...In this research paper, I am going to investigate on how the concentration of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution affects the volume of the gases (Oxygen gas and Chlorine gas) at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. In my previous chemistry classes, I have learnt that concentration affects the majority of the gas produced at the anode. This made me wonder, how does the ratio of oxygen gas to chlorine gas produced at the anode vary at the electrodes. This made me formulate the research question: How does the concentration of Sodium Chloride solution affect the ratio of oxygen gas to chlorine gas produced at the anode during the electrolysis of Sodium Chloride solution? This area specifically interests me because it is still...
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...A Simple Hydrothermal Route to Large-Scale Synthesis of Uniform Silver Nanowires Zhenghua Wang,[b] Jianwei Liu,[b] Xiangying Chen,[b] Junxi Wan,[b] and Yitai Qian*[a, b] Abstract: This paper describes the preparation of uniform silver nanowires by reducing freshly prepared silver chloride with glucose at 180 8C for 18 hours in the absence of any surfactants or polymers. Scanning electron microscopy studies indicated that the silver nanowires are about 100 nm in diameter and up to 500 mm in length. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that the Keywords: green chemistry · hydrothermal synthesis · nanostructures · nanowires · silver Introduction One-dimensional nanostructures of metals have attracted much interest due to their potential applications in fabricating nanoscale electronic, optoelectronic, and magnetic devices, which also provide an ideal model system to experimentally investigate physical phenomena, such as quantized conductance and size effects.[1–6] Among all metals, silver nanowires are particularly interesting to fabricate and study because bulk silver exhibits the highest electrical and thermal conductivity among all metals, and the performance of silver in many applications could be potentially enhanced by processing silver into one-dimensional nanostructures. Much effort has been devoted to the syntheses of silver nanowires, such as electrochemical techniques,[7–9] templates (i.e., mesoporous silica[10, 11] and carbon nanotubes[12...
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...Pawar#3 12 Undergraduate Student, 3Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SIEM Nashik, University of Pune, Nashik, India Abstract— This experimental study presents the use of major plastic wastes as fine aggregates in concrete as an effective way to deal with the scarcity of sand and disposal of plastic waste. Aggregates in concrete account for the largest volume of solid material extracted around the globe at a rate far greater than their regeneration. The removal of aggregates has a major impact on rivers, deltas and marine ecosystems which results in deterioration of land through coastal or river erosion, Depletion of the water table and decrease in sediment supply. This paper emphasizes on using major plastic waste such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene to substitute the sand in concrete to tackle the ill-effects of sand extraction and the problems related to disposal of plastic waste. In addition, Aluminum powder is used to minimize the weight of concrete and plastic itself is lighter than sand which results in lightweight concrete. Overall using these ingredients to replace sand will give new dimension in concrete mix design and if applied universally would transform the construction, by reducing the cost and enable us to conserve natural resources. production of smaller and lighter precast components with economical casting, handling and transportation operations; the allocation of additional space...
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...reinforced concrete exposed to carbon dioxide and chloride environment Kitipoom Chansuriyasak 1, Chalermchai Wanichlamlart 2, Pakawat Sancharoen2, Waree Kongprawechnon3 and Somnuk Tangtermsirikul1,2 1 School of Civil Engineering and Technology, 2 Construction and Maintenance Technology Research Center (CONTEC), 3 School of Information, Computer, and Communication Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120 Thailand. Received 25 December 2009; Accepted 3 August 2010 Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of concrete mix proportion and fly ash on half-cell potential (HCP) and corrosion current density (icorr) of steel in concrete exposed to different environments. Reinforced concrete specimens with different fly ash replacement percentages and water to binder ratios (w/b) were studied in this paper. The specimens were subjected to two highly corrosive environments which are chloride and carbon dioxide. HCP and icorr were used to monitor the corrosion process. Results of this study demonstrate that both HCP and icorr indicated the same tendency, especially for corroded specimens after being exposed to chloride. This means that HCP can be used to inspect corrosion of steel due to chloride. In case of carbonation, concrete specimens with fly ash showed more negative potential values than concrete without fly ash. However, chloride exposure test exhibited that specimen with...
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... Deplorably, both air and water can contain chemicals that are harmful to us. When it comes to the air we breathe, it's not just our lungs that are in danger. Air pollutants, chemicals associated with increases in mammary gland tumors in animals all are major factors to this pandemic. We are exposed to many of these chemicals in the air we breathe outside, as well as in our offices, homes, restaurants and schools. It's also very important to pay attention that most of the air pollutants are from just a few sources: primary and secondhand tobacco smoke, diesel exhaust and specific occupational exposures. Chemicals related to breast cancer also make their way into lakes, streams and groundwater systems. As mentioned within this research paper, the particular concerns are pesticides from agricultural and home use, dioxins and synthetic hormones that make their way down household drains. On a positive note, our exposure to chemicals and radiation is something we can begin to control—through personal, corporate and political action. Here are some of the chemicals that have been linked to breast cancer and actions that can be taken to reduce the risk of contracting this disease. Hydraulic Fracturing-commonly known as...
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...Caetano do Sul, Brazil (danygf85@yahoo.com.br) ABSTRACT This paper presents a proposal for use of pseudostem from the banana tree (Musa cavendish). After banana harvesting, the pseudostems are cut and left in the fields. In order to add value to banana plantation, the pseudostem could be processed into products. Nowadays, the pseudostem fiber has been used mainly in handicrafts. Although studies have shown that the cellulose fiber has suitable features to industry, the yield is low because pseudostem has about 90% of water. This research presents the physicochemical composition of the liquid fraction extracted from pseudostems and proposes an application for it. The following analyses were performed: sugar, protein, fat, solids, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, tannin, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activity, microbiological and pesticides. Once it contains potassium and sodium, the development of a sport drink seemed suitable. The paper presents some social and economical data of Vale do Ribeira region, the main banana producing region of Sao Paulo State. Additionally, some concepts of the banana plantation are reviewed as well as information about sport drink and the new Brazilian law on athlete’s food. Data about its market are also included, and the results of analyses. The results showed that the liquid fraction contains 874 mg·L-1 potassium, 88 mg·L-1 sodium, 357.8 mg·L-1 chloride, 130 mg·L-1 calcium and 116 mg·L-1 magnesium. It contains 0.191%...
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...Does rock salt I use on my driveway negatively affect lawns Name: Date: Assignment: Unit 1 Individual project Does the rock salt used as ice melt on my driveway effect my lawns growth? Introduction: Being from Ma cold climate, We tend to have rather harsh winters, Ice melt in some sodium form or other is regularly used to de-ice walkways and driveways. When comparing different products available, most ingredients include Sodium Chloride or Calcium Chloride. Salt, lowers the freezing temperature of water, thereby making it more difficult to refreeze. Often times, you find dead grass along the walkways and sidewalks after winter, some people attribute this to the ice melt used. Do rock salt and other deicers negatively affect lawns? That is what we will answer in this paper. Hypothesis: Grass is negatively affected by use of ice melting products, due to the sodium. Prediction: If rock salt and other ice melt products are over used, it will negatively affect the lawn by burning the grass, and causing some of it to die. Controlled Experimental Method: Because it is winter here in Montana, and doing this experiment outside on my lawn would present far too many variables, I researched ways of conducting this experiment with minimal amount of variables. Dr. Muriel Gerhard did a similar experiment for kids and posted her methods on the website education.com. I based my methods for this experiment on her experiment. I purchased...
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...interpretations. Correct grammar and spelling are expected. All writing is done using the passive voice and the past tense. Title • Reflect on the factual content of the paper. • Use fewer than 10 words. • Describe your specific investigation. o For instance “The Effect of Road Salt on Lentil Seed Germination and Growth” rather than “Seed Experiment” Abstract Provide a brief overview of the report in your own words The abstract should contain 5 parts (as outlined in abstract rubric) o Purpose, Hypothesis, Procedure, Results, Conclusion Be specific about results - do not use phrases like "it worked". Be very careful NOT to copy text from the lab handout. The abstract should be one paragraph and contain scientific terminology Problem • State the problem specifically in question form. o For instance, “What is the effect of road salt on the germination and growth of lentil seeds?” Hypothesis State the hypothesis using the "If, then. because" format. • Predict the results based on the problem stated. • Gather preliminary research and information before writing the hypothesis in order to ensure that the problem is testable and relevant. o For instance, “If salt is added to soil, then lentil seeds will not germinate...
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... wire, and rod are useful in the aerospace, marine, military and other industries. Titanium powder is also used in pyrotechnics to produce silver sparks (Helmenstine, n.d.). Titanium is commonly consumed, meaning, about 95% of titanium ore extracted from the Earth is being refined into the form of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white permanent pigment used in paints, paper, toothpaste, and plastics (Smook 2002). As titanium oxide, it is used as air purifiers (as a filter coating) to coat windows on buildings so that when titanium oxide becomes exposed to UV light (either solar or artificial) and moisture in the air, reactive redox species like hydroxyl radicals are produced so that they can purify the air or keep window surfaces clean (Stevens et. al., 1998). Also, just recently, 18-year-old Eesha Khare, a senior at Lynbrook High School, designed, synthesized and characterized a core-shell nanorod electrode capacitor (with a hydrogenated titanium dioxide core and polyaniline shell) that retained a supercapacitor's energy density and long life (Adhikari, 2013). The proponents, however, limit the scope of their research into titanium alloy mill products used in the aerocraft industry since two thirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and frames (Emsley ,2001). In this specific industry, titanium alloys are used in making...
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...Vinegar Electrolytes S. Ramakanth Electrical And Electronics Engineering,Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology, Visakhapatnam Abstract: This paper gives how salt water and salt vinegar is used as a renewable energy source. Working of salt water and salt vinegarelectrolytes and both the combination of electrolytes, comparison of different electrodes used in the electrolytes. And choosing which is the best pair of electrodes.applications of it in many fields. Keywords: Electro-chemicalreaction,Electrolyte,Vinegar,corrosion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 310 www.ijird.com October, 2012 Vol 1 Issue 8 1. Introduction We know that our earth covered with 70% of water and 30% of land. So water occupies more space than land but 97% is the salt water and 3% is the fresh drinking water. Many technologies are developed to use salt water for producing electrical energy. The energy produced in this way is renewable energy source. Ex: salt water battery, salt water generators etc. The modern battery is found in high-tech applications ranging from hearing aids and pace-makers to pocket calculators, personal stereos, radios and mobile phones. They are everywhere and completely invaluable. The origin of the power behind the battery is chemical. In the following paper I explain the how the electrolysis occur and what are the different reaction of different electrodes for the better efficiency. 1.1How These Work –...
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...When a person says, “sixty-five roses,” one would think that they literally mean sixty-five roses, but in reality they are talking about one of the most life threatening diseases – cystic fibrosis. While this nickname may seem like it has some dark history behind it, it actually does not. The story behind this is that in 1965, Mary G. Weiss, a volunteer for the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, was making calls about financial support for CF research because her three little boys had CF. After she had made several calls, her little boy, Richard, told his mother that he knew who she was working for. Having no knowledge that he even had Cystic Fibrosis, he told his mother that she was working for 65 Roses. Since 1965, the term “65 Roses” has been used...
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...IS 269 : 1989 Zndian Standard ( Reaffirmed 1998 ) ORDINARYPORTLANDCEMENT,33GRADESPECIFICATION ( Fourth Revision ) Second Reprint JULY 1993 UDC 666 l 942 @ BIS 1990 BUREAU MANAK OF BHAVAN, 9 INDIAN BAHADUR NEW DELHI STANDARDS SHAH 110002 Price Group 4 ZAFAR MARG January 1990 Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, CED 2 FOREWORD This Indian Standard ( Fourth Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 20 June 1989, after the draft finalized by the Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council. This standard was first published in 1951 and subsequently revised in 1958, 1967 and 1976. This fourth revision incorporates the experience gained with the use of this specification and brings the standard in line with the present practices followed in the production and testing of cement. Since the third revision of this standard was published, a large number of amendments have been issued from time to time in order to modify various requirements based on experience gained with the use of the standard and the requirements of the users, and also keeping in view the raw materials and fuels available in the country for the manufacture of cement. The important amendments include increase in insoluble residue from 2 to 4 percent, incorporating 33 MPa as the 28-day compressive strength, making autoclave soundness test compulsory irrespective of magnesia content, incorporating...
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...1. Introduction Packaging has become an integral part of the processing, preservation, distribution, marketing, and even the cooking of foods. Food packaging materials include paper, cellulose products, cellophane, tinplate, aluminium, stainless steel, ceramics, glass, rubber, aluminium foil, plastics and laminates (Mercer, 1990). Since its introduction in the 1950’s, the use of plastic in the packaging industry has increased at a greater rate than any other packaging material due to their low cost and outstanding functional service properties (Hernandez and Giacin, 1998). Packaging materials provide protection for microbiological, chemical, and physical contamination (World Packaging Organisation, 2009). However, components of the packaging material must be safe to the product as well as to the consumers. Food may interact with the packaging materials and this may change the initial mechanical and barrier properties as well as the safety of the product (Sablani and Rahman, 2007). Three types of food packaging interaction are distinguished: (i) migration, (ii) permeation, (iii) and absorption. Migration is the transfer of chemical components from the packaging material to the contained food product (Paneva et al., 2005). The migration of potentially toxic substances from packaging material to foods is a major concern in the selection and use of materials for food packaging because of the possible effect upon human health. In addition, migration of other components...
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...1.0 Introduction The project seeks to extract phytochemicals from Crombetum molle and evaluate their antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus specie. Indigenous plants possess the ability to produce phytochemicals which they use to protect themselves against insect infection and environmental harsh conditions. Currently, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is the greatest challenge on the treatment of bacterial infection in Zimbabwe (Weinstein R.A, 1998). In Zimbabwe vanocomycim, meropenem, imipenem are antibiotics which are being used against methicillin resistant S.aureus specie and are considered very expensive because they are not manufactured in Zimbabwe. Combretum molle is an indigenous plant which produces phytochemicals which possess the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria and have several biological activities like antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial activities. These phytochemicals can be used in rotation with the conventional drugs since they possess a different structure which is new to the bacteria. Using phytochemicals as antibacterial agents from Combretum molle plant can be of great advantage since it is readily available in Zimbabwe thereby cutting cost of importing and they do not cause undesirable toxic effects because they are natural. 1.1 Problem statement Currently, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is the greatest challenge on the treatment of bacterial infection in...
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...THE USE OF BAKING SODA, COMMON SALT, AND VINEGAR AS FIRE EXTINGUISHER In Partial Fulfilment for the Requirements in Research II Researchers Verchiel B. Cubelo Ma. Rena N. Catoltol Nathaniel L. Perol S.Y. 2014-2015 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Nature and Importance of the Study Fire is a reaction involving fuel and oxygen that produces heat and light. Humans use fire to warm themselves and to cook food, and to start a fire, we commonly use lighters and matches, unlike the early humans who rub sticks or rocks. Today, people naturally focus not on starting fire but on using it productively and on preventing or extinguishing unwanted fires using fire extinguishers. These are portable devices used to put out fires of limited size. Such fires are limited into four classes, according to the type of material that is burning. Class A fires include those in which ordinary combustibles such as wood, cloth, and paper are burning. Class B fires are those in which flammable liquids, oils, and grease are burning. Class C fires are those involving live electrical equipment. Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, potassium and sodium. Each class of fire requires its own type of fire extinguisher. This study focuses on the use of common salt (sodium chloride), baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and vinegar (acetic acid) as fire extinguisher. Vinegar is a liquid consisting mainly of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and water (H2O). The acetic acid...
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