...Chlamydia is asexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It is an infection of genital tract. It is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. The disease control and prevention (CDC) has released its annual report on sexually transmitted disease, which shows that the Chlamydia rate increased 8% from 2010,gonorrhea increased 4%,and syphilis decreased 9% in women but increased almost 4% in men, ( sexually Transmitted Disease surveillance 2011).it is the most frequently reported disease in the USA.In 2011,1,412,791 cases of Chlamydia were reported to CDC from 50 states and the District of Colombia, but an estimated 2.86 million infections occurs annually. A large number of cases are not reported because most people with Chlamydia do not have symptoms and do not seek testing. It is estimated that 1 out of 15 sexually active female aged 14-19 years has Chlamydia and generally people aged 14-39 American has Chlamydia.(consumer reports on...
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...Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacteria that is considered as a parasite due to its nature in it being dependent its host for ATP and other intermediates. There are various types of chlamydia species that includes C psittaci, C trachomatis and C pneumoniae. C trachomatis and C pneumoniae are the only parasites that are infective to human whereas C psittaci are commonly observed in birds or other small mammals. Chlamydia infections are one the most common bacterial infections that is spread via sexual activity which can cause long term effects such as pelvic Inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. C trachomatis infection causes Trachoma that usually results in conjunctivitis, or lymphogranuloma venereum. C trachomatis...
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...Danielle Sauter-Henson Professor Davis BIOL 215-01 14 March 2017 Chlamydia Etiology Chlamydia trachomatis is among the most common bacteria transmitted within the united states. This specific type of chlamydia can cause several sexually transmitted and congenital diseases such as lymphogranuloma venereum and trachoma. They are nonmotile and their replication can only occur within vesicles of host cells. Originally, scientists believed that chlamydia was a virus because the size of it was small, and also because of its intracellular lifestyle. They later found this to be false because Chlamydia has functional 70s ribosomes, RNA and DNA, (Insert book citation). Two membranes surround chlamydia similar to that of a Gram-negative bacterium, however, they do not possess peptidoglycan and therefore also lack cell wall. The pathogenic structure of Chlamydia trachomatis is the elementary bodies. These elementary bodies start by attaching to the host receptor. They continue, initiating endocytosis within the host cell, causing them to be brought into the vesicle of the host cell. It is at this point that they transform into and initial body while within the vesicle. This initial body is the key to reproduction. These initial bodies multiply very quickly, and the vesicle...
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...Chlamydia Chlamydia is one of the most common diseases in the United States. The infection is part of a 'silent epidemic' as most cases do not show symptoms and are left untreated. It can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and lead to scarring of the Fallopian tubes causing infertility and higher risk of ectopic pregnancy. The research was carried out at the Molecular Microbiology Group, at the University of Southampton, in conjunction with the Department of Virology, at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, in Israel. Professor Ian Clarke, from the University of Southampton, says: "This is a very significant advance in the study of chlamydia and we are proud to be the first people to achieve this. "Previously people have been unable to study chlamydial genetics and this has created a barrier to the comprehensive study of this disease. "We, together with our colleagues in Israel, discovered that by treating the chlamydia with calcium ions we were able to introduce a piece of foreign DNA. "This will open up the field of chlamydia research and will enable a better understanding of chlamydial genetics. It could lead to the development of new approaches to chlamydial vaccines and therapeutic interventions." To prove that they had accessed the chlamydial genome, the research team inserted the gene for a fluorescent protein into C. trachomatis which identified the chlamydial-infected cells by making them glow green. Their paper detailing the breakthrough in the study of chlamydia...
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...High School about Chlamydia as one of the most common STD. The exercise took about 45 minutes in which I introduced the topic and discussed the issues broadly and distributed pamphlets that I had prepared. The lesson centered on teaching them about ways of protecting themselves against this disease and its spread, symptoms and signs of the disease, screening and testing and also basic information about the disease. The most effective method of protection against the disease among high school students is abstaining from sex as unsafe sex is the most common method of transmission. The other way is through practicing safe sex by using latex condoms. Studies have shown that latex condoms are better than natural membrane condoms. Polyurethane female condoms have also been found to be effective. Signs and symptoms of the diseases are not well pronounced in some cases hence individuals need to be regularly screened for the infection which is recommended twice a year for the sexually active youth. Where symptoms are pronounced in females, they include vagina irritation, vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain and a burning feeling with urination. The disease is best handled through early screening and treatment. Delayed detection of the disease can lead to complications that can appear later in life such as barrenness. These complications are similar to those for other supposedly serious STD’s such as gonorrhea and syphilis. For most patients who test positive for Chlamydia, they should also...
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...CRITICAL REVIEW LITERATURE ARTICLE 1 TITLE ( CITATION) | Family Socioeconomic Status and Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Black and White American Adolescents | RESEARCH QUESTIONS | Indicators of Socioeconomic StatusSexually Transmitted Disease PrevalenceMaternal EducationMaternal OccupationHousehold CompositionAdjusted Household Income | OBJECTIVES | The objective of this study was to assess associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) stratified by race and gender. | TYPES OF STUDY | Cross-sectional study | SAMPLE SIZE | 4 family SES indicators and STD reports for black and white 7th through 12th graders were examined. | RESULT | STD reports were higher for adolescents not living in 2-parent homes, and lower income was only associated for black males. | MAJOR FINDINGS | Measures indicating lower SES were more consistently related to STD among blacks. Family structure, maternal occupation, and, to a lesser extent, maternal education were associated with STDs among black females and males. For black males, the association of STDs with maternal education and occupation were not statistically significant; however, the magnitudes of the point estimates were comparable to those of black females, suggesting important, but imprecise, effects. In contrast, only nontraditional family structure was associated with STD among white females. Income was generally a poor indicator of STD risk in all groups...
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...Sexually transmitted diseases For my research paper I decided to write on sexually transmitted diseases because it seems that we are hearing more and more about them. They are becoming more of a problem in the United States and it is fair to say that they are not going to go a way for a long time, if even at all. Sexually transmitted diseases can change a person’s life and even kill them. If a person wants to be sexually active they must understand the risks that are involved and how they can protect themselves. The first sexually transmitted disease that I want to talk about is chlamydia. Chlamydia, first of all, is a bacteria. The chance of being infected with chlamydia is very high among teenagers and young adults due to sexual activity. Chlamydia is transmitted through sexual contact, mainly vaginal or anal. It also has to be transmitted by someone that has been infected. Many people that have chlamydia do not even know they are infected, because they do not show any symptoms. To be exact, according to Engender Health, “there are about 75% of infected women and half of infected men have no symptoms of chlamydia.” The risk of a person becoming infected is very high if the person is engaging in unsafe sex, having sex with more than one partner, and being in a sexual relationship with someone who has multiple sex partners. To protect yourself and reduce your risk one should use condoms during sex, and limit your number of sex partners. (Engender Health) The symptoms...
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...What is infertility and what are the causes? The Center for Disease Control (CDC) defines infertility as not conceiving a child after having unprotected sex for a year. For various reasons many people are unaware of the causes and risks of infertility. However, this is an important social issue that should receive more awareness because this means that there are less people procreating, which may lead to a smaller global population. In this paper I will be addressing who is affected by infertility, the causes as well as risks and treatments. Women’s health.gov (OWH) (n.d.) states that according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), about 10% of women (6.1 million) between the ages of 15-44 have difficulty becoming or staying pregnant....
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...dallas community assessment and analysis Community Assessment and Analysis of Dallas Pennsylvania Community Assessment and Analysis of Dallas Pennsylvania The purpose of a community health assessment and analysis is to identify a community’s assets and issues in regards to its environment, social structure and population (Dreher, Shapiro, & Asselin, 2006). The community assessment utilizes objective data such as vital statistics and demographic data, but also encompasses subjective data that is obtained through a windshield survey and through the conduction of focus groups of community residents. Analysis of this comprehensive data, enables advanced practice nurses to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a community and design interventions to either enhance or help the community. For this community assessment, the Borough of Dallas, Pennsylvania was investigated using the community-as-a-partner approach. History Dallas is a borough in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Dallas was created by a charter granted April 21, 1879 from the land entirely within Dallas Township. The township had been formed in 1817 and was named for Alexander J. Dallas, who was the sixth United States Secretary of the Treasury (Epodunk, 2011). The local government describes the borough as the “heart” of the Back Mountain being that is it surrounded by other townships and boroughs. The Back Mountain is, a census-designated place consisting of Dallas...
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...The challenge of working with young people relating to promoting positive sexual health Teenage pregnancies and early parenthood have been recognised to be associated with poor health and social exclusion. There have been debates on whether teen mothers and their children are the consequences of the teen mother’s age or socially disadvantaged circumstances Sexual health is a subject that’s affects many counries, especially when young people are being infected with STIs, it a subject of amusement, fear, embarrassment and complexity. unplanned pregnancies that will force most young girls out of school and being lone parents or which is a burden to health services and the economy, most of these young women end-up having more than one child, living in poverty relying on state hand-outs and most of them end up being unemployed and creating other generations of deprived children, some prostitute themselves to support themselves and their children resulting in them getting sexually transmitted infections such the ones mentioned above. The cases of young people is worrying the governments, local authorities and even families because the of the age these young people are experiencing their first sexual intercourse are getting younger despite the fact that in great Britain the age to consent sex is 16 years, young people as young as 11 year are sexually active, example of this is the case of Alffie an 11 year old year boy who believed to have fathered a15year old school’s child...
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...Teenage Pregnancy Unit Teenage pregnancy: an overview of the research evidence Introduction In 1999 the government’s ten-year national Teenage Pregnancy Strategy was launched. The main aims of the strategy are to: • Reduce the rate of teenage conceptions with the specific aim of halving the rate of conceptions among under-18s, and to set a firmly established downward trend in the rate of conceptions among under-16s, by 2010 • Increase the participation of teenage parents in education, training and employment to 60% by 2010, to reduce their risk of long-term social exclusion. This briefing presents headline findings from key research relating to teenage pregnancy and parenthood which has emerged (mainly) since the launch of the strategy. The topics covered include research on young people’s sexual behaviour; sources of sex and relationships information; what works in preventing teenage pregnancy; who is at risk of becoming a teenage parent; how to support teenage parents, and many more. It draws on a range of sources including systematic reviews of the effectiveness of prevention and support interventions, national surveys and primary research studies. The emphasis is on the UK and specifically English research. It was compiled by Catherine Dennison, Research Manager supporting the Teenage Pregnancy Unit. Although not representing a systematic or exhaustive search of the published literature, the briefing is intended to be of use to those engaged in implementing the Teenage...
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...Teenage Pregnancy Unit Teenage pregnancy: an overview of the research evidence Introduction In 1999 the government’s ten-year national Teenage Pregnancy Strategy was launched. The main aims of the strategy are to: • Reduce the rate of teenage conceptions with the specific aim of halving the rate of conceptions among under-18s, and to set a firmly established downward trend in the rate of conceptions among under-16s, by 2010 • Increase the participation of teenage parents in education, training and employment to 60% by 2010, to reduce their risk of long-term social exclusion. This briefing presents headline findings from key research relating to teenage pregnancy and parenthood which has emerged (mainly) since the launch of the strategy. The topics covered include research on young people’s sexual behaviour; sources of sex and relationships information; what works in preventing teenage pregnancy; who is at risk of becoming a teenage parent; how to support teenage parents, and many more. It draws on a range of sources including systematic reviews of the effectiveness of prevention and support interventions, national surveys and primary research studies. The emphasis is on the UK and specifically English research. It was compiled by Catherine Dennison, Research Manager supporting the Teenage Pregnancy Unit. Although not representing a systematic or exhaustive search of the published literature, the briefing is intended to be of use to those engaged in implementing the Teenage...
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...Running head: NURSING, AN INTEGRAL PART OF HEALTH PROMOTION Nursing, an Integral Part of Health Promotion Grand Canyon University: NRS 429V September 18, 2011 Nursing, an Integral Part of Health Promotion Introduction Everyone in this global society has rights. All humans are born free regardless of race, color or creed. Everyone is entitled to these freedoms. In the pursuit of these freedoms, health is encompassed under these dignities. Everyone on this planet has the right to be healthy. This paper will examine the nurses’ role in helping people attain these rights. What and Why of Health Promotion? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as “a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1998, p. 1). Health promotion is the process of empowering people to expand control over, and to improve their health. Health promotion is an encompassing process- it is social, it is political, it is economical, it is ever-changing. It not only embodies measures focused on strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals to attain their inalienable right to attain optimal health, but it is also directed towards changing global perspective as well. Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over the factors of health, thereby improving their health (WHO, p. 1). Nursing Roles and Responsibilities Involvement is essential to sustain health promotion...
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...growing health problem. Approximately one million people contract sexually transmitted infections every day and 50% of them are adolescents aged 15-24 years (Lazarus, Sihvonen-Riemenschneider, Laukamm-Josten, Wong & Liljestrand, 2010). STDs include many different sexually transmittable infectious diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, genital herpes, human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis. An STD is transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sexual contact as well as through blood products. STDs can also be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth. Untreated chlamydia and gonorrhoea can lead to salpingitis for women and to epididymitis for men, which can affect fertility and in worst case lead to sterility. Hepatitis B, genital herpes, HPV and HIV are still incurable infections. HPV can lead to cervical cancer and HIV to premature death. The only way to protect oneself from contracting an STD is consistent condom use (Vårdguiden, 2011). Another term that is used in the literature is STI (sexually transmitted infection), which refers to the infection itself, whereas STD, which is the term that will be used in this paper, refers to the disease caused by an infection (TeenHealthFX, 2009). 1.2 Knowledge of STDs among adolescents A study based in Northern Thailand by Paz-Bailey et al. (2003) showed that Thai adolescents’ knowledge on HIV was high. Among the sample, which consisted of students’ aged 15-21, 99.5% had heard of HIV....
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...Premarital sex issexual intercourseengaged in by persons who areunmarried. It is generally used in reference to individuals who are presumednot yet of marriageable ageor between adults who will presumably marryeventually, but who are engaging insexual activityprior to marriage.Sex ispleasurable, but in God's view, the primary purpose of sex is not recreation,but rather re-creation. In other words, sex is for reproduction. God does notlimit sex to married couples to rob pleasure from those who are unmarried.Rather, God commands against premarital sex in order to protect unmarriedpeople from unwanted pregnancies, from children born to parents who donot want them, and to protect children from parents who are not preparedfor them. Imagine, for a moment, a world without premarital sex. Therewould be no sexually-transmitted diseases, there would be no un-wedmothers, there would be no unwanted pregnancies, there would be noabortions, etc. According to the Bible, abstinence is God's only policy when itcomes to premarital sex. Abstinence saves lives, protects babies, givessexual relations the proper value, and most importantly abstinence honorsGod. Thus, as defined in the dictionary, an urge or shall we say, thoughts of manifesting them, is sex. (The Bible calls this lust) To have physicalintercourse is sex. Whether it is two unmarried partners or one married andone not - it is sex. Participating "up to a point" of actual physical intercourse,such as having oral sex, is sex. Societal...
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