fair Haven and surrounding towns were once paved with oyster shells and you will still evidence of the oysters history in the naming of key landmarks and locations such as Oyster Point in Red Bank. However, the reality is that the now mostly extinct oyster was indeed a key component of the area and was an importance resource since the Lenape Tribes populated the area. (History of the Navesink n.d.) When the early explorers arrived to the areas of Greater New York Harbor and the Navesink and Shrewsbury estuaries they discovered large piles...
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...The Chesapeake and New England regions were both similar in the fact that they were founded by English settlers looking for a better life. Though the regions’ beginnings were very much alike, they eventually evolved into completely different distinct societies. They had very different demographics, successes, and values. These differences came for a few key reasons. Chesapeake and New England became such distinct societies due to differences in geography, religion, and reasons for coming to America. Geographical differences played a big part in how each society developed. In the Chesapeake area, horrible diseases ravaged the colonies which led to a great percentage of the population dying. In New England, the colder climate prevented these diseases...
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...the sea. Well over 50 percent of the area is gently sloping. The climate regime is equable, with a small to moderate annual temperature range. Average annual temperature is 60 to 70F. Rainfall is abundant and well distributed throughout the year; precipitation ranges from 40 to 60 in per year. Mild rainforest is run of the mill in this region. The broad beach front bogs and inside bogs are overwhelmed by gum and cypress. Soils are chiefly Ultisols, and Entisols. Estuaries are home to exceptional plant and creature groups that have adjusted to salty water. Container Bay backings and holds a wide assortment of untamed life and species. Container Bay is one of three locales which makes up the Chesapeake Bay estuary. These tributaries are a critical part of the general wellbeing of the Chesapeake Bay biological system. The essential point of this trek was to examine the natural life found in the Jug Bay region and record information about it. Description of Methods/Procedure: Though out the day we went and investigated two different plots and explored the wetlands. In the two plots we went to, we had to research the wildlife to decide if the plot was a young forest, a mature forest, or a climax forest. We used a number of tools to measure out a 10 by 10, square plot, and then we proceeded to measure and count the number of trees in the plot. I specifically was in charge of using a tape measurer to measure the width of the trees in one plot, and in the other I was in charge...
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...There seems to be a plethora of human problems that are contributing to the problems that surround the Chesapeake Bay. The problems that humans are causing on the environment may or may not be able to be solved. Nevertheless, it is crucial that the human race attempts to do so. There happens to exist a plethora of ways that humans could restore balance to the bay again. human activity takes a toll on the environment, and there are in fact ways to help the bay be nursed back to health Another, perhaps less obvious way to solve this problem is to lower the amount of power plants are used. As stated in the articles above, power plants heat the water before it is re-entered into the bay, thus changing the chemistry. If the population there turns...
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...Slogan Maryland the great state where we fish with great bate. Our colony give you the free decision for your religion. We have chesapeake bay it’s a major trading post and we don’t even boast. This is our state, now let's celebrate! Location The state of Maryland is located on the east coast, between the states of Pennsylvania, delaware, Virginia, and West Virginia. Chesapeake Bay Maryland has a large selection of major job industries. Such as; shipping on Chesapeake bay, commercial fishing for Striped Bass, farming crops and animals, and lumber. The low, fertile land surrounding Chesapeake Bay is ideal for farming cattle, chickens and soybeans. Also, the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is one of the world’s largest shipping canals, it...
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...The Chesapeake Bay is a complex ecosystem consisting of a flooded river delta. It is fed to the north by freshwater from the Susquehanna River and major rivers on Eastern and Western Shores of the Bay, which are mixed with water from the Atlantic Ocean. The diversity of aquatic and plant species is a characteristic of this Bay because its waters range from fresh, to saline, to ocean waters, combined with extensive warmth from the sun due to the shallow nature of the Bay. The Bay structure makes it possible for extensive systems of grasses to thrive such as salt marshes, wetlands, and several species of submerged grasses, which provide ample food and dissolved oxygen for fish, shellfish, and waterfowl. These grasses are extremely important for the...
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...Systems of Natural Science 114.2.3 Ecosystems Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem (Taylor & Allen) • The Bay is approx. 200 miles long, from Havre de Grace, Maryland to Virginia Beach, Virginia • The Bay's width ranges from 4 miles near Aberdeen, Maryland, to 30 miles near Cape Charles, Virginia Major Components Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem Biotic Components (Living) Abiotic Components (Non-living) • • • • • • 350 species of fish Crabs Shellfish Birds Mammals Reptiles and Amphibians (Bay stat) • • • • • Water Quality Sunlight Weather Soil Air (pollution) Current Human Impact on Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem Air Pollution Vehicles, industries, power plants, gas-powered lawn tools, and farm operations: Almost one third of the nitrogen that pollutes the Bay and its rivers comes from the air Pollution from a very large geographic area can eventually wind up in the Bay Water Quality Fertilizers, waste water and vehicle emissions: • • Increased nitrogen and phosphorus fuels unnaturally high algae growth in the water Algae turns color of the water brownish or greenish - blocking sunlight from reaching underwater grasses When algae die they are decomposed by bacteria that consume the oxygen needed by other aquatic creatures in the bay Without enough oxygen dissolved in the water, aquatic creatures like fish, blue crabs and oysters become stressed or even die. • • • Air and water pollution are not separate problems. There is a close link between the health...
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...EARLY COLONIZATION PERIOD IN AMERICA By the 1700’s two settlements had been established, Chesapeake and New England regions. Both New England and the Chesapeake region started off as colonies, established by England, and were divided into two distinct societies because of their religious, economic and geographical differences. The first major difference between the two settlements was religion. On one hand, the puritans, who colonized the New England, were very religious. They wanted to create a model society in which there were limits to legitimate commercial behavior, and the religious idealism would turn into a renewed sense of community. They were very strict in their religious beliefs. The Chesapeake region took a different approach, and did not put religion at the center of life. In the Chesapeake, religion was much less severe. These was the difference between two region. The second difference between the two settlements was economy. The Chesapeak’s economy was almost entirely based on farming. Rice, indigo, tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton were cash crops. Crops were grown on large plantations where slaves and indentured servants worked the land. On the other hand New England’s economy was largely depend on ocean. Fishing was most important to the New England economy. Farming was difficult in New England for crops like wheat because of the poor soil. As can be seen the economic sources was different between the two region. The last difference between the two settlements...
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...Chesapeake Bay Ecosystems The Chesapeake Bay is near and dear to me for a variety of reasons. First, that is near where I grew up and now that I don't live there I have a major appreciation for the natural ecosystem there and secondly, as a seafood and more importantly oyster lover I realize that many of the oysters that I eat come from there. The Chesapeake Bay's ecosystem houses all types of shell fish such as perch, croaker, and anchovies but primarily oysters. Being the largest estuarine system in the United States, the importance of maintaining that ecosystem is at an all time high. The EPA reports that over half of the fresh water entering the estuarine in the Middle Atlantic Region. (epa.gov, 2014) There have been a decrease in the ecosystems ability to maintain the native oyster population due to several reasons. Over fishing has been one of the causes of this. (Cerco, 2005)Other causes include but are not limited to disease and the destruction of the habitat. Additionally, the increased population growth rate, heightened sewage dumping, and further development of agricultural lands have had its fair share in the blame as well. In 1975, the EPA cited that the Chesapeake Bay became the Nation's first estuary to be targeted for protection and restoration. (EPA.gov, 2014) Due to the fact that 25% of our shellfish comes from the Chesapeake Bay, I say again that this is a major concern. As we think about some of the nutrients that play a role in the survival...
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...All assignments depended upon British movements. General Washington preferred waiting for the enemy to move first. He called for one War Council after another. We never saw so many officers going to Moore House or to the Potts House as we saw go in late May and early June. Twelve generals came and went daily to the Moore House. Information regarding the British changed constantly. At the very beginning of June we saw groups of soldiers move out of the encampment, headed toward New Jersey. British General Clinton planned to send a part of his army to the Caribbean to protect British sugar plantations from encroachment by the French. He planned to launch part of his forces from New York, where he would remain. Another British general, Charles Cornwallis, would secure New York City, and then head south to the Carolinas. He hoped to rally the landowners of the South to the Loyalist Cause. Whether Clinton would take his army through New Jersey to New York by land or by sea, no one knew. At the same time some groups of our American soldiers left Valley Forge, and others moved in. These movements made for some confusion among the valley farmers. We saw some other country folk move toward the camp. These were Tory farmers who now understood that Clinton would leave Philadelphia. They were concerned that Washington would retaliate against them for their having supplied the British with food and firewood. They now wished to befriend the Americans whom they realized would likely retrieve...
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...The Plan The movement of Lord Cornwallis with his 5000 troops, aboard 53 ships, from England to Brunswick Towne (Old Towne), North Carolina, was supposed to be a military secret. The linkup of the 84th Regiment of Foot with Cornwallis’s troops was also supposed to be a military secret. The problem was that true military secrets in the colonies were as rare as a virgin in a New Orleans bordello. There were Patriot Spies. There were Loyalist Spies. There were spies that worked for both sides. As long as the Yankee Dollar or the King’s Shilling were paid out, military information could be had! It was in the first part of February, when a courier from the Colony of Massachusetts brought the news of the British Plan to New Burn. Colonel Alexander Lillington, (Commander of the Wilmington Militia), and Colonel Richard Caswell, (Commander of the New Burn Militia), were meeting in a private room in a tavern in New Burn. They were trying to decide on a plan of action. “If the bastards garrison Brunswick Towne, they’ll cut the Southern Colonies in half,” Caswell said, pointing at a map laying on a table between them. Lillington agreed. “If the Scots out of Cross Creek join up with Cornwallis, there’ll be over 7000 troops in Brunswick Towne. We only have 1600 men between us, militia at that!” He picked up a mug of ale and took a swallow. The two men sat staring at the map in silence. After what seemed like five minutes of an intense study by both men, Colonel Caswell was the first...
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