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Submitted By HANNAH06
Words 1994
Pages 8
March 21, 2011

The Nuclear Crisis in Japan

Daniel Okimoto • Alan Hanson • Kate Marvel

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
1. 2. 3. 4. Plant Design Accident Progression Radiological releases Spent fuel pools

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
1. Plant Design
" Fukushima Daiichi (Plant I)
 Unit I - GE Mark I BWR (439 MW), Operating since 1971  Unit II-IV - GE Mark I BWR (760 MW), Operating since 1974

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
" Building structure
 Concrete Building  Steel-framed Service Floor

1. Plant Design
" Containment
 Pear-shaped Dry-Well en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Power_Plant  Torus-shaped Wet-Well

nucleartourist.com
The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
1. Plant Design
" Service Floor

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
1. Plant Design
" Lifting the Containment closure head

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
1. Plant Design
" Reactor Service Floor (Steel Construction) " Concrete Reactor Building (secondary Containment)

Spend Fuel Pool

Fresh Steam line Main Feedwater

" Reactor Core " Reactor Pressure Vessel " Containment (Dry well) " Containment (Wet Well) / Condensation Chamber
The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression

" 11.3.2011 14:46 - Earthquake
 Magnitude 9  Power grid in northern Japan fails  Reactors itself are mainly

undamaged

" SCRAM
 Power generation due to Fission

of Uranium stops
 Heat generation due to radioactive

Decay of Fission Products
• After Scram • After 1 Day • After 5 Days ~6% ~1% ~0.5%

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Containment Isolation
 Closing of all non-safety related

Penetrations of the containment
 Cuts off Machine hall  If containment isolation succeeds,

a large early release of fission products is highly unlikely

" Diesel generators start
 Emergency Core cooling systems

are supplied

" Plant is in a stable save state

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" 11.3. 15:41 Tsunami hits the plant
 Plant Design for Tsunami height of

up to 6.5m
 Actual Tsunami height >7m  Flooding of
• Diesel Generators and/or • Essential service water building cooling the generators

" Station Blackout
 Common cause failure of the

power supply
 Only Batteries are still available  Failure of all but one Emergency

core cooling systems

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Reactor Core Isolation Pump still available
 Steam from the Reactor drives a

Turbine
 Steam gets condensed in the

Wet-Well
 Turbine drives a Pump  Water from the Wet-Well gets

pumped in Reactor
 Necessary:
• Battery power • Temperature in the wet-well must be below 100°C

" As there is no heat removal from the building, the Core isolation pump cant work infinitely

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Reactor Isolation pump stops
 11.3. 16:36 in Unit 1

(Batteries empty)
 14.3. 13:25 in Unit 2

(Pump failure)
 13.3. 2:44 in Unit 3

(Batteries empty)

" Decay Heat produces still steam in Reactor pressure Vessel
 Pressure rising

" Opening the steam relieve valves
 Discharge Steam into the Wet-Well

" Descending of the Liquid Level in the Reactor pressure vessel
The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Reactor Isolation pump stops
 11.3. 16:36 in Unit 1

(Batteries empty)
 14.3. 13:25 in Unit 2

(Pump failure)
 13.3. 2:44 in Unit 3

(Batteries empty)

" Decay Heat produces still steam in Reactor pressure Vessel
 Pressure rising

" Opening the steam relieve valves
 Discharge Steam into the Wet-Well

" Descending of the Liquid Level in the Reactor pressure vessel
The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Reactor Isolation pump stops
 11.3. 16:36 in Unit 1

(Batteries empty)
 14.3. 13:25 in Unit 2

(Pump failure)
 13.3. 2:44 in Unit 3

(Batteries empty)

" Decay Heat produces still steam in Reactor pressure Vessel
 Pressure rising

" Opening the steam relieve valves
 Discharge Steam into the Wet-Well

" Descending of the Liquid Level in the Reactor pressure vessel
The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Reactor Isolation pump stops
 11.3. 16:36 in Unit 1

(Batteries empty)
 14.3. 13:25 in Unit 2

(Pump failure)
 13.3. 2:44 in Unit 3

(Batteries empty)

" Decay Heat produces still steam in Reactor pressure Vessel
 Pressure rising

" Opening the steam relieve valves
 Discharge Steam into the Wet-Well

" Descending of the Liquid Level in the Reactor pressure vessel
The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Reactor Isolation pump stops
 11.3. 16:36 in Unit 1

(Batteries empty)
 14.3. 13:25 in Unit 2

(Pump failure)
 13.3. 2:44 in Unit 3

(Batteries empty)

" Decay Heat produces still steam in Reactor pressure Vessel
 Pressure rising

" Opening the steam relieve valves
 Discharge Steam into the Wet-Well

" Descending of the Liquid Level in the Reactor pressure vessel
The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Measured, and here referenced Liquid level is the collapsed level. The actual liquid level lies higher due to the steam bubbles in the liquid " ~50% of the core exposed
 Cladding temperatures rise, but still

no significant core damage

" ~2/3 of the core exposed
 Cladding temperature

exceeds ~900°C
 Balooning / Breaking of the

cladding
 Release of fission products form

the fuel rod gaps
The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression

" ~3/4 of the core exposed
 Cladding exceeds ~1200°C  Zirconium in the cladding starts to

burn under Steam atmosphere
 Zr + 2H20 ->ZrO2 + 2H2  Exothermal reaction further

heats the core
 Generation of hydrogen
• Unit 1: 300-600kg • Unit 2/3: 300-1000kg

 Hydrogen gets pushed via the

wet-well, the wet-well vacuum breakers into the dry-well

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" at ~1800°C [Unit 1,2,3]
 Melting of the Cladding  Melting of the steel structures

" at ~2500°C

[Block 1,2]

 Breaking of the fuel rods  debris bed inside the core

" at ~2700°C eutectics [Block 1]

 Melting of Uranium-Zirconium

" Restoration of the water supply stops accident in all 3 Units
 Unit 1: 12.3. 20:20 (27h w.o. water)  Unit 2: 14.3. 20:33 (7h w.o. water)  Unit 3: 13.3. 9:38 (7h w.o. water)

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Release of fission products during melt down
 Xenon, Cesium, Iodine,…  Uranium/Plutonium remain in core  Fission products condensate to

airborne Aerosols

" Discharge through valves into water of the condensation chamber
 Pool scrubbing binds a fraction of

Aerosols in the water

" Xenon and remaining aerosols enter the Dry-Well
 Deposition of aerosols on surfaces

further decontaminates air
The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Containment
 Last barrier between Fission

Products and Environment
 Wall thickness ~3cm  Design Pressure 4-5bar

" Actual pressure up to 8 bars
 Normal inert gas filling (Nitrogen)  Hydrogen from core oxidation  Boiling condensation chamber

(like a pressure cooker)

" Depressurization of the containment
 Unit 1: 12.3. 4:00  Unit 2: 13.3 00:00  Unit 3: 13.3. 8.41

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Positive und negative Aspects of depressurizing the containment
 Removes Energy from the Reactor

building (only way left)
 Reducing the pressure to ~4 bar  Release of small amounts of

Aerosols (Iodine, Cesium ~0.1%)
 Release of all noble gases  Release of Hydrogen

" Gas is released into the reactor service floor
 Hydrogen is flammable

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Unit 1 und 3
 Hydrogen burn inside the reactor

service floor
 Destruction of the steel-frame roof  Reinforced concrete reactor

building seems undamaged
 Spectacular but minor safety

relevant

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Unit 2
 Hydrogen burn inside the reactor

building
 Probably damage to the

condensation chamber (highly contaminated water)
 Uncontrolled release of gas from

the containment
 Release of fission products  Temporal evacuation of the plant  High local dose rates on the plant

site due to wreckage hinder further recovery work

" No clear information's why Unit 2 behaved differently

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
2. Accident progression
" Current status of the Reactors
 Core Damage in Unit 1,2, 3  Building damage due to various

burns Unit 1-4
 Reactor pressure vessels flooded

in all Units with mobile pumps
 At least containment in Unit 1

flooded

" Further cooling of the Reactors by releasing steam to the atmosphere " Only small further releases of fission products can be expected

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
3. Radiological releases

" Directly on the plant site
 Before Explosion in Unit Block 2
• Below 2mSv / h • Mainly due to released radioactive noble gases • Measuring posts on west side. Maybe too small values measured due to wind

 After Explosion in Unit 2 (Damage of the Containment)
• • • • • Temporal peak values 12mSv / h (Origin not entirely clear) Local peak values on site up to 400mSv /h (wreckage / fragments?) Currently stable dose on site at 5mSv /h Inside the buildings a lot more

 Limiting time of exposure of the workers necessary

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
3. Radiological releases

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
3. Radiological releases
" Outside the Plant site
 As reactor building mostly intact

=> reduced release of Aerosols (not Chernobyl-like)
 Fission product release in steam

=> fast Aerosol grows, large fraction falls down in the proximity of the plant
 Main contribution to the radioactive dose outside plant are the radioactive

noble gases
 Carried / distributed by the wind, decreasing dose with time  No „Fall-out“ of the noble gases, so no local high contamination of soil

" ~20km around the plant
 Evacuations were adequate  Measured dose up to 0.3mSv/h for short times  Maybe destruction of crops / dairy products this year  Probably no permanent evacuation of land necessary

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
3. Radiological releases

GRS.de

" ~50km around the plant
 Control of Crop / Dairy products  Usage of Iodine pills

(Caution, pills can interfere with heart medicine)

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
4. Spend fuel pools
" Spend fuel stored in Pool on Reactor service floor
 Due to maintenance in Unit 4 entire

core stored in Fuel pool
 Dry-out of the pools
• Unit 4: in 10 days • Unit 1-3,5,6 in few weeks

 Leakage of the pools due to

Earthquake?

" Consequences
 Core melt „on fresh air “  Nearly no retention of fission

products
 Large release

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
4. Spend fuel pools
" Spend fuel stored in Pool on Reactor service floor
 Due to maintenance in Unit 4 entire

core stored in Fuel pool
 Dry-out of the pools
• Unit 4: in 10 days • Unit 1-3,5,6 in few weeks

 Leakage of the pools due to

Earthquake?

" Consequences
 Core melt „on fresh air “  Nearly no retention of fission

products
 Large release

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

The Fukushima Daiichi Incident
4. Spend fuel pools
" Spend fuel stored in Pool on Reactor service floor
 Due to maintenance in Unit 4 entire

core stored in Fuel pool
 Dry-out of the pools
• Unit 4: in 10 days • Unit 1-3,5,6 in few weeks

 Leakage of the pools due to

Earthquake?

" Consequences
 Core melt „on fresh air “  Nearly no retention of fission

products
 Large release

" It is currently unclear if release from fuel pool already happened
The Fukushima Daiichi Incident – March 21, 2011

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...Key Facts Google has become the most used search engine in the world, in 2010 it accounted for over 66% of the use of internet search engines.1 China, a developing nation2, has flourished as a global web user. Internet users grew from 23 million in 2000 to 103 million in 2005, an increase of 447% in just five years. See Exhibit 1. Introduction Tom MacLean, Google’s director of International Business, saw an opportunity to invest in the Chinese Market 3, and then subsequently moved forward with Google China. We believe that the major driver for the development of Google China was revenue and growth. When conducting business abroad, managers must respect and embrace: local governments’ restrictions, culture and beliefs. We are dealing with ethics, business opportunity, and loyalty to a firm’s code in this brief. Key Issues In an attempt of conquering a new market, Google cheated its “Do No Evil” motto4, which was ridiculed in North America. “When is different just different, and when is different wrong?”5 Company executives called into Congressional hearings and compared to Nazi collaborators, which lead – we believe – to the fall of company stock from $432.66 to $362.62 from January 2006 to February 2006. 6 Did Google’s decision to enter the Chinese Market through Google China was against Google’s stated mission7? Our Position Google complied with the Chinese’s government restrictions on censoring certain information. We agree with the...

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Free Essay

China - Africa

...Chinese Immigration in Africa To talk about Chinese immigration in Africa we have to present first the ties that link China with the continent. Modern political and economic relations began in the era of Mao Zedong, the first leader of the Chinese Communist Party, following the Chinese Civil War. His Chinese international policy paved the way to both modern Chinese-African relations and immigration trends. In 1956 China signed the first official bilateral agreement with African countries (Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Sudan, and Guinea); it focused primarily on trade relations. By the 1960s, 19 African countries had official ties to Beijing. To help cement new diplomatic relations, Mao sent a number of Chinese to the continent in the 1960s, as well as 150,000 technicians between the 1950s and 1970s, to work in agriculture, technology, and infrastructure. Most returned to China after completing their contracts. Those were not the first wave of immigrants coming from China to Africa. For that we have to go way back in the 17th century. The first Chinese immigration took place in South Africa. They were prisoners, usually debtors, exiled from Batavia by the Dutch to their then newly founded colony at Cape Town in 1660. From that time until the late 19th century the number of Chinese people in the Cape Colony never exceeded 100. Chinese people began arriving in large numbers in South Africa in the 1870s through to the early 20th century initially in hopes of making their fortune on the...

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Premium Essay

China and Starbucks

...the impact of Starbucks initiative to capitalize their brand of coffee on China, which is rich in history of being tea drinking country. China has a massive consumer market with a population of around 1.3 billion (Hawkins, 2010). The culture of the Chinese has a strong tradition of consuming tea, as it is still the number one beverage in China which the Chinese have enjoyed tea for millennia (Hawkins, 2010). The first topic that will be discussed is to determine and discuss barriers facing Starbucks as they try to teach people to change their consumption habits from tea and instant coffee. Recommendations will also be made to help Starbucks successfully encourage greater coffee consumption. Next an advertising campaign will be constructed that would not only encourage greater coffee consumption in general, but also increase the demand for Starbucks; while identifying key themes, i.e. copy, points, and visuals. I will then develop a marketing strategy for taking Starbucks into smaller Chinese cities and communities; while outlining the barriers and determining if they have a chance to be successful. Lastly, a demographic will be outlined with the cultural and media factors that make India more attractive for Starbucks than it was 10 years ago. Determine and discuss the barriers facing Starbucks as they try to teach people to change their consumption habits from tea and instant coffee. Though China represents great opportunities because of its big population and impending...

Words: 1649 - Pages: 7