...CHIEFDOM A chiefdom is a type of complex society of varying degrees of centralization that is led by an individual known as a chief. In anthropological theory, one model of human social development rooted in ideas of cultural evolution describes a chiefdom as a form of social organization more complex than a tribe or a band society, and less complex than a state or a civilization. The most succinct (but still working) definition of a chiefdom in anthropology belongs to Robert L. Carneiro: "An autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief" (Carneiro 1981: 45). Chiefdoms are characterized by pervasive inequality of people and centralization of authority. At least two inherited social classes (elite and commoner) are present (Ancient hawaiian chiefdoms had as many as four social classes), although social class can often be changed by extraordinary behavior during an individual's life. A single lineage/family of the elite class will be the ruling elite of the chiefdom, with the greatest influence, power, and prestige. Kinship is typically an organizing principle, while marriage, age, and gender can affect one's social status and role. A single simple chiefdom is generally composed of a central community surrounded by or near a number of smaller subsidiary communities. All of these communities recognize the authority of a single kin group or individual with hereditary centralized power, dwelling in...
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...national unity and sovereignty. The President is also the guardian of the Constitution and the guarantor of national independence and territorial integrity, and shall ensure respect for treaties and international agreements (GoSL, 1991). Under the constitution (1991), no person shall hold office as President for more than two terms of five years each whether or not the terms are consecutive. The legislature of Sierra Leone, the Parliament consists of the President, the Speaker and Members of Parliament (GoSL, 1991). There are 124 Members of Parliament, 112 of whom are elected by a universal adult suffrage to represent their constituencies. The 12 are Paramount Chief Representatives to Parliament who are voted for by their fellow PCs and the chiefdom councilors, each PC representing a provincial district. The MPs (not as in the case of the president) can exceed more than two, three or four terms of five years each, once s/he is the popular choice of the people. The Members of Parliament (MPs) are not permitted to hold any other public office. Sierra Leone is divided into three provinces (Eastern, Southern and Northern) and the Western Area (also divided into Western Rural and Western Urban). The three provinces are subdivided 149...
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...Gender in Pohnpei and Aztec Culture A society cannot evolve without a system that is run by men and or women. Many cultures involved gender roles to achieve their goals and lifestyles. There can be so many similarities in the statuses a gender is labeled but just in a different way. I enjoyed reading the anthropological story of Martha Ward on Pohnpei culture and I figured to compare it to the Aztec culture. You will find how gender played in these two cultures. They both have social classes and what role men and women played. Let’s start with Pohnpei, there is a strong coherence to this vital society due to increasing modernization, areas of gender. In social and political structures contain aspects of both order and freedom. There’s harmony between tradition (males running politics and woman determining clan ranking) and freedom. Some men achieve status in both the traditional and modern political systems (Ward 57). Elders draw young people into marriage, titles, even land ownership (Ward 57). The political aspect of society is run by men. Each district is headed by a man called Nahnwarski or king or also Paramount Chief, then High Chief, high ranked citizens, and the commoners (Ward 14). Ambition is a respected, even an ancient idea, one not tied to job status and education. Dedicated work for the Paramount Chiefs and loyalties to a geographic section and district are signs of worthy ambition (Ward 76). A man advancing through title ranks pulls his hard-working relatives...
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...and environmental sanitation. The lack of self-efficacy is natural and could be nurtured by the environment of the female student. The above-mentioned category of factors is greatly affecting the Girl child in her pursuit of the science career, which is responsible for the persistent increase in the maternal and Infant mortality rates in the Marampa Chiefdom. Gender inequality, inequity, vulnerability resulting to poverty among girls and women are increasing in the Marampa, Port Loko District. The poverty is forcing teenagers to go into prostitution, early marriage to raise household and family incomes resulting in increased teenage pregnancies. The study is a source of knowledge that will be used by community stakeholders to prevent the reoccurrence of the above-mentioned problems. 1.4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY Geographically the study will be done in four selected School within the Marampa Chiefdom, Port Loko District in the Lunsar Township and a rural village out of Lunsar called Mamusa. The time frame of the study is between 2014 to 2017, a three years period in and out of the Ebola Viral Disease (EVD) epidemic in the Marampa Chiefdom, Port Loko District. 135 participants will be included in the study which comprises of 120 female students for the administration of the questionnaires and Focuses group discussions, 4 Principals (3males, and 1 female) 8 Science Teachers all males and a male paramount chief. The study will be lasted for four weeks to get the consent of the Key informants...
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...2) Larger societies include groups whose organization can be categorized as bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states. What type of organizational structure would you argue that the Hutterites fall under? Please explain your reasoning. The Hutterites are a society that, like the Amish and the Mennonites, are a branch of Anabaptists that formed a communal living in the 1500’s based off a belief of pure pacifism, in addition to the separation of church and state. After centuries of living in various countries, they evententually ended up in the Northern Plains of the United States and parts of Canada. After conducting research online as well as in our text, I believe that the Hutterittes are a chiefdom. The reasoning behind this was accomplished through the process of elimination, at first. When speaking of bands, you have to look at them in the simplest form, which in Park’s (2013) words is that bands essentially have no political organization at all. We know that is not the case with Hutterites because they have their own elected officials, consisting of three high-level leaders: the Minister, the Secretary, and the Assistant Minister. This is further broken down, where a group of “bosses” are selected to be responsible for their own respective areas of the community. So in essence, there is a form of self-government (outside of federal and state government). On the other end of the spectrum is a state. States are by far the largest organizational structure. Park...
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...Guns, Germs and Steel Page 1 GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL: The Fates of Human Societies By Jared Diamond, 1997 About the Author: Jared Diamond is a professor of physiology at UCLA School of Medicine. He is a recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship and was awarded a 1999 National Medal of Science. He is also the author of The Third Chimpanzee. SUMMARY The book asks and attempts to answer the question, once humankind spread throughout the world, why did different populations in different locations have such different histories? The modern world has been shaped by conquest, epidemics, and genocide, the ingredients of which arose first in Eurasia. The book’s premise is that those ingredients required the development of agriculture. Agriculture also arose first in Eurasia, not because Eurasians were superior in any way to people of other continents, but because of a unique combination of naturally occurring advantages, including more and more suitable wild crops and animals to domesticate, a larger land mass with fewer barriers to the spread of people, crops, and technology, and an east-west axis which meant that climate was similar across the region. The book is well written and contains not only information about the history of cultures around the world, but excellent descriptions of the scientific methodologies used to study them, from how archeologists study the origin of agriculture to how writing evolved to how linguistics can trace the movements of peoples across huge geographic...
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...Kingdom of Kongo: Nation Formation The Kingdom of the Kongo, also known as Kongo dya Ntotila, is by far one of the most famous kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa. Located in the southwest section of Africa, it is now northern Angola, Cabinda, the Republic of the Congo and the western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Once a great colossus, it seems that the Kongo Kingdom came and went so fast. John K. Thornton, author of “The Kingdom of Kongo” and “The Origins and Early History of the Kingdom of Kongo”, gives vivid detail and insight to the Kongo Kingdom. He stresses that the societal creation of the Kongo was dominated by a single mode of production whose establishment and dissolution defined the beginning and ending of the period (The Kingdom). He wrote that “Its [Kingdom of Kongo] inception, in about 1390, was central to the constitution of the social formation of the Kongo, while the complex activity between its various levels and relations led to its eventual destruction and break-up of the social formation after 1678…” (Thornton, the Kingdom). In the 1480s, an explorer from Portuguese, Diogo Cao, happened to come across the Kongo Kingdom in his search for trade routes to Asia. And not long after he arrived in the Kingdom, explorers, missionaries and merchants followed suit. At first, it seemed as if they initially had a mutual attraction with each other. The Portuguese were looked at and reverenced as honorable and were welcomed at Mbanza, the capital (africafederation)...
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...Anthro 150 Extra Credit Assignment Archeological and anthropological data and theories have supported the idea that all human societies have developed along a universal “evolutionary” trajectory. Human societies started as small and egalitarian, then transitioned to large and socially complex. This evolution from “foragers” to “states” has paved the way for various theories about the progression of the human race. In Yoffee’s article, “Too Many Chiefs?” he discussed the idea of neo-evolutionism. He describes neo-evolutionism as being a stepladder model of bands turning into tribes, then chiefdoms, and finally states (Yoffee 1993). This model has been used for the past three decades, and has helped archeologists research the early states. Despite its benefits when investigating the rise of early states, this model has been rejected and critiqued by many people. Some anthropologists reject this theory due to their inability to see evolution on one trajectory. Those who reject neo-evolutionism allow for more informative theories of social change and evolution. The idea that all human societies develop along a universal “evolutionary” trajectory can be proved using a new social evolutionary theory discussed in Yoffee’s article, “Too Many Cheifs?” Yoffee breaks down the key components of the new social evolutionary theory and relates them to neoevolutionism. He shows that while taking the idea of a trajectory into account, the new social evolutionary theory does not rest solely...
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...1. Which environment is least likely to be inhabited by pastoralists? (Points : 1) grasslands savannahs tropical forests deserts 2. Chiefdoms, unlike bands and tribes, have permanent political positions and regulate the regions they govern. (Points : 1) True False 3. The main difference between egalitarian and ranked societies is that in the latter: (Points : 1) there are marked differences in wealth among the classes. an individual’s social rank is not influenced by his or her kinship relations. there are a fixed number of statuses into which only certain individuals are recruited, so not everyone has access to honored offices or titles. leadership statuses are less formal and more open to all. 4. Chiefdoms likely started: (Points : 1) as the earliest form of political unit known to archaeologists. because of a need for control of distribution and exchange. as a means to maintain an egalitarian lifestyle. because of a decrease in population. 5. The levirate is a marriage custom in which: (Points : 1) a widow marries the brother or another close relative of her dead husband. a widower marries the sister or another close relative of his dead wife. a person marries a cross-cousin. a person marries a parallel cousin. 6. Polynesian chiefs: (Points : 1) must use their personal charisma and skill to gain their positions...
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...1. | Question : | "In Tikopia, when the paramount chief dies, there is an election among the lesser chiefs to replace him. Although primogeniture is the rule, there are extenuating reasons to alter the path—for example, if the heir apparent is still young or demonstrates personal characteristics that are inappropriate to the office such as jealousy, lack of hospitality, poor historic memory, or lack of intellect, or if the deceased chief had no son" (Nowak & Laird, 2010, p. 177). Suppose you want to incorporate this information into your discussion post or a paper. Which of the following is the correct way to incorporate this information? | | | Student Answer: | | Directly copy the quotation, but include a citation at the end, like so: (Nowak & Laird, 2010). | | | | Directly copy the quotation, but include a citation at the end with a page number, like so: (Nowak & Laird, 2010, p. 177). | | | | Directly copy the quotation, but include quotation marks around the full quotation and include a citation with the page number, like so: (Nowak & Laird, 2010, p. 177). | | | | Rephrase the information in your own words, and include a citation to acknowledge where the information came from, like so: (Nowak & Laird, 2010). | | | | Both c and d. You can either use quotation marks and a citation with a page number, or you can rephrase the information in your own words and use a citation. | | Instructor Explanation: | You must...
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...modified, or made by humans; e.g. stone tools, pottery, and metal weapons. ashlar masonry: masonry style with smoothed rectangular cut blocks. assemblage: A group of artifacts recurring together at a particular time and place, and representing the sum of human activities. band: A term used to describe small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally less than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild (undomesticated) food resources. Kinship ties play an important part in social organization. Big-Man society: A type of socio-political organization where an influential individual achieves the leadership position through personal achievements (alliances, gift exchange networks, feasts, impressive deeds etc). In contrast with chiefdoms, the position of leadership is not hereditary. Archaeologists think that the Early Iron Age (Dark Age) society may have been Big-Man communities. bulla: (Latin, pl. bullae) A hollow clay sphere or envelope used to...
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... 1 3. SEPEDI DANCE . . . . . . . . 1 4. SEPEDI ATTIRE . . . . . . . . . 2 5. SEPEDI ATTIRE . . . . . . . . 3 6. SEPEDI MUSIC . . . . . . . . . 4 7. SEPEDI ITEMS . . . . . . . . . 4 8. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . 4 9. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . 4 10. REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . 5 Introduction Sepedi (Northern Sotho) Language The heterogeneous Northern Sotho are often referred to as the baPedi (Pedi people), because the Pedi make up the largest of their constituent groups. Their language is sePedi. This society arose in the northern Transvaal as a confederation of small chiefdoms some time before the 17th century. A succession of strong Pedi chiefs claimed power over smaller chiefdoms and were able to dominate important trade routes between the interior plateau and the Indian Ocean coast for several generations. During the 19th century, Pedi armies were defeated by the Natal armies of Mzilikazi and were revived under the command of a Pedi chief, Sekwati. Boer Voortrekkers in the Transvaal acquired some Pedi lands peacefully, but later clashed with them over further land claims. By the 1870s, the Voortrekker armies were sufficiently weakened from these clashes that they agreed to a confederation with the British colonies of Natal and the Cape until tensions eventually lead to the South African War in 1899. Sepedi is also sometimes referred to as Sesotho sa Laboa...
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...What are some characteristics and examples of "adaptation" and why it is of interest or concern to anthropologists? Give examples of behavior adaptation today or in the past. Adaptation chapter 18 Adaptation refers to beneficial adjustments of organisms to their environment, a process that not only leads to changes in the organisms but also impacts their environment. Food foraging is the oldest and most universal type of human adaptation and typically involves geographic mobility, Horticulture more permanent settlements , while pastoralism required mobility to seek out pasture and water cultural adaptation A complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive. convergent evolution In cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures. What does race mean and how does this impact racism? Biological race concept race In biology, the taxonomic category of subspecies that is not applicable to humans because the division of humans into discrete types does not represent the true nature of human biological variation. In some societies race is an important social category. In biology, a race is defined as a subspecies, or a population of a species differing geographically, morphologically, or genetically from other populations of the same species Racism, a doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies...
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...among individual and groups with differences giving some individuals or groups more power than others. The more powerful people and groups were considered closer to spirits. Burials became more prominent and people of prestige or power had many items buried with them. It was figured that statuses and authority claims were related to hierarchical powers of the spiritual nature. Those with high authority were able to organize people into getting things done. They were the leaders. The Mississippi Era introduced interregional commerce with leaders who were in control of the trade networks. Social classes were more distinguished and one’s wealth varied in relation to the amount of stuff one had. Anthropologists called this chiefdom. The Mississippi Valley chiefdoms were home to chiefs, ancestor shrines, and sacred fires. Communities or towns were often surrounded by wooden fences and homes were built to last for indeterminable amounts of time unlike the Paleo-Indians who traveled often. Grain was a large source of food and trade. Salt, corn, beans, and squash were widely used and traded. Gardening and hunting were improved from that of the Woodland Era with new tools. Tools used for clearing land and forests or in burials were the Mississippian chipped-stone hoe, ground-stone Celt, ceremonial ground-stone axe, and engraved-shell gorget. Life during this era was more like life now than any of the other eras. Findings such as snake, amphibian, and bird motifs represented religious...
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...In 1607, the English colonist establishes a settlement at Jamestown. The Chickahominy Indians lived in towns and villages along the Chickahominy river, from the fall line of the river to its mouth. The Chickahominy people spoke the dialect of the Algonquian. They also practice the culture similar to the Tesenacomoco people, who also spoke the dialect of the Algonquian. A paramount chiefdom ruled in 1607 by Powhatan. Instead of being ruled by a single chief like some tribes, they governed themselves through a council of elders. Because of their proximity to Jamestown, the Chickahominy Indians had early contact with the English, trading with John Smith on his several voyages up the Chickahominy River in 1607 and teaching the colonists how...
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