...al Behaviour Observational Learning Where individuals observe and imitate the behaviour of others. Many argue that watching television can teach viewers violent behaviour/draw their attention to behaviours they wouldn’t have previously considered. Bandura (1983) used his Social Learning Theory to explain this. Watching violent role models may increase violent behaviour in those who are already motivated to behave aggressively. TV may also teach viewers the positive and negative consequences of behaving aggressively. Research on the role of observational learning from media in antisocial behaviour has shown: ‐ Bandura et al (1986): Children aged 3‐5 were shown films of a model behaving aggressively towards a “bobo doll”. The doll was hit, thrown, sat on and punched in the nose 3 times during the film. The children were then lead to laboratory containing toys (including the bobo doll), and were observed during free play. 88% of the children imitated the behaviour seen in the film‐ significantly more than a control group of children who did not see the film. ‐ Bobo dolls do not retaliate when hit. This raises questions as to how much this study tells us about the effect of media influences on antisocial behaviour towards other human beings. ‐ Smith et al (2004): The children’s behave would be better defined as “rough and tumble play” rather than aggression. ‐ Some have labelled Bandura’s study as artificial, as it was designed to study behaviours that ...
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...use television during a typical day. Dietz WH, Strausburger VC & et al in 1991 study entitled “Children Adolescents and Television” revealed that – American children spend more time in front of TV than at any other activity, with the exception of sleep.8 The same research shows that American children spend an average of 2 & 1/2 to 4 hours per day watching television depending on their age. The amount of time spent by American youth in most investigations was around 3-5 hours /day.8 The Kaiser report found Children ages 8 to 18 spent an average of 7 hours and 38 minutes a day consuming media for fun, including TV, music, videogames and other content in 2009, according to a 2010 report from the Kaiser Family Foundation. The report was based on a survey of 2,002 third- through 12th-graders, 702 of whom completed a seven-day media use diary. That was up about an hour and 17 minutes a day from five years earlier. About two-thirds of 8- to 18-year-olds said they had no rules on the amount of time they spent watching TV, playing videogames or using the computer. A Pan-Asian workshop on “Children and Television” held in Sep 1991 in Indonesia reported data from Asia. According to a study conducted in Japan it was shown that the average viewing time varied with children’s age ranging from 2 hours to 2 hours 45 minutes /day. Same range of viewing was found in Malaysia. According to a study done in Pakistan, average...
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...Literature Review Research and Statistics Division October 1997 WD1998-2e UNEDITED Research and Statistics Division/ Division de la recherche et de la statistique Policy Sector/ Secteur des politiques WORKING DOCUMENT THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN A Selected Literature Review Research and Statistics Division October 1997 WD1998-2e UNEDITED The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice Canada. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 2.0 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH .............................................................. 3 3.0 FACTORS AFFECTING CHILDREN’S POSTDIVORCE ADJUSTMENT ................. 6 3.1 Child Characteristics............................................................................ 6 3.1.1 Gender ................................................................................. 6 3.1.2 Age at Divorce ....................................................................... 8 3.2 Family Characteristics.......................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Socio-economic Status .............................................................. 9 3.2.2 Ethno-cultural Background........................................................10 3.2.3 Childrearing .........................................................................10 3.3 Situational Characteristics...
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...International Journal of Market Research Vol. 54 Issue 4 Children’s attitudinal reactions to TV advertisements The African experience Ayantunji Gbadamosi Robert E. Hinson University of Ghana University of East London Eddy K. Tukamushaba Irene Ingunjiri Strathmore University Hong Kong Polytechnic University This paper is aimed at exploring African children’s attitudinal reactions to television advertisements . A total of 65 children from four African countries – Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda – participated in 12 focus group discussions on the subject matter . Findings suggest that they like television advertising in relation to its entertainment features – especially when the messages feature children characters, cartoons, music, celebrities and humour – and those promoting foods . They also derive excitement from advertising messages that are presented in Pidgin language and/or humorously integrated with local languages . However, they have an aversion to messages that terrify them and those they consider boring . This paper supplements the existing literature on the attitudes of children to advertising, but from Africa as a different contextual platform . It also suggests directions for the effective use of marketing communications strategies in relation to television advertising for marketers and other bodies with special roles in communicating with children such as government agencies and NGOs . Introduction Advertising to children as a topic has attracted...
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...healthy lifestyles for children through the provision of food and nutrition The learning outcomes for this unit are: Understand the impact of food and nutrition on children’s health and development. Understand how food choices impact on health and development during pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and breastfeeding. Understand the nutritional needs of children. Understand the impact of poor diet on children’s health and development. Understand individuals’ dietary requirements and preferences. Be able to support healthy eating in own setting. Unit 1.2 WB (A/505/9809) Promote healthy lifestyles for children through exercise The learning outcomes for this unit are: Understand children’s need for exercise. Be able to support children’s exercise in an indoor and outdoor space Unit 1.3 WB (M/505/9810) Support physical care routines for children The learning outcomes for this unit are: Understand the physical care needs of children. Be able to use hygienic practice to minimise the spread of infection. Understand rest and sleep needs of children. Understand childhood immunisation. Be able to support children in personal physical care routines. Unit 1.4 WB (T/505/9811) Promote children’s emotional well-being The learning outcomes for this unit are: Understand children’s needs in relation to emotional well-being. Understand the requirements for promoting emotional well-being in relation to current frameworks. Understand the needs of children during...
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...Characteristics of professional development linked to enhanced pedagogy and children’s learning in early childhood settings: Best Evidence Synthesis July 2003 Characteristics of professional development linked to enhanced pedagogy and children’s learning in early childhood settings: Best Evidence Synthesis October 2003 This report is one of a series of best evidence syntheses commissioned by the Ministry of Education. It is part of a commitment to strengthen the evidence base that informs education policy and practice in New Zealand. It aims to contribute to an ongoing evidence-based discourse amongst policy makers, educators and researchers. The best evidence synthesis approach is being developed in collaboration with researchers. It draws together in a systematic way the available evidence about what works to improve education outcomes, and what can make a bigger difference for the education of all our children and young people. Prepared for the Ministry of Education Authors Linda Mitchell and Pam Cubey Copyright © Ministry of Education PO Box 1666 Wellington ISBN 0-478-18773-4 Web ISBN ISBN 0-478-18774-2 www.minedu.govt.nz Characteristics of professional development linked to enhanced pedagogy and children’s learning in early childhood settings Best Evidence Synthesis Report prepared for the New Zealand Ministry of Education Linda Mitchell and Pam Cubey July 2003 New Zealand Council for Educational Research P O Box 3237 ...
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...E1 and E2: • Describe three different types of settings which provide care and education for children in your area. • Describe how each of the types of setting identified in E1 aims to support children and their names. There are three different sectors which provide care and education for children in my area, these are: • Statutory Sector • Voluntary Sector • Private Sector Statutory provision: These are services that have to be available by law which are funded and provided by the government such as The Sure Start Programme, The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), Children’s Centres, maintained nursery schools and nursery classes in primary schools. All of these services are free, as the child right to education. These services provide a wide range of education in different subjects. Nursery classes in lily’s primary school aims are to support and educate children by giving them the early education they need in order to be ready for primary school. Children are in small groups with the same age group as themselves; therefore they would build a relationship with other children as well as mix with others who have a different background/culture and beliefs. They usually start at 9am -11:30am or 1pm-3pm. Most nurseries have extended provisions to work with families such as after school clubs, breakfast clubs and even holiday clubs. Private provision: These services work independently and are profits making as they are funded through the fees. These services are not...
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...understanding of course materials), reflective journal requires the students to think more deeply, to challenge their old ideas with new incoming information, to synthesize the course materials they have learnt into their personal thoughts and philosophy, and also to integrate it into their daily experiences and future actions. The benefits of the reflective learning process are usually accumulated over a period of time, in which the students usually show a series of developmental changes, personal growth and changes in perspectives during the process. 2.journal-journal is an academic magazine published on a regular schedule. It contains articles written by experts in a particular field of study, based on research or analysis that the author, or authors, did. That research might include case studies in the medical field, primary source research in the field of history, or literature analysis. Journal articles are written for experts or students of that particular field who have an advanced field-specific vocabulary and knowledge. A personal record of occurrences, experiences, and reflections kept on a regular basis; a diary. 3.Audio recording-is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. 4.Video taping-A relatively wide magnetic tape used to record visual images and associated sound for subsequent playback or broadcasting. 5.Sociometric techniques- are methods that qualitatively...
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...affect children’s lives: research evidence Policy-makers and commentators often blame ‘bad parenting’ for children’s and young people’s troublesome behaviour. What can research tell us about the influence of parenting, especially the parent-child relationships in millions of ‘ordinary’ families? This paper: ■ Summarises findings from seven reviews of existing research that were commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation to inform its own Parenting Research and Development programme. ■ Considers parenting from the perspectives of mothers, fathers and children themselves, as well as those of black and minority ethnic parents and families living in poverty with restricted access to support services Editor: David Utting August 2007 www.jrf.org.uk Key points ■ Differences in child temperament, among other factors, demonstrate that flexible, adaptable parenting is more likely to be effective than a ‘one size fits all’ approach. ■ The quality of parent-child relationships shows considerable stability over time. Some dimensions of parenting are important in children’s lives irrespective of age, especially whether relationships are warm and supportive or marked by conflict. ■ Warm, authoritative and responsive parenting is usually crucial in building resilience. Parents who develop open, participative communication, problemcentred coping, confidence and flexibility tend to manage stress well and help their families to do the same. ■ Young children’s relationships...
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...Media and Young Children’s Learning VOL. 18 / NO. 1 / SPRING 2008 39 Media and Young Children’s Learning Heather L. Kirkorian, Ellen A. Wartella, and Daniel R. Anderson Summary Electronic media, particularly television, have long been criticized for their potential impact on children. One area for concern is how early media exposure influences cognitive development and academic achievement. Heather Kirkorian, Ellen Wartella, and Daniel Anderson summarize the relevant research and provide suggestions for maximizing the positive effects of media and minimizing the negative effects. One focus of the authors is the seemingly unique effect of television on children under age two. Although research clearly demonstrates that well-designed, age-appropriate, educational television can be beneficial to children of preschool age, studies on infants and toddlers suggest that these young children may better understand and learn from real-life experiences than they do from video. Moreover, some research suggests that exposure to television during the first few years of life may be associated with poorer cognitive development. With respect to children over two, the authors emphasize the importance of content in mediating the effect of television on cognitive skills and academic achievement. Early exposure to age-appropriate programs designed around an educational curriculum is associated with cognitive and academic enhancement, whereas exposure to pure entertainment, and violent content in particular...
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...The Ecology of Family Life Report of research conducted by The Social Issues Research Centre 2008 The Social Issues Research Centre 28 St Clements Street Oxford OX4 1AB UK +44 1865 262255 group@sirc.org The ecology of family life Contents 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................4 1.1 Family and childhood: a paradigmatic review ....................................................................................................................................4 1.2 Space and time in family life...................................................................................................................................................................4 1.3 Pennies and pounds: the socioeconomic relations of families and children in the present.......................................................4 1.4 Theoretical framework.............................................................................................................................................................................5 1.5 Defining consumption ..............................................................................................................................................................................5 1.6 Methodology and sources of data ...........................................................................................
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...debate in psychology over the centuries. Biologists will support the nature side of the debate while the environmentalist/behaviourists will support the nurture side of the debate. The two stages of development of an individual that will be discussed in this spread are adults and children. At the very beginning of development, infants are believed to inherit the capacity to learn how to walk, learn a language(s) and mimic behaviour. From a nature perspective, this is an advantage for survival because their interaction helps them to inform an adult, especially parents, their needs for comfort, hunger, warmth etc. although, the type of surrounding of the infant is also important too. But, there is evidence that shows that children’s behaviours can be learned (nurture) i.e. feral children study of two boys who were raised by a lioness in Cairo, Egypt. Dave and Chip were described as “lionfish” in appearance and behaviour. This shows that even if they were not raise by a human(s), what they see is what they learn. If biology is so strong in influencing our behaviour, then these children must be acting normal like others even if they did not grow in a normal family, but that didn’t happen. There are many stories of feral children but all have come to one important point. That is the important role of education. All the things a child must know, or can do, must be learned. For example a child must learn how to walk, use fork and knife to eat, to ride a bicycle and many more, all of...
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...There have been many complaints from parents about their children buzzing around on the internet and in some cases on the news. Many people turn to screen time and social media as the cause of the problem. As a teenager, it is easy to say that screen time and social media definitely affects our behaviour around people and towards ourselves. It affects children’s brains in a negative way leading to narcissism, laziness and antisocialness. All these factors have been proven through scientific research across the world. You’ll rethink the amount of online time you restrict your children to once you read about its harmful effects. Today we are living in what you call the “me, me, me” generation meaning that people of this millennial are all about themselves. According to Joel Stein at Time Magazine, compared to 1982, “58% more college students scored higher on a narcissism scale in 2009...” only five years after facebook was founded and three years after the first iPhone was made. As stated on the scientific blog, ‘Psychology today,’ Doctor Lisa Firestone says studies over the years that make...
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...about their children’s use of the Internet. The paper looks at ways in which parents feel that their children can be protected on the internet. It also explores the fears that parents have about their children being exposed to the internet, and their rationales. The research findings highlight the importance of children's internet protection in relation to the role of parents. The major limitation that this research was faced with was the sample size, as it does not adequately represent the actual population sampled. This paper contributes to the field of study as regards the role the internet plays in the lives of children, the perception of their parents and how to protect them from the dangers of the internet. TABLE OF CONTENT * Introduction ………………………………………………………… 4 * Literature Review …………………………………………………… 5 - 7 * Advantages & Disadvantages of the Internet on Children…………. 8 * Methodology ………………………………………………………….. 9 * Limitation of Study …………………………………………………... 9 * Findings ………………………………………………………………. 9 - 12 * Summary of Survey Result ………………………………………........ 12 * Recommendation ……………………………………………………... 13 * Conclusion …………………………………………………………….. 13 * References ……………………………………………………………... 14 * Appendix ……………………………………………………………… 15 - 17 INTRODUCTION The nature of children's internet use generates public anxieties which both guide and undermine research, complicating the already challenging study of children...
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...but not the least, we would also like to offer our thanks to our parents and our friends who supported us at every stage of completion of this task. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iv Executive summary 1 Introduction 2 Background 2 Consequences 2 Research Problem 3 Significance of the study to practice and to the wider academic world 4 Research Objectives 4 Research Questions 4 Literature Review 5 Theoretical Framework and Research Objective 23 Purpose of study 23 Research questions 23 Research Hypothesis 24 Theoretical Framework 24 Research Methodology & Methods 26 Research Methodology 26 Research approach and research method 26 Findings 28 Project Management 52 Project Charter 52 Analysis of key findings 54 Conclusion 57 Recommendations 58 Bibliography 59 Appendices 60 Appendix 1: Opponents and proponents of marketing activities targeted towards children 60 Appendix 2: Industry experts’ viewpoints and the gaps identified 67 Appendix 3: Questionnaire 69 List of Tables Table 1: Guidelines for content of on-line advertising to children 15 Table 2: Project Charter 52 Executive summary This study explore the ethical issues...
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