...Running head: GOAL ORIENTATION IN CHINESE WORK DOMAIN Study Goal Orientation in Chinese Society in Work Domain CHEN Yulin (2007937472) The Department of Psychology The University of Hong Kong June 30, 2008 Contents Abstract 2 Introduction……………………………… …………………………………………………. 3 Cultural Difference regarding Motivation 5 How to Induce Learning Goal Orientation? 6 A Distinct Pattern in Chinese Society? 8 A Developmental Pattern of Goal Orientation 9 More about Performance Goal Orientation 10 Method 11 Results 13 Discussion 15 Summary and Implication 20 Limitations and Further Research 21 References 23 Appendix A 28 Appendix B 29 Appendix C 30 Appendix D 31 Appendix E 32 Appendix F 33 Abstract The study of goal orientation is usually conducted in Western society. In attempt to extend theories related to goal orientation and Yu’s (1996) study on cultural difference in motivation to Chinese work domain, in this research, 75 working people from Mainland China were invited to complete a set of questionnaires on goal orientation, work climate, task complexity, work experience and marriage status. The relationships among these variables were examined. Contrary to hypotheses, learning goal orientation positively correlated with autonomous work climate but did not correlate significantly with task complexity. Work climate had no effect on participants’ performance approach goal orientation but task complexity was found...
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...day; however, many of them are unfaithful and were based on manipulate certain group of the society. Women known to be physically weaker than men, so they were usually their easy prey especially in masculine’s societies. In “Footbinding”, for John King Fairbank, illustrates a picture of women’s abuse of the tenth century in China. Chinese girls were subject to a process in which their feet were bent to make them small “… preferably only three inches long, by pressing the four smaller toes under the sole or ball of the foot” (279). That would allow them to socially fit and be able to get married otherwise they were subjected to disrespect and taunts of the community. That is how women was abused based on tradition was found at first by men. In “Shrouded in Contradiction”, for Gelareh Asayesh, I see another face of women’s abuse. Asayesh was born in Tehran, Iran where women have to wear “hijab”-Islamic covering, so they were forced to wear veil. In both cases I see traditions are being used to manipulate and abuse women as part of the society, which will lead to societies’ destruction as Fairbank says “the talent that one sees in Chinese women today had little chance to grow and express itself. This mad a weak foundation for a modern society.” (281). Women are essential part of any society, so controlling their free will to choose or treating them as possessions will impact society in general. In “footbinding”, it’s clear that women are being used to satisfy men’s need. The...
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...The Development of Civilization Prepared for Mr. Bsharah By Chris Treadwell History B1 Spring 2013 Civilization is defined as; an advanced state of cultural and material development in human society, marked by political and social complexity and progress in the arts and sciences. This wasn’t achieved easily, nor was it an ever-progressing movement. More so it was the product of several trial and error advancements in various fields of human endeavor. The starting point for all this advancement is known as the Neolithic Revolution, also referred to as the agricultural revolution. This was the shift from a nomadic hunter-gatherer culture to a more settled agricultural lifestyle. The domestication of plants and animals was a major turning point in mankind’s evolution, but it took more than a millennia to transform from nomads to agrarians. Archeological data indicates that several different forms of plant and animal domestication evolved in separate locations worldwide. “The earliest Neolithic societies appeared in the Middle East about 8000 B.C.E., in China about 4000 B.C.E., and in India about 3600 B.C.E.” The first farming was largely grain based in fertile river-valleys with adequate climate and natural resources to sustain farming. Over time man began developing the where-with-all to change his surrounding environment to suit his needs even further. Certain crops were grown in areas according to availability geographically and ease of production rather than chosen...
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...what approaches are and the scale. In addition, the causes and the results of corruption are diverse. And it can be traced in both governments and civil societies, in economic systems, in administrative systems and in judiciary systems etc. According to Arnold Heidenheimer, when we attempt to define corruption, the various meanings among different languages and culture should be taken into consideration. On the contrary, Diego Gambetta is in favour of “a core concept for corruption”. At the present, many interpretations depend on the sense of rules and violation. That is to say, no matter how broad and complicated the concept is, it can reflect rules and violators who against those rules can be identified and punished. ! In the Chinese context, there are two major definitions which can be applied to China in the transition period. yansun For those who are in favour of a tough enforcement and party disciplinary, they would like to provide a more broad-based definition which includes public offices, public interest and public opinions factors. By contrast, for those who are in favour of a effective effacement and market efficiency, they would focus on the abuse of public office. Though there is no formalistic answer to the question on what the definition is, this paper would use a definition corresponding with the Chinese context. The corruption is defined as the abuse of authority or the public power by occupants in the government or the party to gain private interests. ...
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... For example the people of Ancient Greece were in different city states and would challenge each other for territories for farming and other needed resources from the land. The mountains and seas were a major physical land features that would protect them from one and other. But this also in turn created different cultures and civilizations throughout Ancient Greece. So there were many different views that varied from group to group. An example of this would be social societies, religious views, structures, and civilizations altogether are different. The social society would be the government or rulers, merchants, slaves, and priests. The different social classes such as higher classes being the dictator, priests, or other people of the higher powers in a society where as other social classes would be the middle classes such as merchants, blacksmiths. The economic developments were a major part of the society as well. Hence, this brought greater tension between all the different groups, societies, and cultures of these nomadic people. I think that the main cultural differences were the religious beliefs that were happening...
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...Since the prehistoric era, mankind has striven in order to better themselves as well as the rest of society. As technology advances and civilizations start emerging, order is needed, and power is wanted. Throughout historic works of art, the three principals of religion, leadership, and social order are repeatedly depicted. Dating as far back as the Mesopotamia, the land between the two rivers, these areas seem to be the foundation of any civilization and are very similar as cultures vary. The most prominent focus of the earliest urban communities seems to be a belief system, also known as religion. Beginning with Mesopotamia, the first empire, the citizens believed gods and goddesses were associated with the forces of nature. For example,...
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... whereas science represents natural order. In other words, the arts lead people to perceive the world while science aims at discovering the nature of things. This means arts is a part of culture and have various forms in different societies, can be give different meanings by different people. By comparison the established theories and principles of science would hardly alter and always be applied to the whole world. So, arts is subjective and can promote people’s creativity and imagination. Moreover, arts can enrich individual’s cultural life. This is because science and technology enhance the social productivity and enrich material wealth, only arts can satisfy their spiritual and emotional needs. For example, the Chinese traditional art forms Beijing Opera and cross-talk have been welcomed by lots of people and brought enjoyment of spirit to them for many years. Last but not least, the arts can sometimes change individual’s attitudes toward life and provide people positive outlets, which enable them to achieve a balance between work and pleasure. By contrast, science and technology often result in anxiety and pressure. In summary, the arts differ from science in many aspects and because of it, people get a better idea about the society and culture, which allows them to live a colorful and abundant...
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...behavior, and spiritual interpersonal relations is the basis behind why there is diversity in society. Through ones upbringing or societies views or even ones culture are all factors that are promoting cultural diversity. Through research and education though public safety can enhance their evaluation of information to better help those in society who may need their assistance and stop the stereotyping or even bring down some of the diversity in society. Diversity Considerations Cultures often can have a drastic influence upon attitudes, values, perception, human behavior and interpersonal relations. Such as with a person’s attitude this can be something that they are programmed with from early childhood that they have to have nothing but the most recent name brand and highest dollar clothing to be accepted in society or be someone. If they don’t they are apt to downed and judged for not fitting in. Another form of this is the clicks in schools such as the preps, the geeks, the hoods, or just the jocks. This is where the person’s values, perceptions, human behavior and interpersonal relations come to truly be seen. Through their culture one is showing that due to someone’s income, they can not afford the nicer things and then assume that, that person is not worthy of a chance to get to know them or they cant be trusted. These are all influenced by either their family models, society or even sometimes those who are around the person daily and can impact that person. However...
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...Should All People Be Treated Equally in a Society? Egalitarianism (from French égal, meaning "equal") - or, rarely, equalitarianism - is a trend of thought that favors equality for particular categories of, or for all, living entities ("Egalitarianism"). Egalitarian doctrines maintain that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status. Equity is probably one of the most fundamental values common to all people in a society. Equity can be elusive; however, it is usually defined in terms of how equals are treated by government policies and the legal system, and how we decide who these equals are. The concept of equality is multifaceted; the literature on theories of equality is immense and the application of these theories is complex. My definition of equality is the state or quality of being equal. Should people be truly treated equally? Can it ever be possible to achieve true equality even if we wanted to? No. It’s just not in our nature nor is it fair to the citizens around us. It hides people’s true talents, will cause chaos without the government, and it isn’t fair financially. Besides, no one, no country, or nothing’s perfect. We shouldn’t or can’t force everyone into thinking they’re equal and should be treated the same, it’s just never going to happen. In the novel Animal Farm (Orwell), Orwell writes about a world where animals overthrow the oppressive farmer Mr. Jones and try to construct a society based on the founding principal that all animals are equal...
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...Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi—110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), Cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland 1310, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, England First published in 2005 by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 13579 10 8642 Copyright © Jared Diamond, 2005 All rights reserved Maps by Jeffrey L. Ward LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Diamond, Jared M. Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed/Jared Diamond. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-670-03337-5 1. Social history—Case studies. 2. Social change—Case studies. 3. Environmental policy— Case studies. I. Title. HN13. D5 2005 304.2'8—dc22 2004057152 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 8 Printed in the United States of America Set in Minion Designed by Francesca Belanger Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or...
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...clothing, and shelter. Poverty is primarily caused by hunger, illness, and thirst and affects the entire society by generating many problems and making people to live substandard lives. It is normally classified in absolute and relative poverty. Absolute poverty refers to a state of not being able to obtain basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing that are very important in sustaining life. Relative poverty, on the other hand, is a state of not being able to obtain resources in relation to a certain mean resource and normally applies to people who are not able to meet societal social needs. According to Townsend (1979), a family is considered to be in relative poverty if it is not able to afford the required diet, get involved in societal activities, and use basic health and educational facilities. Problems connected to poverty bring political, economic, and social disorder in the society. There are two theories that apply to poverty; conflict theory and structural theory. Conflict theory explains that poverty leads to class conflict in a society (Giddens & Simon, 2006). This comes as a result of the oppression of the poor by the rich. It says that conflict must remain in order to create a positive change in the society and that the wide gap between the rich and the poor is very significant. Structural function theory explains that poverty has a purpose in the society since it motivates people to work hard (Andersen & Taylor, 2006). This ensures that all jobs are attended...
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...The first social revolution is that of the hunting and gathering societies when the transformed to horticultural and pastoral societies. This kind of society enabled humans to stop moving around and make more permanent living areas. With dependable sources of food, human societies grew bigger, as well as the evolution of tools. This induced trade and set the stage for social inequality. Materialism brought about war. In return, wars brought about power and wealth. The second is the agricultural society. This kind of society emerged after the invention of the plow. The plow brought forth an even larger supply of food, which encouraged the evolvement of cities. People then had more time to engage in other activities such as philosophy, art, literature, and architecture. This period is typically known as the "dawn of civilization" because the changes are so abundant and profound. Social inequality increased. There were taxes and the elite surrounded themselves with what amounted to personal militaries. The third is the Industrial revolution that began in Great Britain. The steam machine was introduced to operate machinery. This tool opened the door for even bigger social inequality, more than any other ever seen. Those who first used the technology became very wealthy, and other peasants were made to leave their lands and had to move to the city, where they faced several hardships like starving, minimal wages, and stealing. This revolution brought...
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...means they see it as something created and defined by society itself. They believe we can see the position that children occupy in society is not fixed but differs between different time, places and cultures by comparing the western idea of childhood today with the childhood in the past and in other societies. It is accepted in our society today that childhood is a special time of life and that children are different from adults. They are seen as physically and psychologically immature and not yet able to run their own lives. Jane Pilcher (1995) notes the most importance feature of the modern idea of childhood is separateness. Childhood is seen as a clear and distinct life stage and children in society occupy a different status from adults. However this view of childhood as a separate age status, children and adults being different, is not found in all societies. Stephan Wagg (1992) says “Childhood is socially constructed. It is, in other words, what members of particular societies, at particular times and in particular places, say it is. There is no single universal childhood, experienced by all. So, childhood isn’t ‘natural’ and should be distinguished from mere biological immaturity”. This means that, while all human beings go through the same stages on physical development, different cultures construct or define this process differently. Ruth Benedict (1934) argues that children in simpler, non-industrial societies are generally treated differently from their modern western...
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...Business and Society Subject Code-3101 Fifth Semester Part : One “Business is a part of Larger Social system”-Explain from the system concept of business. (Page -12) What do you meant by move toward social concern? (Page -4) What is discontinuity? (Page -5) Define business. (Page -19) Give arguments for Social responsibility. (Page -24) Give arguments against Social responsibility. (Page -30) What is social responsibility? (Page -39) What is social response? (Page -46) Discuss the power-responsibility equation. (Page -47) What is the Iron Law of responsibility? (Page -50) Discuss the Changing role of Business Clients. (Page -59) Describe the elements of a Pluralistic social system. (Page -62) What do you mean by Diffusion of Power? (Page -66) Discuss the strength and weakness of a pluralistic society. (Page -69) Discuss the traditional business role. (Page -79) Define the Quality of life. (Page -85) Discuss the alternative ways is which business may respond to the social demands. (Page -85) Discuss in brief the different socially responsive roles played by a manager. (Page -102) Discuss the general effects of technology on society as a whole. (Page -117) What is social system? “Areas of social responsibility are expanding”- Explain. (Page -12, 7) Briefly discuss the role of socially responsive manager as a boundary mediator. (Page -104) What do you mean by social...
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... The apparent stimulating effect is due solely to the fact that it is deadens the higher control centres and progressively the centres as well thus weakening or removing the inhibitions that normally keeps us with in the bounds of civilized behavior. It is best if their behavior has been observed while the subject is sober..which the laws “being drunk” and disorderly or “being drunk” and incapable. Laws punishing public intoxication (also known as "drunken or disorderly conduct”) vary widely among states. The different approaches states have taken to regulating public intoxication reflect the various cultural viewpoints on the issue. Some states' laws reflect the feeling that because public intoxication disturbs the peace and harms society, it should be punished as a crime. In these states, public intoxication is a misdemeanor, punishable by fines, jail time, probation, and community service. Other states’ laws reflect the view that public intoxication, especially when it is chronic, is a medical condition or social ill that can be addressed through treatment or other non-punitive measures. These laws provide for consequences that by-pass the courts altogether, including sending the intoxicated individuals to a treatment facility or a jail until they are no longer intoxicated. Some states that take this approach specifically prohibit local municipalities from passing criminal ordinances against public intoxication. Some states do not have any statewide public intoxication...
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