...1 THE ECONOMIC MOTIVES FOR CHILD ALLOWANCES: ALTRUISM, EXCHANGE OR VALUE OF INDEPENDENCE? Lisa Farrell*, Paul Frijters** and Michael A. Shields* * Department of Economics, University of Melbourne, Australia ** Tinbergen Institute, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands August 2002 (preliminary draft) Abstract This paper looks inside the “black box” of the family and examines the determinants of inter vivos transfers in the form of allowances given to children. We consider in a simple model two main competing explanations for the transfer of money from parents to children in the form of regular allowances, namely altruism and exchange. We also extend the altruism framework to include unobserved child heterogeneity in monetary autonomy or the 'value of independence'. We use a unique dataset drawn from the British Family Expenditure Survey, which enables us to explicitly test both the inter-generational predictions of the various models, and through a study of siblings, we are also able to consider the intra-household aspects of such payments. Using both random (inter-household) and fixed-effect (intra-household) estimators, we find robust evidence of an nshape relationship between a child's external income and the receipt of allowances from parents. Importantly, this estimated profile does not fit the predications of simple models of altruism or exchange, but does fit an altruism model with unobserved heterogeneity. Further support for the importance of the value of independence...
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...because there is only a limited amount. However, there are ways on how earn it. What are jobs for? Earning money involves having a job, that’s why people are using their skills in order to find a decent job that will give them high salary and support his and his family’s financial needs. People of young age, especially teenagers, are going to school, learning many things and preparing of having a job or profession in the near future. In order for this to work out, parents are supporting their financial needs; they are giving allowance to them whenever they are going to school. In this study, allowance is the main topic to be discussed; its definition, importance, purposes, problems associated with it and the ways on how to resolve it. 1.1 Background of the Study: Allowance, or ‘baon’ as what Filipinos call it, is the money given by parents to their children and serves as their financial assistance in school. Since children are not prepared to have a decent job or profession, their parents are responsible in supporting their financial needs. As soon as the child is old or wise enough to understand the basic skills in Mathematics and how money is used in everyday life, their parents...
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...LESSON 4 INCOME UNDER THE HEAD SALARIES - I Dr. Gurminder Kaur STRUCTURE 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction Objectives Heads of Income Meaning of salary Incomes forming part of Salary - I 4.4.1. Basic Salary 4.4.2 Fees, Commission and Bonus 4.4.3 Taxable Value of Cash Allowances Summary Glossary Self assessment questions Sources and further readings 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.0 INTRODUCTION As discussed in an earlier lesson, income means a receipt in the form of money or money’s worth which is derived from definite source with some sort of regularity or expected regularity. These definite sources of income are salaries, house property, business or profession, capital gains and any other source. If an income is not derived from any of these sources, it is not taxable under the Income Tax Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred as ‘Act’). For example, if a person finds a purse containing Rs.1000 on road, it is not treated as income since it is not received from any definite source. We have also learnt that scope of total income is determined with reference to residential status of a person i.e. total income of each person is based on his residential status. Once we know what incomes of a person are taxable, then we need to know how to compute total taxable income according to the provisions of Income Tax Act. The present lesson starts with the classification of incomes into various heads. A detailed study of these heads of income is made lesson wise. This lesson is devoted to the first...
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...Tax ing Ti ps with “YOU” Allowances A I. II. III. llowance is a fixed monetary amount paid by the employer to the employee (over and above basic salary) for meeting certain expenses, whether personal or for the performance of his duties. These allowances are generally taxable and are to be included in gross salary unless specific exemption is provided in respect of such allowance. For the purpose of tax treatment, we divide these allowances into 3 categories: Fully taxable cash allowances Partially exempt cash allowances Fully exempt cash allowances (vi) (iv) Overtime Allowance When an employee works for extra hours over and above his normal hours of duty, he is given overtime allowance as extra wages. It is fully taxable. (v) Fixed Medical Allowance Medical allowance is fully taxable even if some expenditure has actually been incurred for medical treatment of employee or family. Servant Allowance It is fully taxable whether or not servants have been employed by the employee. (vii) Other allowances There may be several other allowances like family allowance, project allowance, marriage allowance, education allowance, and holiday allowance etc. which are not covered under specifically exempt category, so are fully taxable. I. FULLY TAXABLE ALLOWANCES (i) Dearness Allowance As is clear by its name, this allowance is paid to compensate the employee against the rise in price level in the economy. Although it is a compensatory allowance against high prices, the whole...
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...19.211 6.734 1.699 1.358 93.788 Source: BRTA Website Company Overview ROBI… Axiata (Bangladesh) Limited is a dynamic and leading countrywide GSM communication solution provider It is a joint venture company between Axiata Group Berhad, Malaysia and NTT DOCOMO INC, Japan. Company Overview ROBI Cont. On 28th March, 2010 the company started its new journey with the brand name Robi. It has the widest International Roaming coverage in Bangladesh connecting 553 operators across 207 countries. Compensation plan of ROBI Salary & Benefit Monthly salary is transferred to employees bank account on 25th of each month Employee receives a monthly pay statement which shows the deductions as; income tax and provident fund Allowances : includes House rent Medical Conveyance Festival Bonus: Eid/ Cristmas equal to basic salary Salary Review : Periodically with consistent with the living standard and competitive salary package Provident Fund: 10% of basic salary and eligible for 5 years Gratuity: Years of Service After 5 years...
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...The Effect of the Daily Allowance in the Academic Performance of the Second Year Students of the University of the Immaculate Conception Ay 2012 – 2013 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Introduction The practice of giving children allowances developed in the early twentieth century when children's purchases of movie tickets, candy, and toys raised concerns about their spending habits. During the Progressive Era (1890s–1920s), allowance advocates recommended giving children a regular but fixed supply of money to inculcate respect for money. Child had endorsed allowances to encourage benevolence and fiscal responsibility. Progressive-era child-rearing authorities joined a much larger chorus calling for new money training regimes in women's magazines and parental advice literature (Child, L.M., 1831). However, despite the benefits gained by the students of having allowance, there are problems and disadvantages present. For example, a student has poor spending habits. They tend to think that this is their money and they can do whatever they want with it. Students have the tendency to spend their allowances on their recreational activities such as, renting a computer unit for fun and games, buying items at the shopping mall, and spending money for the peers. As a study, the proponents seek the effects in line with the daily allowances of students to their academic performance. Statement of the Problem 1. What is the academic performance of the Second year...
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... This paper will touch on how personal responsibility should be taught to children, how it can be used toward college success, and how to apply it to the work environment. How personal responsibility should be taught to children First, personal responsibility is something that needs to be taught to children. Parents should give their children chores to have them pull their own weight. They should take out the trash every week, wash dishes, mow the lawn; do something of importance that helps out around the home. Children have wastes so they should empty the trash cans. They dirty the dishes with food, so they should wash them. They need to be taught to take of their home, so they need to mow or do some gardening. Of course, the little ones probably will not like it because it will take them out of their comfort zone, but it is all about teaching them values and character. Parents should do this so their children can learn personal responsibility and be prepared for when they get out on their own. Furthermore, personal responsibility can be taught to children by giving them allowances. It teaches them to save money and how to budget. As soon as a child is old enough to know that he or she needs money in exchange for things wanted, that is the time to start an allowance. With that, parents should discuss what the allowance will cover, consequences of wastefulness, and when to give to charity. Children need to be taught that the parents will pay for the basics that include food...
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... (or) Compensation is the sum total of monetary and non-monetary pay provided to an employee by an employer in return for his work performed. (The reward or the remuneration given to the employee for his employment .) COMPENSATION Monetary Non monetary (By means of case this benefit given to the employees) -The services provide employees Monetary benefit; 1.Salary/wages 2. Incentives 3. Fringe benefits 4.Allowances 5.Conveyance Non-Monetary benefit; Facility for Higher education, Holiday trips, Flexible timing, Hospitalization, Ventilization...
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...CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Introduction The practice of giving children allowances developed in the early twentieth century when children's purchases of movie tickets, candy, and toys raised concerns about their spending habits. During the Progressive Era (1890s–1920s), allowance advocates recommended giving children a regular but fixed supply of money to inculcate respect for money. Child had endorsed allowances to encourage benevolence and fiscal responsibility. Progressive-era child-rearing authorities joined a much larger chorus calling for new money training regimes in women's magazines and parental advice literature (Child, L.M., 1831). However, despite the benefits gained by the students of having allowance, there are problems and disadvantages present. For example, a student has poor spending habits. They tend to think that this is their money and they can do whatever they want with it. Students have the tendency to spend their allowances on their recreational activities such as, renting a computer unit for fun and games, buying items at the shopping mall, and spending money for the peers. As a study, the proponents seek the effects in line with the daily allowances of students to their academic performance. Statement of the Problem 1. What is the academic performance of the Second year students of the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Financial Management A.Y. 2012 – 2013 in the University of the Immaculate Conception...
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...Operant Conditioning B.F Skinner based his work on the work of Edward Thorndike who developed the law of effect theory (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Through his work Skinner went on to identify fundamental principles of learning, based on experiments with pigeons and rats. From these experiments, Skinner developed an explanation as for how humans learn behaviors or change behaviors, and went on to infer that patterns of reinforcement shape behavior, which is operant conditioning. Comparing and contrasting positive and negative reinforcement in operant conditioning gives an understanding of how both are a necessity in operant conditioning. Both positive and negative reinforcement are a necessity in operant conditioning; one form of reinforcement is more effective than the other. Several reasons exist to why one form of reinforcement is more effective than the other. A given scenario can show how to apply operant conditioning to shape behavior and how the creation of a reinforcement schedule can apply to a certain selected behavior. B. F. Skinner developed the “term” operant conditioning in 1937 (Staddon& Cerutti, 2003). Skinner's theory of operant conditioning explains how organisms acquire learned behaviors that they exhibit. The main focus of operant conditioning is to use reinforcement as a reward or punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of behavior (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). Operant conditioning is a means or method of learning, which occurs through...
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...to raw edge of seam allowance. * Prevents fraying, curling and strengthens fabric. The type of finish you choose for your seams depends on * Type of fabric * How neat you want your seams to look * Durability * Firmly woven fabrics do not need seam finishes. * Loosely-woven and sheer fabrics do require seam finishes. What are the basic seam finishes? * Plain Seam * Pinked seam Finish * Pinked and Stitched * Zigzag Finish * Clean-Finish Seam Finish * Narrow Seam Finish * Flat Felled Seam Finish * French Seam Finish * Serged Seam Finish Plain Seam * The most common type of seam. * Made with one line of stitching, usually with right side of fabric to right side. * Standard seam 5/8 inch Pinked Seam Finish * Used on fabrics that will not ravel. Gives a neat appearance. Pinked and Stitched * Used on fabrics that will ravel slightly. Zigzag finish * Used on fabrics that ravel. May be done either close to the seam edge or over the edge of a seam. Clean-Finish Seam Finish * Also called a turned and stitched seam finish. * The edges of the seam allowance are turned under and stitched. * Suitable for Light to medium weight fabrics. Narrow Seam Finish * The narrow seam finish is often used to control the curling seam allowances of knit fabrics. It also reduces the size of the seam allowance, making it more comfortable to wear * Suitable for Children clothing, or any fabric...
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...workers in needs of such facilities | 3. | Group insurance | 4. | Meals coupon | 5. | Free transportation services for workers living within 10 km radius from the company. At 4 pick-up/drop-off stations. | 2. In the preliminary discussion, the workers representatives have forwarded several requests as follows: A | Main Request | 1. | Pay rise between 10% - 12% | B | Other issues/ requests | 1. | Increase rate of an overtime to RM5/hour instead of RM3/hour | 2. | Monthly SOCSO and EPF contribution for all workers | 3. | 1 month bonus for every workers | 4. | Allowances: i. Presence allowance (Elaun kehadiran)ii. Allowances given to workers involve in critical section/jobiii. Workers uniform, 5 uniforms instead of 2 | 5. | RM200 as an incentives given to workers without any medical leave | 6. | RM500 yearly medical benefits for each workers + spouse + childrens | Management representatives were informed that all request should be addressed at once or workers will go on strike. 1st...
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...demonstrate that determination, the chief executive, in his January 15 policy address, announced bold new initiatives to help those who always have been overlooked in the fight against poverty — the working poor. One of the most important measures, and surely the most widely applauded, is the proposed Low-Income Working Family Allowance for working families earning only subsistence incomes despite their gainful employment. The program will cost taxpayers HK$3 billion in its first year — 2015. Details will be coming in the next month or so and then will come the public discussion. Even before the complete details are revealed, however, experts already are saying the government has not gone far enough to assist society’s most vulnerable. About 710,000 people fall under the scope of the latest proposals aimed at ameliorating poverty. Among them are 180,000 children, living in 200,000 households. Nearly half of those households, some 92,400, show earnings falling below the poverty line, which is set at half the city’s median income. Means test The entitlement entails a formula including family income, working hours and the number of children in a family. There will be a means test. A household comprising only two adults — whose income between 50-60 percent of the medium income figure — likely would receive no more than HK$300 a month, while a...
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...the fall air is a signal that it is time to start preparing for going back to school. Shopping for new pencils, backpacks and notebooks is always an exciting time for both parents and children alike. Because children have an interest in the things that they are purchasing for school, this is also a great time to discuss how to budget a back to school allowance. When planning for how students will be spending their back to school funds, there are a few key areas that families will want to keep in mind. 1. Back to School Lunches School lunches can vary in both their price and their appeal according to different school systems. Parents will need to consider whether their child will be taking their lunch on some days or buying a lunch from the cafeteria during the week. Another aspect of school lunches for families to discuss is if a student will also be buying breakfast as this can substantially increase a back to school budget. If the student will be allowed to purchase extras such as dessert, then this will also need to be planned out beforehand. Families will also want to plan for any extra snacks or meals that a student might wish to have for when they get home after school. Depending upon the school, parents can decide upon the best way to handle this portion of a student’s back to school allowance for kids. Some schools arrange for an account to be set up so that parents can prepay while others simply accept cash. How this should be handled will depend upon a student’s age and...
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...Tax and Social Security Guide: 2011 – 2012 This guide is an initiative of the CPA Australia Retirement Savings Centre of Excellence. Information is current – based on legislation as at 1 July 2011 and updated for social security as at 20 March 2011. CPA Australia Tax Rates Resident personal tax rates 1/7/11 – 30/6/12 Taxable income $ Up to 6,000 6,001 – 37,000 37,001 – 80,000 80,001 – 180,000 Excess over 180,000 Marginal rate Nil 15% 30% 37% 45% Tax payable $ Nil 15c for each $1 over 6,000 4,650 plus 30c for each $1 over 37,000 17,550 plus 37c for each $1 over 80,000 54,550 plus 45c for each $1 over 180,000 Other Tax Rates Tax Rate Company Superannuation fund: - Complying - Non-complying Insurance and Friendly Society Bonds 30% 15% 45% 30% Tax rate for Minors – unearned income Income $0 - $416 $417 - $1,307 Excess over $1,307 • Earned income taxed at (adult) marginal rates Marginal rate Nil 66% 45% on all income Tax Offsets Low income tax offset (LITO) Max. rebate $* Low income earner 1,500 Shade-out threshold $ 30,000 Cut-out threshold $ 67,500 * Reduced by 4c for each $1 of taxable income over $30,000. Tax free threshold effectively $16,000. Not available for minors on unearned income. Non-resident personal tax rates 1/7/11 – 30/6/12 Taxable income $ Up to 37,000 37,001 – 80,000 80,001 – 180,000 Excess over $180,000 Marginal rate 29% 30% 37% 45% Tax payable $ 29c for each $1 over 10,730 plus 30c for each $1 over 37,000 23,630 plus 37c for each $1...
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