...1904 in the state of Pennsylvania and died 1990 who wrote many books on different times of behaviorism such as Verbal Behavior and The Behavior of Organisms. These are just among some of the few things he did to contribute to the behavioral model. Also there was experiments with pigeons it was called operant condition and through this they learned that if the hit the right thing with their beak that they would have a reward. He later on started researching humans and their various behaviors. By doing this he would reward the children with various things such as being able to have better food at school and free time. What is it exactly that truly interested B.F. Skinner? It was wanting to have answers why we behave the way we do. That’s why the experiments started to get the many questions he had running through his head. Through these experiments it would help psychologists better understand peoples behaviors. There are other various researchers as well but, they each may have different theories about how behavior should be observed. Within the school system there are high schoolres who sneak off to go smoke a cigarette the...
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...Chapter 1: The Science of Child Development * John Locke (1632-1704) British philosopher Tabula rasa “blank slate”- Learning through: instruct, reward, discipline * Jean J. Rousseau (1712-1778) French Philosopher Noble savage- Endowed with an innate sense of justice and morality that unfolds naturally as children grow * Charles Darwin British Naturalist 1809 -1882 Conceptual Contribution: evolutionary theory; survival of the fittest * Stanley Hall (1844-1924) norming studies: founded child-study institute at Clark University. First president of American Psychological Association. * Alfred Binet (1857-1911) French psychologist- intelligence test - Binet-Simon Test Stanford-Binet Test The Biological Perspective: Definition: Development is determined primarily by biological forces * In ethological theory, many behaviors are viewed as adaptive because they have survival value (examples: Reflexes, crying, social interactions (attention-seeking); self-control/independence; * In maturational theory, development reflects the natural unfolding of a pre-arranged biological plan; Arnold Gesell (1880-1961)Critical Period – imprinting (Konrad Lorez 1903-1989), language) The Learning Perspective * Classical Conditioning – Watson’s little Albert Experiment * Operant Conditioning – B. F. Skinner (reinforcement and punishment) * Bandura’s social cognitive theory: children are actively trying to understand what is going on in their world; what is reinforced...
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...During the Great Depression in the 1930’s, the federal government officially funded families and individuals who were in need of aid because of their insignificant incomes. The United States welfare system was initially created in order to support families who were down on their luck and required guidance in order to build their income once again, eventually reducing the poverty level. Originally, the welfare system was in the hands of the government which agitated many Americans who pleaded for a reform. Being a controversial topic, the United States welfare system will consistently be in the headlines and in need continuous amendments in order to fulfill the needs of every underprivileged family. Before we discuss in which ways the welfare...
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...----------------------------------- Aug 31, 2005 One Child Policy in China ----------------------------------- Why Government Policy Causes Population Change in China Policy may Cause Population Change. China’s One Child Policy is a very controversial one. It involves only one child per married couple. This has led to high abortion figures (sometimes forced or selective), forced sterilisation and even infanticide. However China had no choice but to adopt such a harsh policy, China’s population in the 1970s was 900 million and rising. China didn’t have enough resources to support this growing population, and had strong regional variations. The government realised something had to change and in the early 1970s strongly driven family planning methods were adopted and in 1979 the one child policy was introduced. China is a huge country (9,600,000 squared kilometres) and has a large number of resources however there is an extreme imbalance between population size and resources available. 1,192 million people live in China that’s 21.4% of the world’s population. This is a lot of people to feed, clothe and house. The population has put a huge amount of tension on the countries limited resources. 25% of China’s land is infertile or desert so no crops can be grown on this land and not many will want to live on it because they wouldn’t be able to support themselves due to the poor soils. China can be split down the middle from the north east to the south, dividing...
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...or non-profit private schools and day cares with children high school age & under. The program itself is costing 11.1 billion dollars to run in 2012-13 which is only 5.73 percent of the US budget. The money it is costing the US to run the program is allowing 32 million children a chance to have at least two whole meals a day, with a possible snack if they participate in a school-based after school programs. The USDA also provides the schools participating with federal cash and commodity support. The program entails that for each child who receives free lunch, the school will get $2.86 cents back, for each child who receives reduced lunch the school will get $2.46 cents back & for each child who pays for lunch the school will get $.70 cents back ; this also entails that for every snack a child receives free the school will receive $.78 cents, for every snack a child receives reduced the school will receive $.39 cents and for every child who pays for snacks the school will receive $.07 cents. The schools are not only getting cash reimbursements but food also which is known as “entitlement” foods valuing in at $22.75 cents per meal. Not only is the program cost efficient it also helps children eat and stay healthy. In the past 20 years obesity in children has grown from a mere...
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...reinforcement. Good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished or a least favorable outcome occurs.. | How Motivation changes for elementary vs. secondary students. | Maslow believed that the 5 steps in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs must be meet in order for a student to be successful in the learning process. Once these needs are met the students should proceed forward in small steps to more advanced steps of the subject area and adjusted if needed. In secondary students the steps become a little larger. | The tasks should be broken into small steps with reinforcement, modify the activity if the student is struggling and use intermittent reinforcement to keep the student on task with high performance. With secondary students the reward system would become less frequent. | How the Theories are similar. How the theories are different. | Similarities: Both...
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...Obesity: A Modern Day Epidemic Penny Upton July 11, 2010 HCA 240 Axia College Bruce Gould In today’s society individuals have been brought up to place blame on other people, things, or situations for many of our personal issues including obesity. Instead of taking responsibility for our own actions, society finds it easier to point the finger elsewhere. This frame of mind can be partially, to blame for the epidemic of obesity in the United States. Nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight and 30.5 percent are considered obese (Healthy Youth, 2008). The eating and exercise habits that contribute to this epidemic, generally, begin in childhood (Childhood Obesity, 2010). Therefore, society must change the habits taught to our children in order to change the increasing trend of obesity in our country. To put the seriousness of this epidemic in perspective one should first look at the meaning of epidemic. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary an epidemic is “an unexpectedly large number of cases of disease in a particular population for a particular period of time” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The rate increase in the number of obese Americans has risen steadily in the past several years. The alarming truth is nearly one out of every three Americans are considered obese. This means that nearly 59 million people living in the United States alone is obese (Childhood Obesity, 2010). This staggering number is unacceptable and unnecessary. A person...
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...life. Birth weight is at least doubled by the age of 6 months, and tripled by the age of 12 months. * Height – Infants grow approximately 2.5 cm (1 in) per month the first 6 months of life. Growth occurs in spurts after the age of 6 months, and the birth length increases by 50% by the age of 12 months. * Head circumference – The circumference of infants’ heads increases approximately 1.5 cm (0.6 in) * per month for the first 6 months of life, and then approximately 0.5 cm (0.2 in) between 6 and 12 months of age. Maturation of Systems * The respiratory rate slows somewhat and is relatively stable * The heart slows and the rhythm is soften sinus dysrhythmia * Systolic pressure rises during first 2 months and diastolic pressure rises first 3 months * The liver is the most immature of all the GI throughout infancy * Thermoregulation becomes more efficient. * A shift in total body fluid occurs Nutrition * Feeding alternatives * Breastfeeding provides a complete diet for infants during the first 6 months. * Iron-fortified formula is an acceptable alternative to breast milk. Cow’s milk is not recommended. * It is recommended to begin vitamin D supplements within the first few days of life. * Iron supplements are recommended for infants who are being exclusively breastfed after the age of 4 months. * Alternative sources of fluids, such as juice or water, are not needed during the first 4 months of life ...
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... Between 400,000 and 440,000. That is the number of estimated infants affected by prenatal alcohol or illicit drug exposure each year according to the National Center on Substance Abuse and Child Welfare. That is between ten and eleven percent of all births and frankly that number is way too high. Major maternal substances of abuse that affect newborns are amphetamines, opiates, cocaine, tobacco and alcohol. These substances can have severe adverse neonatal and long term effects. What is to blame for this extremely elevated statistic? Well, illicit drug use by a mother-to-be or even the use of legal substances such as alcohol or tobacco coincides with several other influences that can also impact a child’s life. Examples include lack of prenatal care, socioeconomic status, role of the father, support systems, and the caregiving ability of the mother, all of which play enormous roles in child development and maternal drug use. Almost all drugs of abuse follow a similar mechanism of action in the adult brain; this mechanism alters the pathways for reward by flooding the circuits with dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that exists in areas of the brain that power movement, motivation, emotion, and feelings of pleasure. The overstimulation of this system produces euphoric effects in response to the drugs. This reaction initiates the cycle that tells people to keep abusing drugs. As a person continues to abuse drugs, the brain adapts to the waves of dopamine...
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...In most cultures, there is a cultural accepted norm in regards to parental feeding. Most parents believe that pressuring their child to eat and regulating their diet is proactive, when in reality it usually does more harm than good. Even though parents may have good intentions in pressuring their child to eat and restricting their diet, it can be counterproductive and actually impact the child negatively. In a study concentrating on a bunch of 5-year-old girls pressured to eat fruit and vegetables, it was shown that it led to a decrease in the consumption of such foods. According to Birch, even though the enforcement of such practices can make them eat more vegetables in the short run, in the long run, it can have negative effects on the diet of children by decreasing their desire to eat such foods. In fact, those practices can be so detrimental on children that it can actually increase their preferences towards high-fat and energy-dense foods and decrease their acceptance to eating a variety of foods...
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...Having society help with such issues should be an important concern for communities. All schools should encourage each other to implement policies that promote healthy foods in vending machines that are of appropriate sizes. As children are in elementary school’s teachers and staff should she stop giving unhealthy foods as rewards and bring healthier alternatives. This article was focused on children ages from 2-12 throughout the important years. Vending machine companies should be encouraged to change for the...
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...Junk Food and Child Obesity Jaya Sinha Childhood obesity has become a prominent health issue in developed countries and has now gained access in the developing world as well. Secular trends indicate increasing prevalence rates of childhood obesity in India, from 9.8% (2006) to 11.7% (2009). Similar increase can be seen in other developing countries; 4.1% (1974) to 13.9% (1997) in Brazil and from 12.2% (1991) to 15.6% (1993) in Thailand. Important determinants of childhood obesity include poor dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, high socioeconomic status, unawareness and false beliefs about nutrition, marketing by transnational food companies, increasing academic stress, and poor facilities for physical activity. Obesity among children has medical as well as psychosocial impact leading to huge economic impact on the individual family, health sector as well as the country. Successful prevention/reduction and management of childhood obesity requires a multilevel approach involving the family, school, peer group, government and the society as a whole. Introduction Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally and its prevalence has doubled in the last two decades (1). Over the last 5 years, most developing countries have reported prevalence rates of obesity (inclusive of overweight) > 15% in children and adolescents aged 5–19 year (2–4). Childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming pace in India, giving rise to adult diseases in youth, like high blood pressure...
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...ST. HRM PRESENTED TO: PROF: SOHAIL SALEEM PRESENTED BY: ADEEBA ASLAM SUNNA AHMED HIRRA PERVAIZ MCDONALD’S CORPORATE PROFILE McDonald's is the world's leading fast-food company by sales, with about 32,000 restaurants serving burgers and fries in about 120 countries. (There are nearly 14,000 Golden Arches locations in the US.) The popular chain is well-known for its Big Macs, Quarter Pounders, and Chicken McNuggets. Most of its outlets are free-standing units, but McDonald's also has many units located in airports and retail areas. PRODUCTS McDonald's is proud to offer a wide variety of high-quality, great tasting menu options. The restaurants offer substantially uniform menu consisting of hamburgers and cheeseburgers. The menu includes the following Big Mac Quarter Pounder with Cheese Filet-O-Fish Several chicken sandwiches French fries Chicken Mc Nuggets Salads Low-fat shakes, Mc Flurries Sundaes. Cones Pies Cookies Soft drinks as well as other beverages COMPETITION McDonald’s restaurants compete with international, national, regional and local retailers of food products. McDonald’s competes on the basis of: • Price • Convenience • Service, by offering quality food products. Its competitors include: • • • • • Burger King Wendy’s Hardees Taco bell and KFC ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT POLITICAL ECONOMICS SOCIAL/CULTURAL TECHNOLOGY LEGAL ENVIRONMENT • • • • • • • SWOT FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS STRENGTHS Leader in the Quick Service Sandwich Industry...
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...Disorder in Children Ever been in a restaurant, in a classroom, or in church and seen a child who cannot sit still, concentrate, or talks constantly and wonder what is wrong with the child? The child may have Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD. Within this paper the following questions will be answered, the definition of ADHD, the cause of ADHD, the symptoms of ADHD and if the symptoms differ in boys and girls, the different treatments for ADHD. Definition of ADHD If one has seen the children who cannot sit still, concentrate, or talks constantly and wonders if the child has ADHD then one needs to know the definition of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. According to Mayo Clinic (2009), the definition of "attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often persists into adulthood. Problems associated with ADHD include inattention and hyperactive, impulsive behavior. Children with ADHD may struggle with low self-esteem, troubled relationships and poor performance in school" (Definition, para. 1). Within this clinics definition of ADHD there is an estimated three percent to five percent of children who are affected in the United States (Sharp & Odle, 2009). Causes of ADHD Parents of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder often wonder if they caused their child to developed ADHD. The causes of ADHD are not known. However, it appears that heredity plays...
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...rate of return to education * Healthier people have lower depreciation of education capital 11-12. Two types of Human of “human capital”? * Education * Health 13-16. Improving gender inequality can reduce poverty and reap significant rewards: * Falling infant & child mortality * Improved nutrition & health standards * Increased visibility & lower corruption * Faster economic growth 17-20. Diseases in Poor Countries * HIV/AIDS * Malaria * Tuberculosis * Malnutrition Identification: 1. _ Human Development Index (HDI)_ _Measures average achievement of a country in basic human capabilities. 2. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Measures achievement in the same basic capabilities as the HDI does, but does take note of inequality in achievement between women and men. 3. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Examines whether women and men are able to actively participate in economic and political life and take part in decision-making. 4. Agricultural transformation It is the process by which individual farms shift from highly diversified, subsistence-oriented production towards more specialized production oriented towards the market or other systems of exchange. 5. Mixed and Diversified Farming...
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