...with them diseases that killed millions of Native Americans, but also their conviction that their own civilization was greatly superior to that of the natives (Brinkley, 2008). This discussion will include Andrew Jackson’s opinion and policy concerning Native Americans, white Americans’ opinion of Native Americans, the “Five Civilized Tribes,” and the Trail of Tears. Before becoming the President of the United States, Andrew Jackson had already made a name for himself in history. He was a lawyer, politician and judge, wealthy planter and merchant, and in 1801 received the appointment of the commander of the Tennessee militia. During the War of 1812, white settlers near the Spanish owned Florida border were under attack by the Creek Indians. According to Brinkley (2008), on March 27, 1814, in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Jackson and his men retaliated and slaughtered Creek women, children, and warriors. Jackson received a commission to major general in the United States Army. Later in the year, during the Seminole War, Jackson captured Spanish forts at Pensacola and St. Marks in Florida. In 1821, he served as Florida’s military governor for nine months. Jackson, 1828, won the election for the seventh President of the United States, serving two...
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...Tribal Homelands of the Chickasaw and Choctaw Monica N. Griffis Southeastern Oklahoma State University Tribal Homelands of the Chickasaw and Choctaw This paper describes the primary geographic characteristics of the ancestral homelands of the indigenous Chickasaw and Choctaw people in North America, prior to first contact with European nations and continuing into the settlement timeframe of early colonists. These homelands originally included a significant portion of Louisiana and Mississippi, although the most closely held region was near the ancestral Nanih Waiya mound, which according to oral traditions held the origins of these tribal people. Prior to the surge of Western settlement, Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes were similar to other Native American nations in occupying the expanse of their territory not by personal land ownership, but instead through a series of communal villages governed by cultural leaders. Their occupation of the land was driven by natural resources and trade routes, and the prime positioning of these homelands proved to be too valuable to escape aggressive dispossession by colonial settlement. Early Chickasaw and Choctaw homelands occupied a large territory east of the Mississippi River in an extremely favorable location, especially related to waterways, trade routes, fertile land, and climate conditions. According to the research of St. Jean (2003), the centralized location of these tribes was advantageous...
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... Brown, Lee Water & Power Project The lawsuit filed by the Chickasaw and Choctaw nations protecting their water rights To Sardis Lake, in Southeastern Oklahoma is a hot bed for controversy. Many say the "Thirst Wars" will be a defining issue of our times. (waterfuture.com) This paper will speak as to why the lawsuit filed against the State of Oklahoma Is relevant, along with the states position in overriding a 175-year old treaty. Finally, offer insight as to why a long-term comprehensive water plan should be the objective. One that can benefit all of Oklahoma, rather than a select grouping. Sardis Lake is a reservoir in Southeastern Oklahoma, renowned for its bass fishing, and water activities. It is also a central focus of multiple lawsuits, as communities such As Oklahoma City to Ft. Worth, fight over the water rights. (nytimes.com 2011) The Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations joined the fight this summer by filing its own lawsuit, putting a hold on the states plans to transfer water out of Sardis Lake. Gregory Pile, Chief of the Choctaw nation states, "All of the water was controlled originally by The Indian tribes in this area. When the water goes, so does your economy". (waterfuture.com/Choctaw nation) This is the main battleground as the tribes fight the water transfer. They also desire to be recognized as joint owners in these water rights, and share in...
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...Most of the Indians were from the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes. The relocations occurred after the United States Indian Removal Act of 1830. During the move, the Cherokees suffered from bad weather, mistreatment by the soldiers, hunger, disease, and the loss of their homes. The article then goes on to talk about where the Cherokees used to live and how far they stretched across America. They went from occupying areas from the Ohio River south to Atlanta, from Virginia across Tennessee and Kentucky, and Alabama to the Illinois River to only occupying where North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama meet. Men from Georgia would come to the homes of Indians and take their cattle, eject them from their houses, and assault any owners who put up resistance. With pressure from the state of Georgia and the U.S. Government, the Cherokees fought as hard as they could to resist being moved west of the Mississippi River. Eventually the Treaty of Echota was signed by some Cherokees that offered an exchange of eastern lands for lands west of the Mississippi River and the Cherokees would be paid $15,000,000. This would lead to the removal of all the remaining Cherokees. The article then explains thousands of Cherokees are said to have died during their journey on the Trail of Tears including the round-up of people, the transportation, the months they spent in blockades waiting to be transported, and the first year in the new Indian Territory. ...
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...studies course book. This paper gives what the “loss of centeredness” of culture would have meant for a given cultural group, in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. This paper describes the Western and European cultures on Native Americans. It discusses what they were like prior to the late nineteenth century and how they changed as a result of European expansion. Last but not least, you will know how this change representative of what Sayre calls a “loss of centeredness. The term “Western Civilization” in this context means European civilization, mainly for the countries known for their exploratory expeditions which include Spain, Portugal, France, and England. Cultures such as the Native Americans, West Africans, Indians, Chinese, and so many others were invaded and occupied by these European nations. They were killed, had to change their religion to Christianity, and were sent away from their homelands. The leaders were replaced by Europeans. They looked at these conquered lands as “satellites” of their home country and encouraged the people to act as much like them as they could, or at least seem as though they were in the same culture and work for them, go to their church, and learn their place as second class citizens. After all, they were looked upon as savages and uncivilized people who needed guidance. The people inhabiting the areas of North America were the Native Americans. The Native Americans did not fare well with the early colonies and...
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...The Trail of Tears is a phrase known to define the forceful expulsion of the five civilized Native tribes, away from their traditional lands and forced migration to new Indian ground which was west of the Mississippi River. These tribes were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and the Seminoles. When Andrew Jackson was elected president in the year 1828, the Natives soon became a part of the next racial targeting. President Andrew Jackson encouraged the expulsion; the Congress authorized this removal policy set by the president in 1830. The Indian Removal Act was passed on May 28, 1830; they were involuntarily removed from their homes and forced to move west. The Indian Removal Act was defined as swapping the U.S. western area for the...
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...Lauren Pikolycky Seelhorst Outline Sections are from Chapter 13 The Spoils System * It was the system of rewarding political supporters with jobs in the government. * This new system had many scandals. * When the Democrats rose to power in the White House, they replaced most of the people in offices with their own people (the common man). * These people were illiterate, incompetent, and plain crooks. * Samuel Swartwout: * Was awarded the lucrative post of collector of the customs of the port of New York. * Nearly nine years later, he left his accounts a million dollars short. * He was the first person to steal a million dollars from the Washington government. The Tricky "Tariff of Abominations" * Tariffs protected American industry against competition from European goods. * Tariffs also drove up prices for all Americans and invited tariffs on agricultural exports. * Congress increased the general tariff in 1824. * Supporters of Andrew Jackson promoted a high-tariff bill. It was passed in 1828. * The Tariff of 1828 was also called the "Yankee Tariff,” the "Black Tariff" and the "Tariff of Abominations.” * It was hated by Southerners because it was an extremely high tariff and they felt it discriminated against them. * Southern states formed formal protests. * The South was having economic struggles and the tariff was a scapegoat. * Denmark Vesey led a slave rebellion in Charleston, South...
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...slavery, or give any rights to the Native Americans. Jackson pursued a policy of removing Indian tribes form their lands, which resulted in the Trail of Tears, a name given to the forced relocation and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States. Many factors during Jackson’s presidency contributed to the political, social, and economic climate of the United States. Jackson had very little political trouble with his policy of removing the Native Americans. Most of his supporters were from the southern and western states that favored a plan to remove all the Indian tribes to lands west of the Mississippi. This relocation would make room for settlers. “There was “Five Civilized Tribes” involved- the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee. “(White 1). In 1831 members of the “Five Civilized Tribes”: decided to use the US Supreme Court to combat Jacksonian policies. The Cherokee Nation asked for an injunction, claiming that Georgia’s state legislation had created laws designed to annihilate the Cherokees as a political society. Andrew Jackson had many supporters because he was freeing up land that would be given to the “common man” who was more important than others in society. In the case of Worcester v. Georgia, “the Court ruled that only the United States, and not the individual states, had power to regulate or deal with the Indian nations.” (PBS 1). In 1832, the US Supreme Court decision of Worcester v. Georgia ruled in...
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...Tennessee and Carolina. In the early 1800’s and appeal was issued to remove the Cherokee from the lands of Georgia, but the appeal did not go through. After these efforts failed they tried to buy land. The Cherokee became one of the Five Civilized Tribes the others included the Seminoles, Chickasaw, Choctaw and the Creek. In the 1830”s the Cherokee agreed to surrender the territory in exchange for land which was considered Indian Territory. Most escaped to North Carolina and bought land. Somewhere forced west which they called the Trail of Tears. There were so many thousands of people and many died from hunger and disease. The Cherokee’s main source of food mainly came from agricultural. They grew their own beans, corn and squash they also ate cow, hogs etc. The Trails of Tears consisted of cultural differences between Native Americans and Americans which caused them to be move to the South. The Cherokee were people who lived on land that was valuable and had good resources and this is why people were willing to move them at any means necessary. I do not think the Trail of Tears should have happened just as I feel about slavery but It all seems to have been the same. The Indians were treated just as bad as the black were. I believe that a lot of people during this time new it was wrong and unconstitutional. Reading this it was also interesting to know that people...
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...“We find ourselves fugitives, vagrants, and strangers in our own country.” states former cherokee chief, John Ross upon revealing the tragic, but true fact that Indians were being discriminated and taken from their homes. The U.S was growing rapidly in the mid 1800’s, yet, there was no room for white plantations or people. As America expanded, the east was being explored and the discovery of gold on the eastern states was valuable. The five civilized tribes, The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole were being forced to relocate West of the Mississippi river due to Americans believing Indians were savages and the discovery of gold in the area. MIgrating the Indians gave the United states an abundance of room to established plantations and continue slavery. The infamous “Trail of Tears” forced thousands of Indigenous people to walk through harsh weather and experience...
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...Running head: Seminole People Phenomenological Community Phenomenological Community of the People of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma Shannyn Lincoln, Alice Dodoo Raji, Bayo Olaoye, and Andrea Pilkay Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V Concepts in Community and Public Health May 18, 2012 Phenomenological Community of the People of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma The phenomenological community of the people of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma is a community rich in culture and tradition that has been passed through teachings from generation to generation. The community is located in eastern Oklahoma and includes the members of the Seminole Nation as well as other tribes that live in the area and members of other races that have married into the families of the community members. The purpose of this assessment is to describe the community and provide an analysis of this community and their needs. Description of Boundaries The People The Seminole Nation of Oklahoma is a federally recognized Seminole tribe based in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is the largest of the three federally recognized Seminole organizations. Its members are descendants of the majority of the Seminole in Florida in the 1830s, which were forcibly removed to Oklahoma. Native Americans make up 22% of the population of Seminole County (nso-nsn.gov). According to the Seminole Nation Tribal Enrollment Office the Seminole County service population is 5,315 Tribal citizens. The total...
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...Choctaw (alternatively spelled Chahta, Chactas, Tchakta, Chocktaw, and Chactaw) are Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (Oklahoma, California, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas,Alabama). The Choctaw language belongs to the Muskogean linguistic group. Henry Halbert, a historian, suggests that their name is derived from the Choctaw phrase Hacha hatak(river people). (“Choctaw,” n.d.) Choktaw is the approved, anglicized form of the tribal name Chahta (Chäh’ta).It seems to have been first applied to the tribe about the beginning of eighteenth century and is found spelled in a number of different ways in historical records. It has been suggested that the name Choctaw is from the Spanish word chato, meaning "flat," descriptive...
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...Historically, the United States of America and Native American Nations was full of tumultuous occurrences of ecocide, ethnocide and genocide. One of the most prevalent situations of their interactions was the Trail of Tears, which resulted in lasting effects on the Cherokee and Choctaw Nations. It was an act of genocide against the Cherokee and Choctaw Nations by the United States of America. Today, these Nations still feel the impact of this atrocious event and continue to tell stories of the horrific experiences that their people endured. The event stemmed out of the white settler expansion into the South during the early 19th century. White settlers wanted to acquire high yield land from Native American Nations for growing cotton. Native American people were standing in the way of progress for white settlers and the United States did not uphold their agreement with these nations. Thus these communities were forcefully removed to a distant and foreign land that resulted in the death of many of their...
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...American History. The main cause of the interaction between Americans and the Native Americans was an increase in demand for land by Americans. As they pushed west and south, the frequency of interactions with Native Americans increased and so did hostility. I am aware that land demand issues were normally approached at first with peaceful negations. The American government would meet with the tribes and develop a treaty that resulted in less land for the Native Americans and more land for Americans. This would satisfy the Americans for a period of time but demand for land would just continue to increase. At this point Indians would either get restless and rebellions would ensue or Americans would violate the treaties and make moves on the Native’s land. In either situation the superior force of the American troops would result in them defeating the Indians. The Indians would then be forced to comply with American demands, meaning less land. Although this is a broad and brief overview of Native American history, in order to better understand Native Americans one must delve deeper into specific events and actions. Beginning in the Jefferson presidency era, Native Americans were allowed to live east of the Mississippi under the condition that they integrated into civilized culture. Jefferson’s goal was to make...
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...The Cherokee people eventually moved out of the Appalachian Mountains and some were later forced to move. In Georgia where some Cherokee’s have settled, they ran into some complications with the white people during the discovery of gold. The white people were obsessed with finding gold so they decided it was time to kick the Cherokee people out. They were also one of the tribes that were forced to move to Indian Territory known as the “Trail of Tears”. The President at this time was Andrew Jackson. President Jackson ordered the removal of the Cherokee’s in 1838 and they were sent off to Indian Territory, which is now Oklahoma. This is one of the hardest moments for not only the Cherokee but also many Native Americans. The reason why the name “Trail of Tears” is given is because many of the Native Americans would cry on their way to Indian Territory. Thousands died on their way because of hunger, harsh conditions, and...
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