...These results support the hypothesis. The hypothesis states that the majority, if not all, of children’s television programs depict acts of aggression. Upon looking at the data collected, all six of the television programs viewed did portray more than one act of aggression. In addition, a huge majority of these programs demonstrated each act of aggression more than just once. For example, the act of hitting was never only projected one time. In each program, the act of hitting was repeated multiple times. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that the results support the hypothesis in that “children’s programs frequently portray acts of aggression” (Sanderson & Safdar, 436). Secondly, the factors that may have influenced the results were the types of television programs that were selected to view. Power Rangers, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and Powerpuff Girls are television series based on fighting crime...
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...Downloaded from adc.bmj.com on January 12, 2014 - Published by group.bmj.com ADC Online First, published on March 25, 2013 as 10.1136/archdischild-2011-301508 Original article Do television and electronic games predict children’s psychosocial adjustment? Longitudinal research using the UK Millennium Cohort Study Alison Parkes, Helen Sweeting, Daniel Wight, Marion Henderson Medical Research Council/ CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Correspondence to Dr Alison Parkes, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK; Alison-p@sphsu.mrc.ac.uk Received 7 December 2011 Revised 15 October 2012 Accepted 7 December 2012 ABSTRACT Background Screen entertainment for young children has been associated with several aspects of psychosocial adjustment. Most research is from North America and focuses on television. Few longitudinal studies have compared the effects of TV and electronic games, or have investigated gender differences. Purpose To explore how time watching TV and playing electronic games at age 5 years each predicts change in psychosocial adjustment in a representative sample of 7 year-olds from the UK. Methods Typical daily hours viewing television and playing electronic games at age 5 years were reported by mothers of 11 014 children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Conduct problems, emotional symptoms, peer relationship problems, hyperactivity/inattention...
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...Gender, Class, and Race Stereotypes in American Television A Content Analysis Gender, class, and race stereotypes abound in contemporary society, much like they have done throughout human history. With the advent of television, however, stereotypical assumptions have become so pervasive, and so diffused, that some call for a serious and purposeful scrutiny of television's contents. On the following pages, various content analyses of television programs will be addressed, followed by discussions on the greater implications race, class, and gender stereotypes have on society. The research method most often used in studying media images is called content analysis. Content analysis is a descriptive method in which researchers analyze the actual content of documents and/or programs. By systematically counting items pertaining to a specific category, researchers are able to conceptualize a larger theoretical framework based on their observations of media content (Wiseman 1970). Content analyses of television programming show, that during prime time hours, men make up the vast majority of characters shown. Furthermore, women characters found during that same time frame are mainly in comedies, while men predominate in dramas. Thus, the implications are that men are to be taken serious, while women should not. (Tuchman 1978). Similarly, content analyses on soap operas reveal highly stereotypical representations of the genders. In soap operas, strong, willful women are predominantly...
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...Gender Roles in Disney Movies It is undeniable that the company that is leading to many generations in their child age is Disney. Who does not remember Mickey and Minnie Mouse?, Who has not thrown a tear when Snow White was poisoned by the evil witch?, Who did not want to ever be in the place of handsome John Smith or Pocahontas herself to revive their love story?, that tender these films, is not it, for example the Little Mermaid and Sebastian the crab song, who does not remember that song from "under the sea”? Has anybody ever wondered why the dwarves themselves did not do the housework when they came home once Snow White "moved in" with them? Or why an Indian as Pocahontas, falls for a murderer of thousands of his countrymen as was John Smith? Or why witches are always bad? Or why women are always in the background in these films (Hubka, Hovdestad & Tonmyr, 2009)? The world of Disney Princess began in 1937 when Snow White entered the world with the Seven Dwarfs (McRobbie, 2008). Since then it continued to add princesses in this world and the most recent movie was Tangled (Rapunzel) in 2011. In the past years, due to the lack of portraying ethnicity, Disney movie makers were highly criticized by their audience. Therefore, Pocahontas appeared in 1995 and after three years in 1998 came Mulan, which created a racially diverse collection of Disney princesses. After a decade The Princess and the Frog was released in 2009. It is important to understand that Disney plays an important...
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...Learning English through children's literature Submitted by admin on 18 December, 2002 - 12:00 This article is about the British Council's Young Learners Centre in Paris and how they use children's literature in their teaching of English * The role of stories and storytelling in language teaching * Selecting story books * Pupil responses * Personal and professional development of teachers * Other support materials * Books referred to in this article The role of stories and storytelling in language teaching Once upon a time and not so very long ago in the capital city of France, a teaching centre for little children and not so little children was opened. One little child and then two and then three and then many, many more came along. And so our story unfolds ….. There was a little red hen, a meerkat in trouble, a brown bear, a black elephant and a white elephant, a very hungry caterpillar, Spot the dog, a clever tortoise, a big, roaring, yellow, whiskery lion, a kangaroo from Woolloomooloo and many more. These are just some of the colourful characters from children's literature who have helped children aged 5 - 10 attending holiday classes at the British Council's Young Learners Centre in Paris learn English. These weekly courses take place each afternoon for two hours. The educational value of using stories and the technique of storytelling has always been undisputed throughout the world. Now more and more English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers of...
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...CHILDREN AND TELEVISION INTRODUCTION Educators hoped that TV would serve as a window of knowledge for children. They hoped that it would broaden their knowledge by exposing them to various learning experiences, and help them learn about different cultures. Educators’ thought that TV would play a vital role in preparing preschoolers physically and psychologically for school. In contrast, today the effect of television on children has become a growing concern to many educators’ due to its effect on children’s behavior, health, and cognitive development and learning. We do not deny the TV holds many benefits to children if used properly and under adequate supervision of adults. Yet, we cannot deny its negative effects of TV. In this article we will talk about the negative effect of TV, and how it affects children, while on the same time mentioning its positive effects. We will first discusses the amount of time children spend in front of their TV sets, We will then move talk about how TV affects children’s behavior, health, cognitive development, and learning. We will also try to highlight the reasons behind children spending extended hours in front of their TV sets. Finally, we will try to suggest some solutions to this issue and how can we mitigate the negative effect of TV on children. The Amount of Time Children Spend In Front Of Their TV Sets Children in their early developmental stages are very fragile and vulnerable physically and emotionally .they fail to distinguish between...
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...fact, media’s presence has been ubiquitous in the children’s lives hence being the prolific contributor of all forms of teenage problems. Some of the online web sites entails of information for children that may be destructive if not well guided by their parents. Parental guidance is very much important especially for these young people because without their intervention, the children’s future will be no more (Knobloch 123). Increasing technology has been a nightmare in most developed states in the world such as the United States whereby children have got six hours daily with media. It has been realized that children’s media consumption contributes to high degree of negativity than the otherwise. The following may serve as one of the web site for children entertainment. Children and television The television as one of the viewing sites is very much important towards the child’s cognitive development and lots of learning in different fields such as cultures, geography among many others. It can be entertaining and educational as it enables learners to scope critical information from tender ages. However, the contrary can also prove that kids might learn dirty information that may lead wanting behaviors and negative ways of life. Indeed the television has got a big influence especially under the age of 13 whereby it plays an important role of behavior and cognitive development in general. At age eight the viewing of television is very high because this is the period of learning...
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...Children and Television Introduction: This research aims at shedding light on the effects that television has on children, both good and bad, and also on how parents feel about their children’s TV watching habits. It will therefore, rely on most information that has been provided by parents. Television and media as a whole are very powerful factors in not only children’s development but also in most adults lives, even though they can be beneficial to us constant concerns from the different media houses about the risks and harms associated with them can leave many parents feeling insecure and overwhelmed. This research aims at navigating through the contradicting reports and advice and establishing a balance between the two. Conclusion: In conclusion, we observe that it is fundamentally the role of parents to make good choices that will influence their children’s development positively. They are therefore, deemed to be responsible and take control of what their children view. They can do this through various methods, some of which include; balancing the time spent watching TV against other healthy and enriching activities, choosing programs that go together with the child’s interests limiting the time spent watching TV, viewing some programs together with the children so as to explain and clarify some areas of importance to them, using TV to capture the child’s creativity and then supplementing that with trips to the library for more reading, adopting the use of the red...
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...on children and adolescents. Most of the research suggests that over exposure and unsupervised use of mass media outlets can alter the psychological development of children, as well as create anxieties in adolescents. All of the researched reviewed examines the effects of all media other than book content. Research has shown that consuming too much mass media at a young age can alter the social and psychological structure of adolescents. Mass media can even desensitize youth to unhealthy behavior and effect their education. One of the more noticeable changes in the 21st century has been the growing media consumption, availability and influence. A major consequence of this growing influence is the negative effect it can have on a children’s well-being. Parents no longer have to worry about the influence of “bad” friends but the “virtual” bad influence readily at the fingertips of their children. According to the U.S. census over 80% of adolescents own at least one form of media technology (Comer 2008). The use of this technology is increasing every year with text messages and social networking being an easy access to both youths and adults. A survey was conducted in 2010 by the Kaiser Family Foundation on daily media usage. The survey found that children 8 to 18 logged an average of 6 hour media usage per day. In fact the total media usage for most of the children surveyed exceeded time spent on any other activity. The only exception found was the time they spent on sleep...
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...Journal of Consumer Research. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 217.147.235.142 on Fri, 27 Feb 2015 11:49:40 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Behavioral Televised Evidence Food of the on Effects of Messages Children GERALDJ. GORN E. MARVIN GOLDBERG* Two weeks of daily exposure to televised food and beverage messages at a children'safternoonsnack choices. summercamp alteredfive- to eight-year-old morecandyover fruit Children viewedcandycommercialspickedsignificantly who as snacks. Eliminating candy commercialsprovedas effectivein encouraging the commercialsor nutritional to as the selection of fruit did exposing the children fruit publicservice announcements. effects of television advertising on children have been the subjectof considerableresearchfor well over a decade. The substantialbody of literaturethat...
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...Moreover, consumerism is considered as one of the major negative consequences of advertisements on children. With the growth of the internet and the widespread of television, advertisers can substantially target the ears and eyes of young children. Children are attracted to commercials that view goods and services they like and want such as candy and toys. Producing advertisements directed towards children, that indirectly influence their materialistic behavior to increase the sales of the advertised goods and services; is persuasive technique considered used to deceive them. Furthermore, a recent research study was conducted on young children where they were divided into two groups. Empowered children, who can rationally process commercials...
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...Internet and TV: How much is too much for young children? Na’Shaye Lewis English 112 How much TV and gaming, educational or not, is too much for young children? In the USA, 47% of children ages 2 to 18 years old have a television set in their bedrooms. On a typical day, they spend an average of 5.5 hours using media; including television, computer games, and the Internet. (Kaiser Family Foundation Newsletter, 2001) While there are a lot of different television and online educational sites that can be beneficial to a child’s education, parents should often monitor or regulate the amount of TV and Internet young children watch because it inhibits social development, shortens children’s attention span, and sometimes it is not always intellectually stimulating. Social development can simply be explained as improving the well-being of an individual in society so they can reach their full potential. A society success is directly linked to the well-being of each individual citizen. With so many things on TV that can be negative there are so many shows and internet games that get your children up and physically active and wanting to learn. Shows such as Yo Gabba Gabba which teaches children how to eat healthy, get up and move around, how to help take care of the planet you live on and how to care about what others may feel. Ni Hoa Kai-Lan teaches the importance of social development as well as discovering new ways to recognize and deal with their emotions. As it is said children...
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...about whether or not media, television and video games, have an effect on our children, well I definitely believe that it does. People used to be able to drive down the road and see children playing and having fun but since video games were invented, children would rather stay inside and play their games than go outside and play. Being less active can create many problems, such as weight gain, other health issues, being socially isolated, and some children even become violent after watching the violence on television or playing violent video games. So should we or shouldn’t we limit their television and video game time? What would be the pros and cons if we do or don’t limit their time? Some research shows that there is no difference in children after watching violence and playing violent video games and then there is other research that states that it does, have an impact on the behaviors of children. According to psychologists L. Rowell Huesmann, Leonard Eron, “Children who watched many hours of violence on television when they were in elementary school tended to show higher levels of aggressive behavior when they became teenagers.” (para. 3) Children who play video games and watch a lot of television tend to gain weight because they are in front of the television all day and either not eating much or snacking on bad foods and drinks instead of being outside and being active. “The nutritional value of food and drinks advertised on children’s television programs is worse than...
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...Violence and Television In today’s society, television violence is shaping the way our children behave, making them prone to violence and abuse as they get older. Living in a world where the majority of our entertainment is television, it is very likely that we would become more immune to the physical and damaging acts of damaging force committed. Violence is all over our media but mostly on the TV. Parents should monitor what their children are watching closely, so that their behavior does not become more destructive at; even at the age of 5. History shows that some of the first violent acts were noticed in the 1950’s. They say that even back then a lot of television was filled with destructive acts. From talking to my grandparents television was not as much of a necessity as we believe it to be today. Being the society that has to be entertained around the clock, we just do not think about what is going into our children’s heads. It seems to affect children more, because their behavior patterns are still developing, and are very vulnerable, and we don’t want them to develop into what they see on TV. Children who watch television a lot of the time become less aware to the pain and suffering of other people around them. If they are always in front of the tube, and just sit there, and soak in all of that bad stuff they are seeing, they become not as aware as they should be. When terrible acts of violence happen in the children’s life that do watch a lot of TV, they are not...
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...MUHLNICKEL MR. DAVID KERWIN EN 1320 AUGUST 27 2013 Many Americans feel that the viewing of violence in the media reinforces negative behavior in society, especially among children and young adults. "Three thousand studies have been done since 1955 on the link between television and violence; 2,980 of them found a correlation between the two. We hear little about that because we get most of our news from television" (Peterson). With this much research one must acknowledge that there is a problem in America involving sex and violence in the media. We cannot blame all societal problems on the media and its portrayal of these issues, but we can become educated, ourselves, in order to better facilitate the healthy lives of our children. "Violence grabs the headlines, but violence itself is a result of a society that promotes selfishness, greed and instant gratification" (Peterson). Violence on public television often catches us in a serious debate. Concerned parents fear that viewing inappropriate images presented by the media will corrupt America's youth. They cringe at the idea of our nation's children growing up to be vicious killers due to the brutal violence often seen on TV. Some blame television for most, if not all, of the ills of society and its children. "Truly it accounts for about 10 percent of violence, which means that 90 percent is caused by other things," Leonard Eron says. "Violence is a multi-determined behavior. It's caused by genetic, biological,...
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