...Impact of International Trade Fair Participation on Export – An Empirical Study of China Based on Treatment Effect Model Silu Shrestha, Zhuo Li* Economics and Management School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China This paper examines the impact of international trade fair participation on export of China, explained by participation in overseas international trade fairs organized by China Council for Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT). The findings of this paper suggest that the international trade fair participation results the increment in export. For the export study the macro economic characteristics of destination and exporting country are considered along with trade fair participation. On the basis of treatment effect model this study analyze that international trade fair participation as an important factor to enhance export of the country. Like wise this model also explains the county characteristics, which determines the international trade fair participation. Overall this paper focuses on international trade fair participation as one of the important factor along with other factors positively affecting the export of China. Keywords: China export, international trade fairs, and treatment effect model. JEL Classifications: F14, F19, C21 ___________________________________________________________________ *Zhuo Li (corresponding author), Email: lizhuo@whu.edu.cn, tel no: +86 27 68753023 Introduction Trade fair is an important medium where different...
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...Global Trade of Wood and Paper Products Abstract Global trade of wood products is accelerating amid shifting regional production of raw materials. At the same time structural change is occurring in regional production and consumption of finished and semi-finished wood and paper products. Some countries which once were major net exporters of wood products, such as the United States, have become major net importers. Conversely, China, a country that not long ago was a major net importer of wood products, is increasingly dominant as an exporter of value-added wood products such as furniture. What are the reasons behind these shifts in sources of supply and demand for wood and wood products? Direct forces such as population growth and rising socio-economic levels drive demand for wood and paper products. Increasing purchasing power in developing economies empowers consumers, both private and public, to purchase homes, furnishings and accessories. Indirect factors, such promotion of wood, strengthen demand and translate to significant gains in consumption in some markets. Consciousness of climate change and the advantages of wood for products and energy is creating a new impetus for increasing wood products consumption, including wood-derived energy products. Government and industry policies are important market drivers. Government policies can support increased utilization of wood, or can restrict wood in construction when standards favor competitive building materials...
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...Executive Summary Traditionally, Australia-China trade & economy was simple. Australia met the demand for raw material for China’s manufacturing & China exporting back to Australia its finished manufactured goods. Thus China-Australia became each other’s largest trading partners. Now that China’s economy is affected, less spending on infrastructure the demand has shifted from raw materials & commodities to other specialized manufactured equipment, services like health, education, financial, engineering, agriculture etc. for which Australia has to change gears to gain distinctive advantage to its other competitors. However in Chinese economy there still exists substantial market for Australian commodities, such as wool, wines, wheat, minerals & iron ore, as Australia has advantage of nearness by sea for the shipping lines. The Free Trade Agreement is a win-win situation as Australia can easily meet the changed needs of Chinese for sophisticated medical goods & services in Health, Social Security, Human Resources, Banking, Education, Legal, Agriculture, Winery & Dairy. China’s economic woes & slowdown in addition to general economic slump has impacted Australia hard, specially the mining cum trading houses at present. This impact is not limited to just Australia but whole of Asia-Pacific, lain America & Canada. Thus to conclude, there are some positives about the Australian economy as GDP growth is up from the last year & China needs Australia, as it shall always...
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...development such as aid and political avenues also have to be explored. However, the main process to development is industrialisation (manufactured goods create more income than raw materials/primary products) with this we see countries moving through the Clark Fisher model; moving from primary through to tertiary sectors. This increased revenue would promote wealth and improving living standards. In turn, this would make way for the 'trickling down' effect, the increased wealth means surplus money would be available for new industry to be established. Furthermore, this surplus of money may be reinvested into vital infrastructure and increasing the indices needed to value the HDI. Exploring and analysing approaches to development will form the basis of my conclusion. Over the last three decades China has experienced a remarkable transformation, going from being a poor and largely agricultural economy to becoming the world’s industrial powerhouse. Much of China’s remarkable growth between 1978 and 2000 can be explained by the reform. China’s rise as a major global economy was boosted by its WTO membership in 2001 opened its economy through export led growth. By...
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...Running Head: VENEZUELAN OIL MARKET 1 Analysis of the Venezuelan Oil Market BINT 6311 – International Business Management University of the Incarnate Word VENEZUELAN OIL MARKET 2 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................3 Review of Venezuela .......................................................................................................................4 Geographic Location ....................................................................................................................4 Demographics ...............................................................................................................................5 Economic Indicators .....................................................................................................................5 Politics and Economic Freedom ...................................................................................................6 Analysis of Entry Modes .................................................................................................................7 Government’s Role ......................................................................................................................8 Joint Ventures ...............................................................................................................................8 Recent Events in Entry ....
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...A special report on China's place in the world Brushwood and gall China insists that its growing military and diplomatic clout pose no threat. The rest of the world, and particularly America, is not so sure, says Edward Carr Dec 2nd 2010 | from PRINT EDITION • • IN 492BC, at the end of the “Spring and Autumn” period in Chinese history, Goujian, the king of Yue in modern Zhejiang, was taken prisoner after a disastrous campaign against King Fuchai, his neighbour to the north. Goujian was put to work in the royal stables where he bore his captivity with such dignity that he gradually won Fuchai’s respect. After a few years Fuchai let him return home as his vassal. Goujian never forgot his humiliation. He slept on brushwood and hung a gall bladder in his room, licking it daily to feed his appetite for revenge. Yue appeared loyal, but its gifts of craftsmen and timber tempted Fuchai to build palaces and towers even though the extravagance ensnared him in debt. Goujian distracted him with Yue’s most beautiful women, bribed his officials and bought enough grain to empty his granaries. Meanwhile, as Fuchai’s kingdom declined, Yue grew rich and raised a new army. Goujian bided his time for eight long years. By 482BC, confident of his superiority, he set off north with almost 50,000 warriors. Over several campaigns they put Fuchai and his kingdom to the sword. The king who slept on brushwood and tasted gall is as familiar to Chinese as King Alfred and his cakes are to Britons,...
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...To profile the World Trade Organization • To discuss the pros and cons of global, bilateral, and regional integration • To describe the static and dynamic effects and the trade creation and diversion effects of bilateral and regional economic integration • To define different forms of regional economic integration • To present different regional trading groups, such as the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) • To describe the rationale for and success of commodity agreements Chapter Overview Regional economic integration represents a relatively new phenomenon in the history of world trade and investment. Chapter Eight first examines the roles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization in determining the ground rules of the world trade environment. It then introduces the basic types of economic integration and explores the potential effects of the process. Next it examines in detail both the European Union (its structure and its operations) and the North American Free Trade Agreement and briefly describes a variety of other regional economic groups. The chapter concludes with a discussion of various commodity agreements and producer alliances, including the Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries. Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: TOYOTA IN EUROPE Known for its low-cost, efficient production operations, and with 2004 global sales of approximately...
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...Ⅰ Overview of ZTE ZTE Corporation is a leading global provider of integrated communications solutions. With operations in over 160 countries, the company provides clients with innovative technology and product solutions that enable users to enjoy the world of voice, data, multimedia, wireless broadband, etc. Founded in 1985, ZTE is listed on the Hong Kong and Shenzhen and is China’s largest listed telecommunications equipment company. (ZTE Corporation, n.d.) ZTE aims to be a global communications leader, which provides the clients worldwide with satisfying and customized products and services. The company has established 18 state-of-the-art R&D centers in the China, France, India and employs over 30,000 research professionals. With 107 subsidiaries devoted to innovation globally, ZTE was the world’s biggest originator of technology patents in each of the past two years, according to data from the World Intellectual Property Organization. It is the world’s fourth-largest mobile phone manufacture measured by 2012 unit sales and the world’s fifth-largest telecoms equipment marker measured by 2012 revenues (after Ericsson, Huawei, Samsung, and Nokia Siemens Networks). (2012 Annual Report from ZTE Corporation, n.d.) Ⅱ Globalization of ZTE Globalization is the process of reducing the costs of transactions, tariffs and non-tariff barriers, transportation and time. Before globalization, the firm and its rivals had the same outlook, cultural background, labor force, comparable skills...
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...this company in 1937, with the sole purpose of manufacturing cars for the common man, in a German car market dominated by luxury cars. The People’s car, available at a mere 990 Mark, was positioned around factors such as better fuel efficiency, reliability, ease-of-use and economy of usage. Its first prototype, the kdF-Wagen, had a distinctive round shape to its design (the Beetle continues with this design even today) and had about 336,000 takers. By 1946, the Wolfsburg factory was producing close to 1000 cars a month, a remarkable feat in those times. Post the 2nd World War, Volkswagen served as an icon for the resurrection of West Germany, and showed signs of international expansion by selling its first model in the United States of America in 1949, and its sales services were standardized there by 1955. The Golf Type-I model, was given the title “Beetle” by the quirky, hugely popular advertisement campaigns run in the U.S. then, and was officially adopted by Volkswagen only in 1998. By 1961, VW expanded its production line to include Type-III and Type-IV models, and in 1964, VW bought over the Auto Union and the NSU, successfully creating a merger between the two companies creating the modern day firm Audi, while providing technical expertise to VW. Fig: Time-line of VW models from 1940 to 1975 Between 1974 and 1990, VW began to expand its range of cars, and almost mirrored those of the giant German auto manufacturers such as BMW and so on. Expansion plans included moving...
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...United Kingdom, United States and Nigeria. Group 1~ China Demographics China has the largest population in the world. “One Child Policy” has been implemented in China since 1979 which have helped to prevent an extra 400 million births to the country. According to the fifth Census, China’s population was 1.3 billion. China has 1 majority which is called “Han” and 55 minorities. Economic system In the first 30 years after the founding of the PRC in 1949, China’s economic system was planned economy. In 1978, the household contract responsibility system was introduced in the rural area. In 1984, the economic restructuring shifted from the rural areas to the cities. In 1992, China established the socialist market economic system. Culture and Social Structure China’s history is more than 5000 years with diverse customs and traditions. Every ethnic group has its own culture, even some have their own languages and words. There are many dialects in China, and the main language is Mandarin. People’s tastes are varied as well. People from the South prefer sweet, people from the North prefer salty, while Eastern people like spicy and Western people like sour. Legislative System China's legislation includes the legislation of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, regulation making by the State Council and its relevant departments, as well as the legislation of ordinary localities, ethnic autonomous regions, special economic zones and special administrative...
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...China and India have become the most important economic partners of Africa and their footprints are growing by leaps and bounds, transforming Africa's international relations in a dramatic way. Although the overall impact of China and India's engagement in Africa has been positive in the short-term, partly as a result of higher returns from commodity exports fuelled by excessive demands from both countries, little research exists on the actual impact of China and India's growing involvement on Africa's economic transformation. China and India are seeking many of the same goals in the African continent. Due to this there are a number of similarities in their foreign policy. Both use development assistance as means of facilitating trade and investment, as well as helping to secure access to resources. Whilst their project assistance is centered (to an extent) around different areas .China offers its expertise in infrastructure delivery whereas India’s aid programs are more designed around its own relative strengths in IT and services With an emphasis upon mutual respect and sovereignty articulated in both of their foreign policies, neither China nor India seeks to impose aid conditionality’s upon other countries. They have attempted to distance themselves from the formal terms of recipient and donor, and instead offer a significant degree of policy autonomy in their aid delivery. In this manner we are witnessing the rise of a new generation of donors that do not attempt to transform...
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...consisted of the political environment of china; the economic condition of china was also reviewed, technological development, social values, legal and ecological factors that might affect the Chinese market were also discussed. Secondly, SWOT analysis of the Chinese market was conducted, while the advantages and disadvantages of moving to china were given. However, in the conclusion given, Burberry was advised to move to china because it will definitely reduce cost of production and it will give them opportunity to gain from china’s big market size. Thirdly, this report discussed the best HR policies that the company can used to meet the demand of their new customers. Furthermore it was advised that standardization and adaptation will be a good policy for the HR to use to sustain its position. Finally, recommendation and an action plan were drawn for Burberry to perform better and to reduce the cost of their products in order to be relevant in china’s competitive market. CONTENT 1. Executive...
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...STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA SUBMITTED BY: GROUP: 08 ROLL: 127, 128, 141, 154, 211, 212, and 213 SEC-B, BBA 16TH BATCH DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA DATE OF SUBMISSION: 09.07.12 ECONOMIC INTEGRATION CONTENTS SL. Topics No. 1. Meaning and level of Economic Integration 2. Objectives of Economic Integration 3. Importance of Economic Integration 4. Benefits from of Economic Integration 5. Arguments for of Economic Integration 6. Arguments against of Economic Integration 7. Economic Integration of Asia 8. Economic Integration of America 9. Economic Integration of Europe 10. Economic Integration of Africa 11. Modes of Economic Integration 12. Problems of Economic Integration 13 Danger of Economic Integration 1. Meaning and Level of Economic Integration: Meaning of Economic Integration: Economic Integration means agreements between groups of countries in a geographic region to reduce and ultimately remove tariff and non-tariff barriers to ensure free flow of goods, services and factors of production between each other. Example: GATT and WTO are the biggest association of more than 140 member countries, which strive to reduce the barriers. ...
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...module in maket and it possesses an annual production capacity of 900,000 automobiles. (Chery) . With the strategy of ‘Going out’ Chery become the first Chinese automobile company to export its production in overseas, including more then 80 countries. It offers cars, sedans, SUVs, and mini-vans on its different segment. Source – Chery International Co. ltd This figure show that, the total sale of Chery automobile is been increasing in every year, in the year 2008 its sale is 356,000 unit which is decrees by small present comparing to 381,000 on previous year 2007. Competition is the causes as Chery Chairma Yin Tongyue said “Competition in the Chinese automobile market would be extremely fierce this year” (Reuturs, 2009) and due to the effect of global recession. 2. Chinese auto market Source- china car times According to the, china car times. Top 3...
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...(Businesses in India have freedom of speech and the way they operate their business while business operations in China are very limited by the Government) China is strong in manufacturing while India is strong in services and Information Technology. Strengths of China = Weaknesses of India Infrastructure in India: India’s road network is a barrier to business operations and has been holding industry back which is a challenge that Tesco would come across with if deciding to expand in India as it would make imports into India much more difficult, time and cost consuming. However Indian government has made it a priority to improve the country’s infrastructure and has pledged to build 14km of new roads in the nearer future. Infrastructure in China: China’s infrastructure is top class – one of the best in the world. China spends almost 50% of its GDP on investment towards their infrastructure which include; roads, bridges, trains, ports, technology etc. China has currently approved an estimated $156 billion dollar investment on more infrastructure projects for the country. This would be a major advantage for Tesco, if they want to expand to China, as it means that if Tesco wants to import goods into China, it will be easier. Inflation in India: Inflation in India has reached 6.5% while in the rest of the world it reached an average of 2.2%. People in India will therefore be spending less and saving more...
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