...public from lethal epidemics. The development of the germ theory is credited to Dr. Robert Koch, Dr. Joseph Lister and chemist Louis Pasteur. The theory helped other scientists develop future vaccines and procedures to stop the spread of disease. The invention significantly changed how society and medical experts thought about and practiced medicine. The germ theory made it possible for scientists to discover the complex causes of infections and diseases such as cholera. At first, the general public was very apprehensive about the rapidly changing medical practices that resulted from the germ theory. However, once these practices were successful, the public trusted the new procedures such as the introduction of the antiseptic practice. Although many medical breakthroughs were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th century the most significant was the discovery of the germ theory because it allowed European physicians to discover other medicines. It was the foundation for the discovery of other medicines such as cholera and the inception of antiseptic surgery. Before the invention of the germ theory, scientists did not understand the concept of disease. Surgical operations only occurred in dire situations because the operation was a very risky procedure and the patient would often die. Additionally, a patient would often look for alternatives to surgery due to the high death rate. Scientist did not know when, why and even how germs spread from person to person and...
Words: 3134 - Pages: 13
...Proposal For: John Snow and His Influence on Public Health Monica Rodgers PU120 Section 1 Professor Nicole Heim Unit 2 Assignment Thesis: John Snow formulated a theory on the transmission of cholera, improved the mode of administration of anesthetics, and made advancements in resuscitation. He is considered a father of epidemiology, even though many of his concepts were not accepted until years after his death. Among those who have left their mark on the development of public health is John Snow, a man who is considered a father of modern epidemiology. However, many of his concepts were not accepted until after his death. John Snow worked hard and published many great works. In this paper, I will briefly discuss John Snows background, his works, and the outcome of those works. John Snow was the son of a humble laborer in York, England. Snow’s father eventually became a farmer and landlord after acquiring a sufficient amount of property. Snow on the other hand took a different path in society, becoming an apprentice to William Hardcastle. After obtaining an education from several schools, Snow became a licensed apothecary, surgeon, and physician. John Snow first encountered cholera in 1831-32 in Newcastle. It was in the London epidemic of 1848-49 that Snow proposed that cholera entered the body through the mouth. In 1849, Snow wrote “On the mode of communication of cholera”. It was dismissed for lack of data. In 1841, Snow published his first work, entitled...
Words: 550 - Pages: 3
...P2 Considerably public health has developed over many years and changes occurred over time reflecting concerns on the health of the nation during each period. This changes have produced the public health system that is in place till this present time. The early reformers of social and economic conditions played a huge impact in balancing the health status of the nation in a way that, every individual will benefit from it. Health professionals increase their medical knowledge greatly relative to how diseases where spread and also various progress where made in helping to decrease the incidence of the contagious disease which killed several people. As part of P1 assignment I discussed the key aspects of the public health strategies in the UK. Several changes which took place within the Public Health System are as a result of awareness promotions and awareness which is highlighted in general by individuals and groups across the nation. The government take into considerations the health needs of the people and acts on the findings demonstrated through national statistics. The government act on these findings by passing laws that are considered to power the overall health and well-being of the nation. In the 19th century, scientist discovered that microorganisms are responsible for the killer diseases like cholera and tuberculosis, and the public health was officially lunched in an effort to provide clean water supplies and waste disposal systems. Poor law system (1834) which...
Words: 1273 - Pages: 6
...up a written account which will describe the origins of the public health in the UK. And I will also be demonstrating knowledge and understanding of the key pioneers, laws, reports and papers. Also I will cover the development from the 19th, 20th century to the end of the 21st century. 19th Century: Work of John Snow: Snow was a British physician who was considered as one of the founder of epidemiology for the work he did and identifying the source of cholera outbreak in the 1854. John Snow was born in a labourer family on 15th March 1813 in York and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a surgeon. In 1936 John Snow moved to London to start his formal medical education. He became a member...
Words: 1226 - Pages: 5
...At the highest level of 1800s London’s social class was the Royal family and aristocracy, then land owning gentlemen and significant income earners. The third class included doctors, lawyers, bankers and other high-earning ‘white collar’ jobs. The lower and poorer classes of London were the most affected by the cholera epidemics, as the Thames River was their only ‘local’ source of water. The higher classes were barely affected by cholera; but in 1858 all classes were affected by the odour emanating from the River Thames. The bacterium-based disease, cholera, is a small intestine infection, which originates from the bacteria Vibrio cholera. Causing severe vomiting and diarrhoea, cholera leads to dehydration, kidney failure and death in some cases, ‘often within a few hours of the onset of the disease’ . The bacteria uses water as a transport medium and transmission occurs when one consumes water or food contaminated by infected feces. In the 1854 cholera outbreak, 10, 738 people dies in London , this prompted the development and production of a new and updated sewerage system of London. As the poor did not have political representation to present their complaints to the House of Parliament, the only public issues addressed were those affecting the higher classes. In 1825, thirty-three years before the Great Stink of London, the water quality had become so poor ‘that it...
Words: 1989 - Pages: 8
...Managing Haiti’s post-earthquake waste: paving the way to address public health issues for natural disasters Abstract Haiti’s January 2010 earthquake left in its wake large piles of debris and waste materials. These wastes posed a risk to public health and obstructed reconstruction efforts. Determining the best way to manage disaster waste is high priority in natural disasters, yet it has often been managed in an ad-hoc manner during the early recovery phase. Large-scale disasters such as Haiti’s earthquake provide valuable lessons for addressing public health issues faced in the wake of earthquakes. This paper will discuss the Haiti situation, the challenges encountered for public health and the possible strategies that can be used for effective waste management. Waste Management Strategies that could pave the way for safe and effective waste management for future natural disasters - earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and floods. Introduction “Disasters and conflicts can generate large quantities of solid and liquid waste that threaten public health, hinder reconstruction and impact the environment”. [1] This waste generated by the disaster poses a serious public health risk for the population and for emergency response teams. In the wake of earthquakes, these risks come from a number of areas; direct contact with disposed accumulated waste in the streets, medical waste, hazardous wastes from chemicals, pesticides, oils and...
Words: 2637 - Pages: 11
...Epidemiology Paper Epidemiology has become the method of choice for public health research. The patterns and trends and cause and effects of health affecting phenomena identified by epidemiology are instrumental in predicting risk factors e.g.; development of treatment strategies to prevent or contain diseases. Epidemiology estimates have changed over time related to changes in the definition and diagnosis of diseases. Epidemiology is practiced as a broad scientific discipline that addresses occurrences of diseases and distribution of health status of populations. Integration of casual concepts at the clinical, social and environmental levels will allow faculty to work to maintain an intellectual environment that will facilitate the integration of biological, social and, analytical approaches of epidemiology. This type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states...
Words: 1981 - Pages: 8
...Unit 12 – Historical Perspectives of the Health System P1: Describe key aspects of public health strategies P2: Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th century to the present day Public Health is about helping everyone to stay healthy rather than focusing specifically on the individual, with the aim to promote health, protecting individuals from threats to their health and preventing ill-health. Public health policies have made a significant impact in increasing a person's overall life expectancy and improving health. (Public Health) PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES: Public health strategies are devised in order to prevent the spread of diseases, prolong life and promote health. This can be done through the use of monitoring, identifying, developing programmes etc. Monitoring the health status of the community – Is a key aspect of health strategies that are in place within the UK. This health strategy helps to monitor any changes that occur in the health of the population, along with alerting individuals to any potential problems. Health throughout the UK is monitored by quality of life, infant mortality rates and life expectancy (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 2) The monitoring of health throughout the country allows for advanced planning of local services within the community that may be at risk of certain health problems. The monitoring of health at a local level allows for information to be recorded...
Words: 2629 - Pages: 11
...10 July 1858. Source: Wikimedia Commons • The growth of the major industrial cities also caused water pollution. All too often, rivers that pass through urban areas became a receptacle for human waste products, both domestic and industrial. Sewage, as in most cities, was washed out into the streets where it found its way to the rivers with disastrous consequences. • In the first half of the 18th century, both London and Paris, the largest cities in Europe with respectively 1 and 2.4 million inhabitants by 1850, experienced a series of recurring epidemics of cholera and typhoid. In 1832 over 20,000 Parisians died in a cholera outbreak; London experienced similar outbreaks. This was caused by increasing amounts of sewage dumped into the Seine and Thames rivers. • London was one of the first cities in the world to build a sewer system and improve the quality of its drinking water supply. The London Board of Health eliminated cesspools in the late 1840s, and a Metropolis Water Act of 1852 forced water companies to move their intakes upstream and regulate their filtration and storage. Drinking water showed significant improvement by the 1850s, yet the problem of the Thames hit daily by 260 tons of raw sewage by the late 1850s-caused the most stir in the popular press as well as debate in parliament. Plans for a central drainage system were stalled through much of that decade by the uncertainties of medical science and the obstruction by London’s...
Words: 1328 - Pages: 6
...Peter McGovern British Literature Miriam Kroeker March 19, 2010 Soho Paper Soho has changed much throughout time from the Victorian time to modern days. It has had its problems such a cholera or racial issues, as well as social reform in the founding of its police force and the founding for China Town in 1985 by the Duke of Gloucester. It has also maintained a rich tradition in dining and drinking which has acquired its own rich history along the way. During the reign of Queen Victoria the population of England doubled due to Industrial Revolution witch also put new pressures on her society. This caused the crime rate to increase. Seeing the need to reform the police force of England, the Home Secretary Robert Pell developed what was a crude but partially effective police force. He formed ‘The Metropolitan Police Force’, and two men he put in charge of the force of 1000 men, were Charles Rown and Richard Mayne. All London’s police were the responsibility of one authority, under the direction of the Home Secretary, with headquarters at Scotland Yard. At the time their duty was not only crime prevention but inherited many of the watchmen’s duties, consisting of lighting lamps, calling out time, watching for fires, and providing other public services. “Bobbies or Peelers were not immediately popular. Most citizens viewed constables as an infringement on English social and political life, and people often jeered the police”(McDonnell). In much of...
Words: 1301 - Pages: 6
...city and in rural areas. In rural areas of the country latrines are needed; only a small portion of the rural population has access to them. Still there is a lot that can be done, and measures that can be taken to help decrease the spread of disease in this beautiful and exotic country. Lack of Water Sanitation in India Introduction The combination of untreated biological, chemical and industrial waste as well as raw sewage has contaminated the majority of India’s rivers. The pollution is affecting the flora and fauna levels in the rivers. The rivers are used for food, drinking and bathing, transportation, agriculture and also for religious rituals. The scale of water pollution has disastrous effects on the health of the people who depend on the rivers and water supply. Geographic and Demographics India is located in South Asia. Nepal and Pakistan are located to the northwest. China and Bangladesh are located to the northeast. The capital of India is Delhi, which is located in the northern part of India. The India Ocean, Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal surround the southern half of India. The Himalayan Mountains are located in the northern part of India and just...
Words: 3758 - Pages: 16
...Research Proposal on HIV Posted at: February 9, 2010 under: Sample Research Proposals by admin @ 7:04 am Problem Twenty years ago, the subject of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which has been found to be the cause of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), would not have been the topic of a major and serious worldwide catastrophe. Twenty years ago, people were not phased by the effects that would be caused by this ever so populating disease, and no one would have ever realized that this disease would not be curable or helped without expensive medicine. Like a simple exponential growth equation, the AIDS virus has increased victim numbers by about forty million all over the world. AIDS has also shown that it is not discriminating; it has infected all races and all heritages. The AIDS crisis extends far beyond its death toll, because more than seventy percent of the thirty-six million people with HIV/AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa. Last year alone, the disease killed 1.5 million people in Africa. One third of these victims are between the ages of ten and twenty-four. The disease has been described as a development crisis; it is profoundly disrupting the economic and social bases of families and entire nations at a rate of infection at 16,000 per day. Without immediate action, AIDS will surpass the effect of the Black Plague that killed forty million people in the late fourteenth century. It is estimated that only ten percent of the death that this disease...
Words: 3218 - Pages: 13
...Unit 12: Public Health Contents No. | Title | Page no. | 1 | P1: Describe key aspects of public health | 3 | 2 | P2: Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th century to the present day | 4-5 | 3 | P3: Describe current patterns of ill health and how they are monitored | 6 | 4 | P4: Explain the main factors affecting current patterns of health in the UK | 7-8 | 5 | P5: Explain health promotion and protection | 9 | 6 | P6: Explain appropriate methods of prevention/control for a named communicable and a named non-communicable disease | 10 | | Bibliography | 11 | P1: Describe key aspects of public health These are the key aspects of public health: 1) Monitoring health status – They do this by tracking changes in the health of the population and alerting people to potential problems, like the rising levels of obesity within the population....
Words: 1973 - Pages: 8
...[Name] [Course Title] [Instructor Name] [Date] Write a research paper on Poverty in Africa. Describe how/in what way it is such a big problem in the world, possible causes and possible solutions in which you think these problems can be solved. Contents Abstract 3 Introduction: 4 Overview of poverty in Africa: 4 Facts about poverty in Africa: 5 Graph: 6 Causes of poverty in Africa: 7 1. Corruption and Poor Governance: 7 a) Unbalanced Economic Systems: 7 2. Environment: 8 3. Poor Utilization of Land: 8 4. Increase in Population: 9 5. Diseases and poor health facilities: 10 Solutions to overcome poverty: 10 1. Overcoming government failure: 10 2. Education: 11 3. Population control 11 4. Focus on agriculture: 12 5. Other possible solutions: 12 References: 13 Abstract This paper will provide a deep insight into the problems of poor people and their causes of poverty. Other than that solutions to their issues regarding the government and basic necessities of live will be focused upon. The deprivation of services for the poor is another noticeable point in the paper. Introduction: Poor people are poor because of many reasons, but they remain poor because market and government does not support them. When capital markets fail, youth is unable to get loans to finance their education, they are not capable of maintaining their health and most importantly the government is unable to provide them with basic services and...
Words: 2300 - Pages: 10
...negative effects brought by industrialization. Pessimists argue that the quality of life for workers deteriorated greatly between 1780 and 1850, with very limited improvements for some skilled sectors before the 1870’s. This purpose of this paper is to analyze the debate from an economic and social perspective. We will examine both arguments and prove that although there was a rise in real wages, that rise was not as high as many optimists believe, and that the rise in real wages did not mean that the living standards of the average citizen were necessarily improved. This paper will substantiate that the benefits resulting from the rise in real wages, did not outweigh the costs that followed. We will examine how pollution, poor working conditions, and an overall lack of basic human rights and equality, plagued the British population and did not initially raise the living standards of the average person in Britain. The majority of debates between pessimists and optimists consist of exchanging evidence from various indices including money wages, and real wages. The optimist’s argument is one dimensional, purely economic, and boiled down to the fact that the Industrial revolution brought gains in real wages (P.H. Lindert, 1983). In a 1983 paper by optimists Peter Lindert and Jeffrey Williamson, the authors produced estimates of real wages in England from 1781...
Words: 2789 - Pages: 12
