...According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is the act of violence towards a male or female partner which inflicts physical, sexual or psychological harm. It is also a series of coercive or manipulative behaviors enforced in a relationship to gain control of the victim’s quality of life. While recent media coverage of female victims increased IPV’s awareness and response from our society, it has done little to draw attention to the children, and adolescents who are exposed to the violence. Although the literature covers a lot of information from theorist’s, this literature review primary focus will be about children and adolescents who are expose to IPV and exhibits negative behavioral...
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...Domestic Violence: Factors Impacting Domestic Violence Outline I. Introduction Somewhere around the world at this very moment, an individual is being abused they will be left with bruises, cuts and scars. The scars are not always physical, but often ones of mental torture that will last a lifetime. Their abuser is not a stranger, but rather their husband, boyfriend, wife, girlfriend, mother or father. At the heart of a situation of domestic abuse is one person, most often a woman, who is paying a heavy personal, social, economic, and emotional cost. She may have children – or not. She may be married – or not. She may be young or old, rich or poor, a member of any class of society. For any individual who is in an abusive relationship, seeking to leave it, or trying to find the strength to rebuild their life after doing so, there is a necessity not only for practical support to enable them to access appropriate services, but also for emotional support to build up shattered confidence and self-esteem. a. Definition A form of behavior that is used to obtain control and power over an individual is known as Domestic violence. The perpetrator uses emotional and physical attacks, intimidation, and fear to gain control over their victim. Domestic violence affects individuals in a broad range of different backgrounds such as economic, racial, social, ethnic, and religious groups. There is no discrimination...
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...prominent and recurring features of anxiety disorders. Later, other information is revealed about the aunt to the social worker. The revelation of the aunt being a refugee from a war zone and her refusal to talk about her war experiences are both indicative of experiencing trauma-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This could be validated based upon further examination. Post-traumatic stress disorder is diagnosed based on cumulative symptoms which arise due to a trauma-inducing experience or exposure. Symptoms which suggest this diagnosis include intrusive memories or flashbacks, avoidance, nightmares or night terrors, irritability, and inability to concentrate, which cause functional impairment for the individual diagnosed and last longer than one month (Barlow, 2014). If the social worker were to learn that the aunt witnessed a family member being murdered, it could be determined that her reluctance to talk about the war is due to this traumatic exposure (Barlow, 2014). A numbing of feelings is a common symptom of PTSD which is sometimes a protective factor for the individual. Another symptom of PTSD would be the aunt’s revealing of recurring nightmares or flashbacks of her brother’s murder (Berzoff, 2016). A flashback is a vivid recollection of the traumatic event (Barlow, 2014). The vignette explains that the aunt is experiencing several types of avoidant and isolating behaviors. Her isolating behaviors also explain why she may explain avoiding places which...
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...Preventing Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) • Prevention is a process that promotes safe, healthy environments and behaviors that reduce the likelihood or frequency of an accident, injury, or condition occurring. • As evidenced by other health-related conditions, primary prevention (taking action before a problem arises) can successfully reduce or eliminate intimate partner violence. • Health care professionals are in a ideal position to use their influence and credibility to help prevent IPV o They can advocate for change in clinical practice, as well as for policies and procedures. o Because health care providers see IPV firsthand, they are particularly effective when speaking about the issue to legislators, the media, and to the public. (Cohen, et al., 2006, p. 89) Primary Prevention • Effective primary preventions will reduce the emotional, physical, and psychological trauma experienced as a result of IPV (Cohen, et al., 2005, p. 92). • Even when partners and spouses have been brought up in violent home with abusive families, they can learn to rechannel and control their emotions and behaviors and use appropriate coping strategies. • Opportunities for families and individuals to improve relationships with their partner or spouse usually begin with learning appropriate problem-solving skills. • Assertiveness skills for women provide a foundation for empowerment. • Parenting influences children in their coping strategies, decision making, and sense of self-confidence...
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...Abuse and neglect increases the likelihood of repressed social information processing, lower performance in school, and relationship problems in children. Child maltreatment or abuse is physical, sexual, or psychological mistreatment occurring to children under 18 years of age. Child maltreatment is a serious and pervasive health care problem in the US., with increasing costs to the individual and to society. Maltreatment is neglect of a child by a parent or caregiver., negligent treatment and the exploitation of children that results in actual or potential harm to a child’s health, survival, development or dignity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) website, consequences of child maltreatment include impaired lifelong physical and mental health. Lifelong consequences as results of child abuse/maltreatment are delayed motoric activity & social development. Difficulty relating to others, there is low trust, low self-esteem, fears, and phobias. Often times some victims exhibit shame which is the desire to hide the damaged self from others, due to childhood sexual abuse. If a child is being exposed to an abusive environment it could be considered maltreatment due to failure to provide the child with a safe and loving environment. Abuse can happen within families, like spousal abuse or...
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...FAMILY VIOLENCE Family Violence and the Application of the Situational/Stress Theory Family Violence There has recently been an increased awareness that crimes of violence are not only perpetrated by strangers in public places rather instead research has uncovered a large amount of violent criminal behavior that occurs between intimates in private locations, such as the home (The Canadian Encyclopedia). These crimes have been underreported because of concerns about privacy, because of fear of retribution or because of concerns about maintaining the integrity of family relations. Family Violence is seen in many forms. “It is the baby who is battered, the child who is sexually assaulted, the woman who is punched and kicked by her husband, the elderly man who is attacked and exploited by his children (Ward, 2006).” One of the most common forms of family violence in Canada today appears to be Intimate partner violence. Overall, 7% of Canadians 15 years of age and older either in a current or previous marital or common-law union in 2004 experienced spousal violence in the past 5 years (Statistics Canada, 2004). This victimization of women is compounded by difficulties that they face in getting out of these abusive relationships. Women are often constrained by lack of employment, the responsibility for children and the fear of social disapproval from family and friends for not being able to make the...
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...preadolescents who are directly and indirectly abused at home. The purpose of the study was to determine the independent impact of direct and indirect forms of violence at home. The independent variables are domestic violence and child abuse. The dependent variable is externalizing symptoms. The study was conducted with 532 students (49.7% boys, 50.3% girls) recruited from five different middle schools in Rome, Italy and its surrounding areas. Their ages ranged from 9 to 15 years of age. In this study indirect exposure is defined as exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV), perpetrated by either the mother or the father toward the parent. Direct exposure is defined as direct abuse towards the child from the mother or father, and it could be physical, psychological, or sexual in nature. Results from this study revealed that exposure to domestic violence and direct parental abuse is a widespread experience. Externalizing behavior was measured with a 33-item subscale of the Italian version of the Original Behavioral Check List, Youth Self-Report Scale. Preadolescents’ exposure to parental violence was measured with a modified version of the Conflict Tactic Scale adapted for Italian youngsters by Baldry. To measure mother and father abuse against the child, participants had to answer four different questions for each parent. Externalizing problems were found to be significantly associated with parental abuse, indicating that children who are abused are likely to become aggressive...
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...Unlike female victims of domestic violence who are encouraged to report to authorities, the male counterparts have been exposed to social stigmatization ("Domestic Violence against Men", 2016). This occurs due to lack of awareness of intimate partner violence (IPV) against men compared to IPV against women, which bars men from reporting their cases. It is argued that more cases of domestic violence against males exist than the actual number reported. Such beliefs have also been encouraged by female chauvinism where females have been perceived to be the only victims of domestic violence. In addition, the most undermining factor about domestic violence against males is more of the socio-cultural issue, where male victims fear being judged by male peers as weak and unfit in the society. It is described in "Domestic Violence against Men", (2016) that male victims sometimes fail to report to authorities or even share their ordeal experiences with anybody for fear of doubting their masculinity. Milner and Singleton (2008)...
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...In many states’ school systems, it is required that students have certain immunizations prior to enrollment. Some of these vaccinations can be identified as: “hepatitis A (HepA); hepatitis B (HepB); RV; diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP); Hib; PCV13; inactivated poliovirus (IPV); inactivated influenza (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza (LAIV); measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR); and varicella (VAR)” (Ventola, 2016). These vaccines are recommended from ages 0 to 10 while, tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap); MCS; HPV; and annual IIV/ LAIV vaccinations are recommended for those in the 11-12-year-old age gap. “Measles, mumps, and rubella are viral diseases that occur in childhood and can be associated with serious complications or death” (Ventola, 2016). Measles, are better known to be a rash covering the entire body, being highly contagious and can cause further illness. Mumps are recognized as the swelling of the cheeks and jaw, from the inflammation of the salivary glands and Rubella is usually a disease...
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...RESEARCH TOPICS: Law + Statistics + Services + Reform RESEARCH TOPICS: Law + Statistics + Services + Reform 08 Fall 08 Fall RESEARCH – EMILY RUSSELL 1. DEFINITION OF MARRIAGE - MARRIAGE ACT 1961 (Cth) (s 5); Hyde v Hyde; s 43(a) FLA) * 4 ELEMENTS: Marriage means the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others voluntarily entered into for life * Men and women… without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion have a right to marry and found a family…entitled to equal rights…(Article 16; UDoHR) 2. RESTRICTIONS AS TO MARRIAGE * S 88E – Cannot marry overseas (same sex) and return and legally register marriage (Marriage Act) 3. ELEMENTS OF MARRIAGE * Dwelling under the same roof, sex, mutual society and protection, recognition of marriage in public and private relationships (Todd and Todd) 1. ONE and ONE woman – monogamous mature (serial polygamy is permitted – remarriage after a former marriage has been dissolved) i. S 6 FLA – Polygamous relationships entered outside of Australia, shall be deemed to be a marriage when changing domicile to Australia 2. HETEROSEXUAL (Corbett v Corbett) 3. FOR LIFE 4. VOLUNTARILY ENTERED INTO 4. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF MARRIAGE * Entitled to certain rights and owe legal responsibilities a) DETERMINE “TRUE SEX” i) CORBETT AND CORBETT a. Chromosomal:...
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...Infants Proportional changes * The infant’s posterior fontanel closes by 6 to 8 weeks of age. * The infant’s anterior fontanel closes by 12 to 18 months of age * Weight – Infants gain approximately 150 to 210 g (about 5 to 7 oz) per week the first 6 months of life. Birth weight is at least doubled by the age of 6 months, and tripled by the age of 12 months. * Height – Infants grow approximately 2.5 cm (1 in) per month the first 6 months of life. Growth occurs in spurts after the age of 6 months, and the birth length increases by 50% by the age of 12 months. * Head circumference – The circumference of infants’ heads increases approximately 1.5 cm (0.6 in) * per month for the first 6 months of life, and then approximately 0.5 cm (0.2 in) between 6 and 12 months of age. Maturation of Systems * The respiratory rate slows somewhat and is relatively stable * The heart slows and the rhythm is soften sinus dysrhythmia * Systolic pressure rises during first 2 months and diastolic pressure rises first 3 months * The liver is the most immature of all the GI throughout infancy * Thermoregulation becomes more efficient. * A shift in total body fluid occurs Nutrition * Feeding alternatives * Breastfeeding provides a complete diet for infants during the first 6 months. * Iron-fortified formula is an acceptable alternative to breast milk. Cow’s milk is not recommended. * It is recommended to begin vitamin D...
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...stuy 1. Statistically, how many women experience domestic violence in their lifetime? * One in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime 2. Be prepared to identify common myths about family violence (see chap. 1 in the text) Family violence is uncommon - Many statistics on family violence are underestimates less reported than other violence WHY? Some victims may not perceive it as abuse Much media reporting on family violence is on sensational cases Studies have shown that lower-class families experience more violence HOWEVER: Poor people may be more likely than those who are better off to turn to police or social service agencies WHY? How might these impact estimates of FV by social class? It does not mean that ONLY poor families are violent or that ALL/MOST poor families are Are Abused children usually abusive as adults? * No * On average, abused children are more likely to be abusers as adults * But majority of abused children DO NOT grow up to be abusive adults * Childhood history is neither a necessary nor sufficient cause of family violence Alcohol is involved in 1 in 4 cases of wife beating * Binge drinkers three times more likely to hit wives * HOWEVER: * Majority of men who drink do not hit their wives * As many numbers of men who are sober abuse wives as those who drink/use drugs Some women “ask for it This is a form of ‘VICTIM BLAMING’ * ‘If she didn’t like...
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...intimate partner violence, its causes and the various effects that intimate partner violence has on a child. Intimate partner violence is a problem that has various views in the different religions, cultures, and countries around the world. Many people think that because the abuse is not happening to the child, that the child will not be affected by the abuse. What those people fail to realize is that children see and learn from everything that they are exposed to. When someone, especially children, are exposed to negative behaviors for so long, they become accustomed to them and then begin to act out on what they have learned by watching the people that they live with. Children that have witnessed intimate partner violence in their lives, are at a greater risk for becoming an abuser or a victim of domestic abuse. They are also at greater risk to forming drug and alcohol habits. Intimate Partner Violence and Children: About Intimate Partner Violence Intimate partner violence is also known as domestic violence. This is an issue that happens all around the world. This is an issue that is often looked at with the women being the victim. Although typically the woman is the victim, but men can be victims of intimate partner violence as well. There is another victim of intimate partner violence that is often not seen as a victim because they were not abused, that victim is the child. Children who have witnessed intimate partner violence, may not have any visible scars, but the mental...
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...Ideally, set one up 4 to 6 weeks before your trip. Most vaccines take time to become effective in your body and some vaccines must be given in a series over a period of days or sometimes weeks. If it is less than 4 weeks before you leave, you should still see your doctor. You might still benefit from shots or medications and other information about how to protect yourself from illness and injury while traveling. CDC divides vaccines for travel into three categories: routine, recommended, and required. While your doctor will tell you which ones you should have, it's best to be aware of them ahead of time. Before visiting Nigeria, you may need to get the following vaccinations and medications for vaccine-preventable diseases and other diseases you might be at risk for at your destination: (Note: Your doctor or health-care provider will determine what you will need, depending on factors such as your health and immunization history, areas of the country you will be visiting, and planned activities.) To have the most benefit, see a health-care provider at least 4–6 weeks before your trip to allow time for your vaccines to take effect and to start taking medicine to prevent malaria, if you need it. Even if you have less than 4 weeks before you leave, you should still see a health-care provider for needed vaccines, anti-malaria drugs and other medications and information about how to protect yourself from illness and injury while traveling. CDC recommends that you see a health-care...
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...belongings; or look for his own pleasure is more likely vices (Spooner, 2006). Students are the most common drinkers, smokers and drug takers than the laypeople which may be influenced bypeer pressure, cheap bars and the living freely away from home. (NHS Choices, 2014) Atkin,Hocking& Block (2006) said that youth who sees more television and magazine ads of beer, wine, and liquor usually drink more and expected that they will begin drinking just like social impact of advertising, advertising for alcoholic beverages, influences adolescents. Alcohol abuse has been associated to intimate partner violence (IPV).There were 440 participants recruited from STI (sexually transmitted infection) Clinic from St. Petersburg, Russia to collect some information on health standing, alcohol use and hostility involving sexual partners. 47.0% were classified as abusing alcohol and 7.2% participants committed IPV who mostly drinks on the streets or in parks (BMC Public Health 2011). In a current issue, Pathological Gambling was classified as “Impulse-Control Disorder” section. This could relate to illegal acts which would be forgery, fraud, theft or embezzlement to finance gambling (Petry, 2010). According to Poulin (2006), gambling is an activity in which there a two potentialbenefits and harms to peoples for the general action towards gambling should reducing harm. Studies have constituted a relationship between gambling and suicide and suicide attempts. Logistic investigated relevant related to suicides...
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