...At this time, the church would be the center of all community life, especially because the clergymen were often the only people in a town who were literate. Before the Renaissance, the church was the undisputed dominant force of order. As the Renaissance started to blossom, the church was still the center of life and a refuge from the horrors of war and plague. However, by this time various factors had begun to act against the church's influence. As the Renaissance was re-awakening, it was also a rebirth of thought. So various people began taking up their own views and opinions of the world and began questioning the church and the Pope. The major facts that were weakening the church's influence included the Rise of Humanism, the invention of the Printing Press, the awareness of corruption in the church, and the work of individual Reformers. Humanism The rediscovery of Humanism in probably the most influential force that powered the Renaissance. The basic concept of Humanism is the belief that all human concept of Humanism is the belief that all human beings have a capacity to reason. Humanism shows a reverend respect for the beauty of the human body and power of an individual's mind. It saw the awesome potential in each person to achieve great things, and the potential to develop his mind and body. This belief originated in ancient Greek times, in the Golden Ages when personal development and broadening of the self was seen as imperative. When, before the Renaissance...
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...Walking was the first of these difficulties, as the majority of pioneers walked the whole trail, which is 2,170 miles. According to a journal entry by Mary Ellen Murdock, an 1853 immigrant, she left Independence with ten brand new pairs of shoes. While walking the trail, Murdock wore out every pair except the last. She saved this pair for the Oregon Country by not wearing shoes for the end of her journey (Pioneer Tidbits 1). An additional hardship was caused by the sicknesses that were difficult to cure. These diseases spread quickly through the whole camp. The bad diseases included measles, mumps, and tuberculosis. Some diseases, such as cholera, had no cure. Cholera could spread to anyone, healthy or sick, children, adults, or elderly. However, sickness was not the leading cause of death. The hardships causing a considerable amount of death came merely from a variety of simple accidents or natural causes. Being run over by a wagon wheel was the most common (Center, Dangers). An example of how easy it was to fall out of a wagon was written by Catherine Sager Pringle, who was injured heading west as a...
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...The standardization of spelling is mainly due to dictionaries, that determine how a word should be spelled, pronounced and defined based on its usage, moreover, dictionaries must take the changes and differences into account. Writing speech differ form the oral speech, as it has the possibility to insert punctuation, however, nowadays, writing in order to reflect the oral patterns can be accepted under certain circumstances. Those circumstances are mostly related to the Internet and the netspeak (Crystal, 2001), in which the written type look more spoken than any other type. Netspeak is often criticized as a threat to the literacy of children, but it’s still spreading and has its own features ; tolerance for typos and misspelling, optional capitalization, use of abbreviations, use of emoticons, allegro speech. Printing words had an impact on people’s language acquisition, once people realize how a word is spelled, they automatically change its pronunciation from the former, incorrect one to the correct one, that is why pediatrician encourage literacy and exposure to books the earliest for...
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...Larkin has been regarded as one of the most pessimistic poets. Larkin surely takes a very dark view of human life. The main emphasis in his poems is on failure and frustration in human life. And then there is his preoccupation with death. In a number of poems he emphasizes the sombre and grim aspects of human life and in many poems he speaks of the cert of death. We are all aware of the facts of failure and frustration in human life and we are all aware of the faith of death. But what makes Larkin a pessimist, and a confirmed pessimist at that, is his repeated emphasis, and over-emphasis, on these aspects of human life. On explanation of his repeated reminders to us of the certain of death, he has been regarded as “a graveyard poet”; and the general and brooding atmosphere of melancholy and despondency in his poems justifies the label “pessimist” for him. A number of poems come to our minds in this connection. The poem Ambulances paints a gloomy picture of human life because of the fact that every street is visited by an ambulance at one time or the other. An ambulance is a symbol of disease and death. Dockery and Son contains the following pessimistic line: “Life is first boredom, then fear”. And this poem concludes with the pessimistic view that there is old age, and that the end of old age is death. Aubade is a poem in which Larkin’s fear of death reaches its climax. Larkin himself described it his “in-a-funk-about-death poem.” The Positive Features of His Pessimistic...
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...Creativity CREATIVE THINKING—DOWN ROADS LESS TRAVELLED Original ideas have changed the course of human history. Much of what we now take for granted in art, medicine, music, technology, and science was once regarded as radical or impossible. How do creative thinkers achieve the breakthroughs that carry us into new realms? Creativity is elusive. Nevertheless, psychologists have learned a great deal about how creativity occurs and how to promote it. We have seen that problem solving may be mechanical, insightful, or based on understanding. To this we can add that thinking may be inductive (going from specific facts or observations to general principles) or deductive (going from general principles to specific situations). Thinking may also be logical (proceeding from given information to new conclusions on the basis of explicit rules) or illogical (intuitive, associative, or personal). What distinguishes creative thinking from more routine problem solving? Creative thinking involves all of these thinking styles, plus fluency, flexibility, and originality. Let’s say that you would like to find creative uses for the millions of automobile tires discarded each year. The creativity of your suggestions could be rated in this way: Fluency is defined as the total number of suggestions you are able to make. Flexibility is the number of times you shift from one class of possible uses to another. Originality refers to how novel or unusual your ideas are. By counting the number of times you...
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...Before the invention of new media, traditional media was largely a capital intensive business, reserved for those with power and access to multi-billion dollar presses and expensive physical distribution systems, costly audio-visual recording and government liscensing (Chia, 2011). Not only has new media disrupted the old conventional model by reducing the barrier of entry to extraordinarily low levels, it has also challenged the commercial model that funds traditional news media gathering and adversely gained tremendous recognition as an essential platform for information dissemination and acquisition (Koh, Lim, Ng, Detenber and Cenite, 10/08/2005). As one of the most wired nations in the world, the Singapore media industry sees audiences and advertisers alike, moving away from traditional media towards digital media (Choo, 12/08/2013); where news from myriad sources is available free of charge and where advertisers have a wide range of options for reaching consumers, including cost-effective online advertising and online retailing. In Singapore, traditional news media are primarily represented by two companies, one owned by Temasek (MediaCorp), one of the state’s sovereign-wealth funds, and the other (Singapore Press Holdings) that is government-centric through close monitoring and regulation. Now forced to compete with a vast spectrum of new publishers such as WikiLeaks, giant news aggregators like Yahoo, MsN and Google News as well as millions of bloggers of whom are...
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...Postmodern Approach to Social Constructivism Laura Romine Liberty University Abstract As the world looks at the reality of communal exchange, thumbing back to historical debates of empirical and rational schools of thought, delineations from dualism to social interchange and collaboration refine hypothesis’ of undisputable truth. Reminiscent of the psychoanalytic movement with greats such as Freud, Jung and Adler, therapy, more of an art than science, and current day philosophies drive which models influence today’s truth. Reality is fashioned by language, how we feel, act and think, revealing “stories” we tell the self as contextual meanings. These beliefs now evolve one’s creation and truth. The therapist, joining in recognition of new perspectives, empowers and helps the client see that forward progress is strength within oneself. In a social constructivist point of view, the therapist detaches from the expert status of defining the problem. From family therapy and the multicultural lens, therapists now challenge cultural factors that, in turn, shape the client’s perceptions in the format of brief therapies. Keywords: brief therapies, collaborative, family therapy, social constructionism Postmodern Approach to Social Constructivism In the 21st century a paradigm shift motivated the field of psychology to unlock a fresh world view revealing the objet d'art of collective exchange. Referring to the modernistic creation of self, it is said that the anthropological...
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...The law, nature, sources and importance This discussion is going to focus on a number of issues. Firstly, an outline is going to be given on how the law affects business in a country. From there the importance of business law is going to be deliberated, followed by the nature and sources of law. Finally, a discussion is going to be made on how the law can be improved in a country. The law has many impacts on business. In this discussion the writer discusses three ways in which the law affects business. Generally the law affects business in the following ways: * Protecting the interests of the investors * Protection of the provisions of business contracts * The law regulates the business environment * The law provides guidelines in the employee- employer relations * There are laws on tax * It promotes transparency. Regulating business environment and operations The law provides guidelines and standards in which all businesses must operate. This protects the business from crumpling as much as protecting the consumers. For examples there are laws that require the business to comply with international practices. For example the companies must declare their business deals with the international partners. The government needs to find out if the partnership is in the interest of the investor. Another example of this relates to the need of all business in the country to get registered. In registering businesses certain details are required. This ensures that...
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...Francisco Goya From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Goya" redirects here. For other uses, see Goya (disambiguation). This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Goya and the second or maternal family name is Lucientes. Francisco Goya Autorretrato de Goya (1795).jpg Self-portrait, c. 1796-97. Museo del Prado, Madrid Born 30 March 1746 Fuendetodos, Aragon, Spain Died 16 April 1828 (aged 82) Bordeaux, France Nationality Spanish Known for Painting, drawing Movement Romanticism Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes[A] (/ˈɡɔɪə/; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of late 18th and early 19th centuries and throughout his long career was a commentator and chronicler of his era. Immensely successful in his lifetime, Goya is often referred to as both the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. He was born to a modest family in 1746 in the village of Fuendetodos in Aragon. He studied painting from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and moved to Madrid to study with Anton Raphael Mengs. He married Josefa Bayeu in 1773; the couple's life together was characterised by an almost constant series of pregnancies and miscarriages. He became a court painter to the Spanish Crown in 1786 and the early portion of his career is marked by portraits commissioned by the Spanish aristocracy and royalty...
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...CHAPTER 1 The importance of understanding consumer behaviour CHAPTER CONTENTS Introduction Defining Consumer Behaviour Consumer Behaviour in Context Consumer Behaviour and the Marketing Mix Consumers and Relationship Marketing Consumers and Marketing Planning Antecedents of Consumer Behaviour Neuroscience Psychology Sociology Summary Key points Review questions Case study revisited: Pizza Case study: Center Parcs Further reading References LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you should be able to: Explain how the study of consumer behaviour has evolved. Show how consumer behaviour relates to marketing decision-making. Explain why relationships are harder to establish in business-to-consumer situations than in business-to-business situations. Describe the scope and nature of psychology and sociology. Describe the scope and nature of anthropology. Describe the relationship of economics with the study of consumer behaviour. Explain the role of exchange in improving people’s welfare. Explain how the terms ‘luxury’ and ‘necessity’ relate to consumer behaviour. Introduction Customer Someone who makes the decision to buy a product 01-Blythe-Ch-01-Part-1.indd 3 Every day we buy things. We exchange our money for goods and services, for our own use and for the use of our families: we choose things we think will meet our needs on a day-to-day basis, and we occasionally make buying decisions which will affect our lives for ...
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...Research TOC BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY, “SOCIOBIOLOGY,” AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR Bobbi S. Low W hen Juliet was twelve, her father, without consulting her, betrothed her to a man more than twice her age. She, being in love with Romeo, complained. Her father’s answer was (Act III, Scene V): An you will not wed, I’ll pardon you! Graze where you will, you shall not house with me; … An you be mine, I’ll give you to my friend; An you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets, For, by my soul, I’ll ne’er acknowledge thee, Nor what is mine shall never do thee good. Today, in the United States, Juliet would probably sue her father for child abuse. And she would be likely to win. What is common, approved, and thought ethical varies widely across human cultures in time and space: whether one may marry more than one person at a time; who chooses marriage partners; whether abortion and infanticide are approved or forbidden; whether one may eat all meats, some meats, or none; what kinds of killings are forbidden or encouraged. How are we to make sense of all this variety? Human behavior has traditionally been the province of anthropology, sociology, and psychology. Within each of these fields there exist diverse approaches. Recently, behavioral ecology, an evolutionary approach to why we behave as we do, has joined other fields in trying to explain some of the diversity in human behavior. With its roots in Charles Darwin’s work 1 on natural selection, it examines how environmental conditions...
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...damn foreigners here as it is. The come here to steal our jobs, marry our women, clog the trains, explode housing prices, beat up taxi drivers, and drive Ferraris too fast. They dance outside Wisma Atria and jam the staircases at Lucky Plaza. Oh, and they smell. And talk too loudly. In strange accents. In short, they are audacious and unpleasant. Oh, and they smell. Did I mention that? They do. And they talk too loudly. Twenty-nine PRC workers deported means trains that are twenty-nine odoriferous bodies less crowded. Except that they mostly built the train stations in the last twenty years. And the condos. And the roads. And dug the drains. And sweep the streets and collect the garbage. And keep one million households clean, children fed, grandparents minded, dogs walked, and...
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...Our vision is to enhance the quality of life of our citizens by bringing arts and culture from the margins to the mainstream of the economy and society through culturally sustainable policies and actions that will lead us to the status of the first Artistic & Cultural Island City in the World Table of contents Page Message of Prime Minister…………………………………………………………. 3 Message of Minister of Arts and Culture …………………………………………... 4 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. 5 Executive summary…………………………………………………………………. 7 Chapter 1: Overview of the Arts and Culture set-up ………………………………. 19 Chapter 2: The Music industry……………………………………………………... 23 Chapter 3: The Arts sector …………………………………………………………. 30 Chapter 4: Publishing, Reading and Writing ………………………………………. 39 Chapter 5: The audio-visual sector ………………………………………………… 43 Chapter 6: Heritage Management and Promotion………………………………….. 47 Chapter 7: Mauritius, an Artistic and Cultural Island City- ACIC………………… 51 Chapter 8: Developing synergies…………………………………………………… 56 Chapter 9: Arts and Culture: the cement of our nation …………………………….. 61 Chapter 10: Conclusion - Arts and Culture make Mauritius a haven ……………...63 Message of the Prime Minister Culture is connecting with development and is poised to become a fundamental component of sustainable development. This White Paper sets the stage for...
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...Chapter Overview 12.1 The Beginnings of Development What Is Development? Prenatal Development The Newborn CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.1 Before and Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage Challenges to Piaget’s Stage Theory Social Development The Power of Touch Attachment Theory Disruption of Attachment Family Relationships Peers After Birth 12.2 Infancy and Childhood Physical Development Cognitive Development Piaget’s Stage Theory Sensorimotor Stage CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 12.2 Stages of Cognitive Development 12 Learning Objectives Development Throughout the Life Span 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Describe the development of the field and explain the prenatal and newborn stages of human development. Discuss physical development in infants and newborns. Examine Piaget’s stage theory in relation to early cognitive development. Illustrate the importance of attachment in psychosocial development. Discuss the impact of sexual development in adolescence and changes in moral reasoning in adolescents and young adults. Examine the life stages within Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Illustrate the physical, cognitive, and social aspects of aging. Describe the multiple influences of nature and nurture in human development. 12.3 Adolescence and Young Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Cognitive Development Social Development Continuity or Change Relationships Ages and...
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...An analysis of research and literature on CREATIVITY IN EDUCATION Report prepared for the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority by Anna Craft March 2001 2 Contents Page Numbers 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Aims and purposes 1.2 Approach taken and areas covered 4 2.0 A summary of the research and literature on creativity 2.1 Historical overview 2.2 The early part of the twentieth century 2.3 More recent directions in creativity research 2.4 Lines of study stemming from the 1950s 2.4.1 Personality 2.4.2 Cognition 2.4.3 Ways to stimulate creativity 2.4.4 Creativity and social systems 2.5 Background to creativity in education 2.6 Broader claims for creativity in the curriculum 5-12 3.0 What do we mean by creativity? 3.1 Definitions or descriptions of creativity 3.2 High creativity 3.3 Ordinary, or ‘democratic’ creativity 13-15 4.0 The development of creativity in education 4.1 Research into the development of creativity in education 4.1.1 Comprehensive approaches 4.1.2 Educational approaches 4.1.3 Psychodynamic approaches 4.1.4 Humanistic approaches 4.1.5 Behaviourist approaches 4.2 Teaching approaches to developing creativity 4.2.1 ‘Creative cycle’ approaches 4.2.2 Single-strategy approaches 4.2.3 Multi-strategy approaches 4.2.4 System approaches 4.2.5 Overall pedagogic criteria approaches 16-22 3 5.0 Assessment and creativity 5.1 Recording and assessing creativity 23-24 6.0 Conclusions and key findings 6.1 High and democratic creativity ...
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