...Wang Ziang Dec 7th Civilization of China The history of People’s Republic of China is a history of a country become strong, active, and responsible. This history can be divided to two parts by the year of 1978, which was the start of reform and opening up. It has been 32 years since the beginning of reform and opening up, and in this 32 years, China has made a dynamic and impressive change. China’s economic growth since 1978 has been very rapid. The estimate GDP growth from 1978 to 2005 at 9.5% a year, from less than ￥1,000 billion to about ￥18,000 billion. With the new constructions which can be seeing everywhere around the nation, Chinese government become more and more confident. The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai Expo are more like two huge stages, and Chinese government showed its great achievement and ambitious goals to everyone around the world. Many people spoke highly of the improvement that Chinese government has made, and were thankful for the benefits they gained from the success of this nation. However, a famous economist from Wharton Business School Larry Lang, hold a different idea. He says that the achievement of reform and opening up should based on a principle that the achievement didn’t remove benefits from some people to the others to make those people more wealthy. Although I come from a family who has already gained benefits from the reform and opening up, on this issue, I am with Professor Lang. Chinese government did a very excellent...
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...Can institutional reform provide a sufficient explanation for China’s rapid economic development over the past three decades? What needs to happen in order for growth and development to be maintained in the future? The People’s Republic of China is the world’s fastest growing economy following the economic and institutional reforms from 1978 which signaled the beginning of an economy in transition. This shift from a centrally planned system to a market oriented economy resulted in an overall improvement in China’s living standards and productivity. Since then, China has extensively engaged in a range of international organisations and agreements, such as, the participation in the World Trading Organisations, as well as increasing their level of foreign trade and investment, formation of rural enterprises and private businesses, financial flows and globalisation. These are the fundamental reasons for China’s rapid economic growth over the last three decades. There are various definitions of economic growth, however, according to WebFinance (2012) economic growth is referred to the “increase in a country's productive capacity, as measured by comparing gross national product (GNP) in a year with the GNP in the previous year”. Prior to 1978, China’s average annual growth was at a low 6% and with negative declines of up to -27% in 1961. Since the reforms, GNP has been positive and steadily increasing with fewer ups and downs (Hu and Khan, 1997). The Chinese economy has been averaging...
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...resource bank and human capital. China starting its journey in 1949 had started gaining pace and was bringing the biggest surprise to the world. However this was a long but yet to be accomplished journey. During the journey Chinese State-Owned Enterprises played a key role for the economic growth of China. And it was compulsory for the Chinese government to introduce market-Oriented reforms to this sector. These reforms actually caused the central government to lose its control over them and making the SOEs subjected to greater market control, independent entities & more checks and balances on the performance. However the targeted goals of SOE reforms are still to be achieved to make these SOEs the “modern enterprises”; a goal set by the government in 1990’s reforms era. However with the passage of time, it is becoming a challenge for the Chinese government to undertake furthermore market-oriented reforms, since China is facing challenges such as structural slowdown linked to diminishing working age population due to birth control policies and fading advantages of previous reforms. Keeping the fact as a major concern and consideration, the new Chinese leadership has started thinking and has agreed to fact that improved resource allocation is the key to high productivity out. This article is an effort to argue the China’s approach to redefine its SOEs along with the effort to grow its economy globally. Unlike China’s Cultural Revolution these reforms has been evolutionary. The model...
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...In the article China After the Reform Era, Carl Minzner explains how China has progressed politically through the years. From adopting a one-man lead (dictatorship) to presently adopting the communist style of politics. China has come a long way when it comes to changing its policies and the way its runs its country. Carl Minzner, main thesis states that “CCP leaders have eroded the late-twentieth-century bedrock on which China’s success has been built. Rather than serving as the poster child for successful authoritarian governance, China is actually an example of the perils of failing to undertake political reform.” (130) This article accurately explains the cultural and political background behind China as well as the actions that have led...
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...First of all I will discuss China’s historical background and its need for reform and also how economic reform started out in 1978. Then I will go on to cover the four major economic institutions that needed to be reformed in order for China to become a market economy. These four major economic institutions will then be discussed in detail. This paper will then go briefly into China joining the WTO and will conclude with China’s economic situation at present. Chinese economic policies and institution have undergone a number of extreme changes since the establishment of the Communist regime in 1949. After the Communist Party took national power in 1949, the disorder caused by the imperialist invasions and domestic wars were put to an end and China began to strive for development by following Russia’s example in pursuing Leninist and Marxist doctrine. By following this doctrine they would replace free market and private ownership with socialist planning and public ownership. In order for this to become a reality China had to pursue radical revolutionary domestic and foreign policies to overcome the resistance to the Chinese Communist movements. After closing its doors to western concepts of capitalism and free market economy it seemed like China was doing well but it was soon evident that the rigid planning and the command market economy was becoming inefficient. In contrast to the western economies China was indeed falling behind. Even China’s neighbors such as Taiwan, Singapore...
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...The Effects of the Reform and Opening-up Policy in China Chenqian Yu(Nina) IE204 Academic Writing III Eassy 2 03/10 The Effects of the Reform and Opening-up Policy in China China has gone through a rapid economic growth over the past three decades since the previous premier Deng Xiaoping who was a pioneer of “Socialism with Chinese characteristics” decided to reform and open to the outside world in around 1980. This is the turning-point of China’s economy and also the symbol of China entering a new era. Before this policy came out, China was a poor and backward self-sufficiency country like an isolated island in the world. The 30 years’ reform and opening-up has shifted China to an open market for the world and raised people’s living standards; meanwhile, it also caused the imbalances in China’s economy. One of the effects of this policy is that it transformed China from a self-contained economy into an open-market economy. Nowadays, the economic activities which take place in China are much more than before, so more and more multinational enterprises are coming to China, such as Adidas, Coca Cola, and Starbucks. In the meantime, according to Charles(2014), Chinese domestic companies increasingly began to invest across national borders and privatization has been more wide-spread. Before the policy was put forward, China is an autarkic country where people were not able to have multiple choices on products in the market. However, now international...
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...Today, China is one of the largest and most powerful countries in the world. However, China’s government did not always remain in the same form; it changed many times in all the years leading up to the modern day. China shifted from dynastic rule to republican rule to communism. With these shifts in types of rule, different approaches to reform and to organize the government were taken. During the long period of dynastic rule, very few reforms were made, which lead to the beginning of China falling apart. However, after the empress Cixi ended dynastic rule, she established an authoritarian form of rule while she was in power. Following Cixi and the Revolution of 1911, Sun Yat-sen was the leader who began organizing China with a republican government. After Sun Yat-sen, communist Mao Zedong came up with The Soviet Model and The Great Leap Forward, which were both movements to reform China into a communist government. Deng Xiaoping also made reforms, including the “open door” trade policy, education, and Institutionalization of Revolution. China stayed under dynastic rule for a very long period of time, but moving into modern times, their government shifted from dynastic to republican to communist rule. With the Qing Dynasty was still intact, the country of China began to be divided by spheres of influence (Vohra 72). However, after the Manchu government and empress Cixi fell out of power, Sun Yat-sen sought to create of a republican government for China. He introduced his idea...
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...After reading “Family”, I get more realize for the feudal system and feel melancholy for the corrupt society. In the novel, the Kao family reflects the real society and the members in the family stand for different characters in the feudal system. Among these people in Kao family, the three brothers, Chueh-chin, Chueh-hui and Chueh-min impressed me most. Even though they have the same parents, the three people have different thought and character, and these two factors determine their destiny will be various. Kaos were the four generations under one roof and it was also literary family. However, under its magnificent surface, there were full of civil campaign, dissipated and unashamed. Chueh-hui was the third master in the big family and he accepted the higher education in the college. During that time, students were influenced by the May 4th Movement; their passion were ignited and they hope to struggle for their ambition. Chueh-hui was one of them and he was affected by the new trend of thought. Because of that, his hate to the feudal system was increasing and he felt that he was getting further and further from his family. “Some day, when his hands were bigger, if he could crush the old order between them in the same way, how wonderful that would be…” (70) Living in the big family, Chueh-hui cannot feel the harmony and he believes that “under this peaceful exterior, his family harboured a smouldering volcano” (175). The only comfort that Chueh-hui got was from Ming Feng...
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...The essential institution of China is called Regionally Decentralized Authoritarian (RDA) system. “The RDA system is characterized by a highly centralized political and personnel controls at the national level and a regionally decentralized administrative and economic system.” There are many key features of this RDA system which impacts a lot on China’s reform practices in the past 30 years. First of all, one of the features is that the sub-national governments are more powerful than other sub-national government in the world because they are responsible for deeper and wider regional matters than simply fiscal issues. Another feature is that regional government is encouraged to be economically self-contained in order to develop faster than other region after the reform started. Moreover, another feature is that each regional government, especially those special economic zones are competing with other region by attracting more Foreign Direct Investment in order to get more incentive and promotion from the central government. Without all these above features, China’s reform practices and performance would be substantially different from what has happened in the past 30 years. Although China is highly decentralized economically, it is neither a de jure nor a de facto federal state because of the backbone of China’s RDA regime, the Chinese Communist Party. CCP makes the RDA regime fundamentally different from a federal system by constituting China’s non federal status and...
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...Reform and Opening in China: “Sequencing” or “Parallel Partial Changing” FAN Gang National Economic Research Institute China Reform Foundation Beijing, China November, 1999 Content I. Introduction: Lessons of Asia Financial Crisis for Reform and Opening Benefits from Globalization Constrains to the developing countries The “unequal footing” A common cause of Asian crises: “incompatible opening” The Lessons from Asia crisis: Speed up the reform and Balance the globalization and domestic restructuring Case of China: Gradual liberalization II. China: Opening process and benefits from the globalization II. 1 Trade. II. 2 Foreign Investment II. 3 Service sectors III. Potential negative impacts of further market liberalization III. 1. Unemployment in general III. 2 Agriculture III. 3 SOEs and Manufacture industries III. 4 Service sectors III. 5 Inter-region and inter-group income disparity IV. Impacts of Asia crisis and corresponding policies V. How to achieve further “Compatible opening” Will the quick market liberalization solve the problems? Reforms and opening “Compatible opening” vs. “sequencing” Timetable for opening? No universal solution China has quickly opened its economy in the past 20 years. It is became the largest FDI recipient developing country since 1993 and the trade is already equivalent...
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...prohibition. -child welfare Child welfare was a reform that people didn’t see to clearly because they would leave their kids to do the work of a grown person. There were many problems with that parents would have very tired kids that have been working all day which cause them to miss school and other kid things. A few people and places that helped make this better were Lillian Wald on Henry street settlement in New York. The federal children’s boreal helped keep the children out of these sweat shops. -Prohibition Alcohol was a major part of woman getting beaten up by there husbands. The woman’s christen temperance union (wctu) were one of the main people to help stop the sell buy and producing of alcoholic beverages. Frances Willard was the head of the wctu from 1879 to 1898 which made the wctu force for temperance and for the rights of women -civil rights Many people were not allowed there rights such as being a girl and being able to work. African Americans fought for some of the same rights as white people such as ending poverty expanding child welfare. The national association of colored women was one of the largest organizations of African American women which were founded in 1896. By the 1916s the organization had more than 100,000 members and campaigned against poverty and segregation and, lynching. To conclude my presentation of one of the three most important reforms Id like to state that the prohibition reform was the worst one because people would get abused...
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...intelligent well educated athletes. There are just as many athletically talented academics. Either/Or 3. Any change in healthcare will lead to socialism; we don’t want to live in a socialist country, so we can’t reform health care in any way. To say that reforming healthcare would completely change how society operates is a giant leap. There can be healthcare reform without creating a socialist United States. Slippery Slope 4. All teenagers’ text while they drive, therefore we should raise the driving age to 21. To say all teenagers is an inaccurate generalization. To raise the driving age to 21 would solve the problem of teen texting while driving is not logical. Hasty Generalization 5. If we don’t all drive hybrid cars, the world will end in the next decade of environmental damage. There is no evidence to support a claim that the world will end in 10 years if we do not all switch to hybrid vehicles. The statement goes straight to the most dramatic result conceivable however unlikely it is. Slippery Slope 6. Senator Range has been seen entering a strip club; therefore his economic reforms are not plausible Though perhaps immoral to some, such action has no bearing on the ability of the Senator to create plausible economic reform. One of these actions is part of personal life, the other is an action specific to professional life. Red Herring 7. Everyone else is getting rid of TV therefore we should too. The only argument presented is...
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...influential ways to make a difference, and there truly is a way for everyone to express their feelings. There’s art, literature, videos, photography, giving each person a way to be artistically heard. Media gives an individual who may feel like a speck in the world, a bullhorn so they can be heard by millions. Media doesn’t just reach to the people who it was originally directed to, it can reach to many different groups of people and eventually the world, making it an empowering way for your opinion to be heard. It seems like whenever there is a political debate or the news is on, issues regarding schools are constantly brought up. School reform is something that our government is always trying to regulate, but are these politicians always the best qualified to make the decisions about schools? Students are never asked their opinions on the reforms and laws that are directly impacting their education and consequently their lives. Documentaries are frequently made regarding issues in schools, but they are from the point of view of people not directly involved in the issue, giving it an outside clear view on what the issue truly...
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...During the turn of the 19th century, Toronto became part of the industrialization and urbanization phase. With that came the migration of single women to the city, women who left their small towns in order to find paid jobs in the city of Toronto. These were young single women who broke free from the unpaid working women of the past, although their freedom to work came with a price. While these young working girls were trying to make into the world, many discouraged such notions of working in the city factories and shops due to the idea that these women would jepordize their shift into a housewife or motherhood. This idea was known as the girl problem, a delimma that needed to be dealt with because of the cross between exploiting women for cheap labor or creating women who would be healthy, respectable mothers someday. While these women worked to stay alive, they were given low wages, while men who worked were paid much higher. Their freedom as working women who spent their time working during the day and shopping and entertaining themselves was looked upon as suspicious. Due to suspicions of women working, the police developed a way of monitoring what women did in the public sphere. Also an oganizaiton known as YWCA became over-seerers of women, they began to deecide wh was a retspectable women or who was a deviant in society. Many of these women just wanted to have the same freedoms that a single man might have, they face discrimintation in the workplace and were serverly...
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...Maitri A Shah English 4/12/2016 Should immigration laws be reformed Promising freedom and opportunity, the United States attracts individuals to come to the USA. But the current immigration system in the united states is broken: families are isolated, immigration workers are exploited, people die trying to cross the border, and there is rampant discrimination. The government should be for reforming immigration laws because it keeps families together and creates rational process of citizenship for new Americans etc. The first reason why immigration should be reformed is economy benefits by immigration reforms. Immigration reform would increase U.S. GDP by at least 0.84 percent. According to the American immigration council, “This would translate into at least a $1.5 trillion cumulative increase in GDP over 10 years, which includes approximately $1.2 trillion in consumption and $256 billion in investment”. Second, immigration system can uphold children’s basic human rights and ensure access to critical public services, programs, and economic supports for children and their families. It can ensure that children receive legal representation before all immigration authorities and, for all unaccompanied children, the appointment of an independent child advocate from the moment of detention throughout the course of any immigration or other related court proceedings. The other reason is it keeps family together Under today’s broken immigration system, many...
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