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RACE RELATION (HUBUNGAN KAUM)

Isu :

When Ronelle arrived as a freshman at a small East-Coast college, she felt excited and enthusiastic about the new experiences in store for her. She looked forward to meeting a lot of new people. While of African-American heritage herself, Ronelle had never really found it difficult to mix with people from a variety of backgrounds, and a person’s race was not a deciding factor in her friendships. Indeed, she was soon fast friends with a boy who happened to be white.

That same semester, school officials decided to take new steps toward improving race relations on campus. In an effort to make African-American students feel more comfortable, they were given their own room in the student union, where they could hold meetings, have dances, or just hang out together. Ronelle had friends within the group and sometimes ate with them in the main dining room. Sometimes she attended the group’s dances with her white friend.

One day Ronelle received an anonymous letter. The letter stated that she should only hang out with African-American students and questioned her friendships with white students. Ronelle feels pressured to drop her friendships with white students, but she is equally inclined to make her own choices about with whom to associate. What should she do?

1. Pengenalan

Penghayatan dan pemahaman seseorang profesional itu adalah mengenai pemikiran dan cara mereka mengaplikasikan teori etika tersebut adalah penting untuk menggalakkan golongan ini terus melakukan kebaikan dan menegakkan kebenaran demi kepentingan semua. Teori- teori etika sering digunakan oleh golongan profesional untuk dijadikan sebagai panduan mereka apabila menghadapi dilema etika. Golongan profesional dapat menggunakan teori ini untuk melihat dengan lebih jelas lagi justifikasi mengenai tanggungjawab umum mereka. Nilai etika ini menekankan tentang hak individu serta tindakan yang dapat mendatangkan kebaikan kepada umum.

Terdapat beberapa pemikiran dan teori etika yang dapat dikaitkan sebagai panduan apabila menghadapi sesuatu dilemma. Isu dilema yang dinyatakan dapat dikaitkan dengan beberapa teori etika iaitu teori keperibadian mulia, teori hak asasi dan teori tindakan betul. Kegunaan teori etika adalah membantu untuk mengenalpasti isu-isu etika dan mencari alasan-alasan yang logik untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapi oleh golongan professional. Selain itu teori etika dapat membantu golongan menyelesaikan sesuatu masalah itu dengan adanya maklumat-maklumat yang relevan. Fakta-fakta yang berkemungkinan untuk memudaratkan masyarakat perlu diberi perhatian dengan segera. Teori etika disusun mengikut urutan kepentingan. Berpandukan susunan tersebut, golongan profesional dapat menyelesaikan masalah yang berlaku. Di samping itu, ia dapat meningkatkan kebolehan seseorang dalam membuat pertimbangan dan penilaian.

2. Teori Keperibadian Mulia

Etika keperibadian mulia mengambil berat tentang budi pekerti manusia yang berasaskan kepada keunggulan dan ianya dinyatakan sebagai etika virtues dalam penulisan Aristotle. Bagi Aristotle, “virtues atau keperibadian mulia adalah sekumpulan konsep seperti keadilan, kemurahan hati, keberanian, kejujuran, kesabaran dan kebijaksanaan yang memainkan peranan penting dalam kehidupan bermoral masa kini. Keperibadian mulia ini tidak dihasilkan secara semulajadi kerana sesorang individu itu tidak dikudratkan dengan sifat mulia atau jahat. Cara yang terbaik untuk memperolehi keperibadian mulia ialah melalui latihan dan mengamalkannya sehingga menjadi kebiasaan dan menyenangkan diri sendiri. Oleh itu teori ini adalah sesuai dikaitkan dengan isu dilemma yang dinyatakan. Keperibadian mulia adalah sesuatu yang boleh diguna pakai. Ia boleh menetapkan bagaimana untuk berkelakuan dan bertindak dalam cara tertentu . Operasi ini boleh berlaku secara dalaman seperti aktiviti pemikiran tentang satu masalah secara luaran seperti masalah yang dinyatakan dalam isu dilema oleh Ronelle.

1. Kebaikan Diri Sendiri

Kebaikan diri sendiri adalah asas dan panduan untuk mengamalkan tanggungjawab moral dan autonomi.. Kebaikan diri sendiri menekankan kefahaman terhadap prinsip moral iaitu apabila seseorang individu itu perlu memahami dirinya sendiri terutamanya dari sudut kelemahan dan kekuatannya. Dari aspek kebijaksanaan, orang yang pandai tidak semestinya bijaksana. Hal ini kerana kebijaksanaan adalah terhasil daripada pengalaman, kreativiti, dan keperihatinan. Dari aspek komitmen pula, ia adalah kefahaman atau penghayatan terhadap sesuatu tindakan seperti keberanian, disiplin diri, menghormati diri sendiri, kejujuran dan ketelusan, ketabahan dan ketaatan terhadap komitmen.

Berdasarkan isu dilema dalam kenyataan yang dinyatakan, dalam teori kebaikan diri sendiri ini perbuatan Ronelle yang bijak dalam menyesuaikan diri dalam kelompok kaum yang berbeza adalah meliputi prinsip moral. Sehubungan itu, hal ini juga memerlukan pengalaman dan ketabahan serta ketulusan dalam berhubungan dengan kelompok bangsa yang berbeza. Dari segi konteks agama, Allah SWT tidak pernah memerintahkan manusia untuk saling bermusuhan, saling membunuh, atau saling membenci terhadap sesama muslim mahupun bukan muslim. Allah SWT memerintahkan supaya berbuat baik kepada sesama makhluk tanpa membezakan jantina, agama, suku bangsa serta pangkat dan darjat seseorang.

2.2 Kebaikan untuk kumpulan

Ciri-ciri ini penting kepada seseorang profesional apabila mereka menjalankan aktiviti yang melibatkan kerjasama dengan orang lain. Antara aspek yang ditekankan ialah semangat rakan sejawat, bekerjasama, kebolehan berkomunikasi secara berkesan dan menghormati undang-undang. Selain itu, aspek kepimpinan untuk bersedia untuk memikul tanggungjawab dan memberi motivasi kepada orang lain juga penting. Isu yang dikaitkan dengan teori kebaikan untuk kumpulan adalah mempertingkatkan kefahaman berkomunikasi secara berterusan. Contohnya Ronelle menyertai kelompok kaum yang berbeza dengannya dalam melakukan aktiviti bersama seperti tarian dan makan bersama-sama.

Isu dilema didalam kenyataan diatas ada menjelaskan usaha untuk meningkatkan hubungan antara bangsa atau kaum di kampus. Usaha yang dinyatakan adalah pelajar Afrika-Amerika diberikan bilik dalam kesatuan belajar dimana mereka boleh mengadakan mesyuarat bersama, melakukan aktiviti tarian berkumpulan atau hanya berkumpul untuk berkomunikasi sesama mereka. Hal ini menunjukkan terdapat kelebihan dan faedah yang boleh didapati melalui usaha ini. Kelebihan atau faedah tersebut adalah dapat memupuk semangat sikap bekerjasama. Sikap bekerjasama yang dimaksudkan adalah bekerjasama dari segi aspek pembelajaran, perkongsian pendapat, dan pengetahuan. Kelebihan dan faedah yang kedua adalah dalam membuat keputusan dan penyelesaian masalah. Segala keputusan dapat dirangka melalui perkongsian pendapat, perkongsian pengetahuan sesama mereka serta dapat menyelesaikan masalah dengan mudah dan cepat.

Kelebihan dan faedah seterusnya yang terdapat dalam usaha yang dinyatakan adalah dapat membina komitmen disamping menjadikan komunikasi diantara sesama sendiri yang berlainan bangsa. Komitmen yang dimaksudkan adalah komitmen yang boleh dipamerkan menerusi pelbagai cara termasuk kaedah bekerja yang dilakukan, usaha menjaga kualiti kerja, usaha meningkatkan kualiti kerja, usaha meningkatkan keupayaan, aktiviti memberi pertolongan dan pelbagai perkara yang melibatkan usaha melakukan sesuatu dengan betul dan berkesan. Oleh itu jelaslah usaha yang dilakukan sangat berkesan dan memberi kelebihan dan faedah yang baik.

2.3 Kebaikan Kemahiran

Kebaikan kemahiran ini menekankan soal penguasaan amalan kemahiran dalam sesuatu bidang profesion tertentu. Kecekapan, ketekunan dan kreativiti antara aspek kebaikan yang ditekankan. Antara ciri – ciri keperibadian mulia ini juga mempunyai kaitan rapat dengan sifat integriti, kejujuran, pertimbangan, menghormati diri, dan mempunyai rasa tanggungjawab. Kebaikan kemahiran dalam isu dilema ini dapat dikaitkan dengan kemahiran pemikiran di mana Ronelle perlu berfikiran kreatif, kritis dalam membuat keputusan seterusnya menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapinya. Kreatif yang dimaksudkan adalah membuat pemahaman sendiri dan penyelesain masalah secara inovatif. Contohnya Ronelle perlu memahami situasi atau langkah yang perlu diambilnya tanpa merosakkan hubungannya dengan mana-mana pihak. Manakala kritis yang dimaksudkan adalah kecekapan dan keupayaan menggunakan minda untuk menilai kemunasabahan dan kewajaran sesuatu perkara dan membuat pertimbangan yang wajar.

2.3.1 Integriti

Asas bagi Integriti moral yang merupakan kesatuan keperibadian adalah keprihatinan moral yang berdasarkan kejujuran. Perkara mengenai sikap, emosi, serta tingkah laku adalah satu kesinambungan hubungan dengan keperibadian. Integriti itu tidak boleh dipandang mudah kerana untuk mengekalkan integriti amat sukar yang disebabkan oleh perbezaan antara amalan nilai dengan nilai ideal seseorang. Masalah integriti dapat ditangani dengan adanya sikap bertolak ansur. Walau bagaimanapun, sikap bertolak ansur tetap mempunyai kebaikan dan keburukannya.

Menghadapi krisis sesama manusia dapat ditangani melalui sikap tolak ansur, ia menjelaskan akan kebaikan sikap tersebut tetapi keburukan sikap bertolak ansur adalah boleh menimbulkan konflik yang serius antara kehidupan persendirian dengan kehidupan di sekeliling. Seperti contoh dalam isu dilema dalam kenyataan tersebut, Ronelle sangat tertekan dengan masalah yang dihadapinya. Beliau terpaksa membuat pilihan untuk memutuskan hubungannya dengan salah satu pihak. Sekiranya beliau memutuskan hubungannya dengan sebelah pihak, sudah tentu hubungannya denngan sebelah pihak lagi akan berlaku konflik. Oleh itu kebolehan dalam mengenal pasti bentuk bertolak ansur yang sesuai sangat penting dalam usaha mengekalkan integriti moral sesorang itu.

3.0 Teori tindakan betul

Teori ini menekankan sifat-sifat baik yang perlu ada pada diri seseorang individu tersebut. Sifat – sifat ini dapat memberi galakan kepada seseorang itu untuk terus melakukan tindakan yang mendatangkan kebaikan. Di samping itu, persekitaran, situasi, masa, dan agama merupakan faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi tindakan individu. Walaubagaimanapun teori ini adalah umum dan hanya dijadikan panduan secara kasar bagaimana harus kita bertindak. Prinsip asas etika iaitu baik untuk semua, kewajipan dan hak asasi manusia adalah merupakan prinsip kepada teori tanggungjawab moral yang menjelaskan mengapa manusia perlu melakukan tindakan yang betul.

Melalui isu dilema Ronelle prinsip teori tanggungjawab moral ini dapat dilaksanakan dengan tindakan yang betul. Ronelle seharusnya bertindak dengan bijak dengan menggunakan prinsip asas etika tersebut. Berdasarkan prinsip etika tersebut, Ronelle perlu menitikberatkan tentang soal perhubungan agar ia tidak menjejaskan hubungannya dengan mana-mana pihak. Selain itu dalam usaha pegawai-pegawai institusi tersebut adalah langkah tindakan betul untuk meningkatkan hubungan sesama bangsa yang berlainan.

4.0 Teori Hak Asasi

Teori ini adalah berkonsepkan hak asasi manusia yang menyatakan bahawa tanggungjawab itu perlu dilaksanakan kerana setiap orang mempunyai hak yang masing – masing. Teori ini diasaskan oleh John Locke pada tahun 1632 – 1704. Beliau menekankan bahawa satu – satu tindakan yang dilakukan adalah dianggap salah laku yang melanggar hak moral seseorang. Hal ini kerana kita mempunyai tanggungjawab untuk menghormati hak orang lain. Selain itu, teori ini juga menolak akibat baik sebagai penentu utama atas semua pertimbangan moral. Walau bagaimanapun, teori John Locke ini jelas menekankan hak kebebasan yang terlalu individualistik.

Sebagai contoh, hak negatif yang mana seseorang itu berfikiran tidak mengganggu kehidupan orang lain, hal ini dikatakan beliau hanya melihat aspek sesuatu keadaan yang menghalang individu mencampuri urusan orang lain. Berdasarkan isu dilema Ronelle telah menerima sepucuk surat yang dipercayai daripada rakan sebangsa dengannya yang mempersoalkan tentang hubungannya dengan bangsa lain. Oleh sebab itu, Ronelle tertekan dengan kenyataan yang dipersoalkan oleh rakannya dan terpaksa membuat pilihan untuk berkawan. Hal Ini merujuk kepada hak negatif yang meletakkan tanggungjawab seseorang supaya tidak mengganggu kehidupan dan hak orang lain. Tindakan yang perlu Ronelle ambil seharusnya beliau perlu menegakkan hak beliau sendiri seandainya beliau sendiri menyedari akan situasi sebenar kerana adalah tidak menjadi kesalahan berkawan dengan sesiapa walaupun berlainan bangsa sekalipun.

5.0 Kesimpulan

Teori etika dapat membantu untuk mengenalpasti isu-isu etika dan mencari alasan-alasan yang logik untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapi oleh golongan professional mahupun secara individu. Selain itu teori etika dapat membantu dalam menyelesaikan sesuatu masalah itu dengan adanya maklumat-maklumat yang relevan. Teori etika disusun mengikut urutan kepentingan. Berpandukan teori tersebut, golongan profesional mahupun individu sendiri dapat menyelesaikan masalah yang berlaku. Di samping itu, ia dapat meningkatkan kebolehan seseorang dalam membuat pertimbangan dan penilaian.

Menilai teori yang terbaik bukanlah tujuan sebenanrnya. Setiap teori mempunyai kekuatan dan saling berkait rapat antara satu sama lain. Kebanyakan teori menyokong prinsip umum yang perlu diikuti. Secara keseluruhannya isu yang dilema oleh Ronelle dapat disimpulkan dengan cara mengatasi masalah beliau adalah melalui teori-teori yang telah dijelaskan iaitu teori keperibadian mulia yang meliputi kebaikan kepada diri sendri, kebaikan kepada kumpulan dan kebaikan kepada kemahiran dan integriti. Teori tindakan betul menerangkan bagaimana Ronelle perlu mengatasi masalahnya tanpa menjejaskan hubungannya dengan mana-mana pihak. Manakala teori hak asasi pula menegaskan supaya Ronelle perlu berpegang teguh dengan hak asasi sendiri.

Teori-teori yang dikaitkan dalam isu dilema Ronelle jelaslah saling berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana setiap teori mempunyai peranan,prinsip serta pegangan yang seakan sama. Walaubagaimanapun dalam kehidupan sebenar dan dalam keadaan tertentu kepentingan diri seseorang itu kadang kala harus ada untuk mencapai hasil yang paling baik bagi dirinya. Seperti mana isu dilema Ronelle yang perlu bertindak dengan menetukan hak asasi sendiri, tanpa mengabaikan teori keperibadian mulia serta teori-teori yang telah dikaitkan.

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...adults and can’t even remember a grocery list without writing it down. Thank goodness for little sticky notes. Sports and activities with complex skills require quick assessment of a situation, rapid decision making, and mature levels of transitional skills. Examples of a few of these sports are the more advanced forms of soccer, basketball, hockey, volleyball, baseball, water polo, softball, lacrosse, and football. By all means, kids can be learning the basics of these sports at young ages, but do not expect high levels of performance in most kids in this age group because the development of their memory and complex thinking patterns is still limited. As usual, there are exceptions to every rule. I know some of them personally. If your child is one of those rare cases, celebrate the fact that he is ahead of schedule, let his talent age for a while like a good wine, and be careful not to feel the need for speed or to rush him quickly forward. In general, these activities are hard to grasp beyond the basics for most young children, and the focus should be on...

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Child Labor

...Human beings have greed in their soul. They seek only profit in every work, no feeling of humanity in them for innocent face. No owner regret on their shameful act of child labor. Children who are small have no sense of “valuable papers”. Actually they don’t worth it they the necessary is education, they have hunger of fact. They have thirst of copy, pencil and bag. The parents, especially in south Asia, pretend as children are the gift of god we need to lose it else almighty will never forgive us and the same parent send their son to wash dishes of other, which is blindly correct. No, that is not blindness; money has covered their eyes and mouth, along with all sense organ that forbid them to understand their child’s pain. Making them work is largest sane in the entire universe. Children who have no knowledge of this cruel world are easily misused. They are forced to do lower class job, sometimes prostitution, which adult demand much higher cost. Child they work days and night to feed their family. They have to screw their entire childhood for their parent’s happiness. Children have sharp eyesight which is always beneficial of art work. It is less expensive to them; they have to give less food to them, they can also make children work overtime without any extra money. They can be easily frightened if they are taking rest instead of working. For instance, in a company if owner is providing food and wedge for daily. He will be benefited if he employs children; in compare to...

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Child Soldiers

...Imagine you’re in a battlefield during a war and all of the sudden you see at least 60, 14-6 year old kids charging at you with guns. Do you shoot them or give them amnesty? Child soldiers should be given amnesty because it traumatizes their lives, they’re just kids, and they need a positive environment instead of punishment. While some might argue-no they shouldn’t be given amnesty, they forget that in the text it says that they were beat, drugged, and manipulated into joining the war. Child soldiers should be given amnesty because they are too young to be in war but it depends on if they were willing or not. Some of the children chose to join because they thought it was right for them to fight for their country. the others were beat, drugged,...

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Child Care

...centers and homes. Transportation Child care centers or family child care homes providing transportation for children must meet all motor vehicle laws, including inspection, insurance, license, and restraint requirements. Children may never be left alone in a vehicle and child-staff ratio must be maintained. Records Centers and homes must keep accurate records such as children's attendance, immunizations, and emergency phone numbers. A record of monthly fire drills practiced with safe evacuation of children must also be maintained. A safe sleep policy must be developed and shared with parents if children younger than 12 months are in care. Discipline Each program must have a written policy on discipline, must discuss it with parents, and must give parents a copy when the child is enrolled. Changes in the discipline policy must be shared with parents in writing before going into effect. Corporal punishment (spanking, slapping, or other physical discipline) is prohibited in all centers and family child care homes. Religious-sponsored programs which notify the Division of Child Development and Early Education that corporal punishment is part of their religious training are exempt from that part of the law. Parental Rights  Parents have the right to enter a family child care home or center at any time while their child is present.  Parents have the right to see the license displayed in a prominent place. Parents have the right to know how their child will be  disciplined. The laws...

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Child Soldiers

...Background Information: The military use of children takes three distinct forms: (1) children can take direct part in hostilities as child soldiers (2) they can be used in support roles such as porters, spies, messengers, or lookouts (3) they can be used for political advantage as human shields or in propaganda. All around the world, children have been taken and were forced to become soldiers. During the 1970s, there was an agreement between international leaders that the number of child soldiers was too large. They agreed the participation of children in the army was too extensive. As child soldiers they are forced to complete various tasks. These tasks can include killing or maiming family members. This creates destruction among communities...

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