...The 0.502 g sample of cholesterol and 5 mL of diethyl ether was dissolved over the steam bath. Added to this solution was 2.5 mL of 0.56 M Br2, and then cooled in an ice-water bath. After stirring for 10 minutes to ensure precipitation, a white crystalline paste was formed. The precipitate was collected using vacuum filtration and washed with cold diethyl ether-acetic acid then methanol. The product was recrystallized with ethanol and then vacuum filtered to obtain white crystals. The product formed was cholesterol dibromide from 2 bromine additions to the double bond on cholesterol.1 The mass of the cholesterol dibromide product was 0.429 g and the amount of moles was 7.8796 x 10-4 mol. The moles of the reagents were 1.2983 x 10-3 mol for...
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...journal entries (or the sum total, if that helps) and to synthesize some thread of thinking or learning that you find in there. You might build on a single entry or on something bridging multiple entries, but the point is to capture something that you are learning. We expect the paper to have some over-arching, coherent argument so that it is not simply a string of thoughts. A string of thoughts is fine for your journal entries, but here we do want some synthesis. You should not spend time summarizing your activities, unless that is essential for your argument. Grading Criteria The criteria we will use to evaluate the papers are listed below. Note that you do not have to address all of these criteria in one paper. We want you to address all of them over the course of the semester, but any single paper can focus on only one or two of these. Regardless of what you choose to write your reflection synthesis on, your paper must demonstrate clear, coherent argumentation. 1. Expression of Learning 2. Discussion and/or synthesis of course readings 3. Reflection on assumptions and cultural frames of reference 4. Connection to proposal process Word Count The reflection papers, except for the final one, should be at least 500 words, but not a lot longer than that. The final paper should be around 1,500...
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...Food Studies Role of calcium reducing risk factors in the diet. Calcium is a vital nutrient mineral in the diet. Some of it’s many functions include, the formation of bones and teeth, helping our blood to clot and intracellular signalling in nerves and muscle. When we consume insufficient amounts of this nutrient we can encounter many risk factors such as Osteoporosis. O’berine of the National Dairy Council states that over 200 million people have osteoporosis worldwide. This includes one in four women and results in weak brittle bones which can fracture easily. The Recommended Dietary Allowances for Ireland in 1999 were 800 mg per day for adult men and women. This RDA remains the same today. NANs 2011 reports that Calcium intakes were below the EAR(estimated average requirements) in 16% of women aged 18-64 years. This would contribute to the one in four women being diagnosed with osteoporosis as their calcium levels are too low. American Bone Health (2011) states that 90% of our bone mass has been formed by the age of eighteen. This is reflected in the fact that the RDA of calcium for teenager is 1200mg. If we can encourage young people to increase their calcium intake before reaching their peak bone mass we can greatly decrease the risk factor of developing osteoporosis. The After peak bone mass is reached our bones gradually lose mass and if we did not consume enough calcium this can lead to porous fragile bones. Therefore it is vital to increase our calcium intake before...
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...Sciences Cholesterol: Genetic, Clinical and Natural Implications Tanwi Priya1, Shashank Maurya2, Kishwar Hayat Khan3* 1, 2 3. School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India. Assistant Professor (Senior), Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India. ABSTRACT Cholesterol is a lipid that has multiple functions. It is of great importance for cell membrane structure and function in vertebrates. Metabolites of cholesterol viz. bile salts, steroid hormones and oxysterols, fulfill important biological functions. Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It is caused by an imbalance between cholesterol secretions into the blood and its uptake. This article is totally based on literature survey. The authors clearly explained the types of cholesterol, their functions and actions. They explored the cholesterol at molecular level by considering genes that regulate it. A number of diseases related to cholesterol were also highlighted. Plants products which can reduce the level of cholesterol were also explored. Moreover drugs that reduce cholesterol were also focused upon and the plant products which can act as their alternative were explained. Control of cholesterol through gene expression was also discussed. The aim of writing this article is to create awareness among the readers worldwide regarding the impact of cholesterol on their...
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...The differential diagnosis associated with this type of dyslipidemia are; hypercholesterolemia, Mixed hyperlipidemia, and other and unspecified hyperlipidemia (Tharpe, Farley, and Jordan 2013). Comparing the above lab results with the normal range of total cholesterol: <150mg/dL. The patient’s risk factor for cardiovascular accident is high, therefore diet modification, life style change and lastly medications should be added if the above proved unsuccessful. Although cholesterol is essential for different physiological process in health, including making cell walls and the synthesis of vitamin B2, it affects the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system when the opposite is noted. However, increased lipid level is attributed to deposit of fat in the arterial lining, which narrows the lumen leading to coronary artery diseases, stroke, and peripheral artery diseases. To obtain an accurate lipid panel result, the patient should be instructed to fast for at least 12 hours Bostock, (2016). Unfortunately, in case study # 1, a comprehensive health history and lifestyle wasn’t mentioned. Nevertheless, with the patient been overweight and have a high lipid level, her chances of developing cardiovascular problems is high,...
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...Statins Assignment What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is an example of a class of lipids called sterols. Sterols (also known as steroids) are compact hydrophobic molecules that contain four fused hydrocarbon ring and a number of different functional groups. Cholesterol is an important component of the plasma membranes in animal cells. It is essential for the production of sex hormones, producing bile salts, converting sunlight into vitamin D, and the up-keeping/forming of cell membranes. The leading organ responsible for producing cholesterol is the liver. Before cholesterol is released into the bloodstream the liver packs it with proteins and other compounds. This forms a lipoprotein. Lipoproteins are formed so that cholesterol can be transported through the bloodstream to where it is required. The two main types of lipoproteins are high-density...
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...AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 2 (APRIL-JUNE) 2009, pp. 205-210 205 AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 2 (APRIL-JUNE) 2009 An Experimental Study on Hypolipidemic effect of some selected Rûksha Guna drugs SANGRAM MISHRA * R. R. DWIVEDI** B. RAVISHANKAR*** B. K. ASHOK**** Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar. ABSTRACT : Âyurveda as well as Philosophies accepted the Guna as the basic entity of the Srishti. Gunas can be classified under various categories like Âdhyâtmika Guna, Gurvâdi Guna, Parâdi Guna, Vishistha Guna. For the treatment purpose Gurvâdi Gunas are widely used. Among them the Snigdha Guna and Rûksha Guna are widely used in the Samhitâs. This study has been carried out to establish the Rûksha property drugs on animals as a hypolipidemic effect on induced hyperlipidemia animals. The drugs selected were having Rûksha property by Rasa panchaka. The drugs were Vachâ (Acorus calamus Linn), Kushtha (Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke), Haridra (Curcuma longa Linn), Daruharidrâ (Berberis aristata DC), Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica), Karanja (Pongamia pinnata Pierre). All the drugs are having Lekhana property and Srotosodhaka karma due to Rûksha property. Based on this promise the test drug (Rûksha Guna) had been studied on various experimental models such as body weight, weight of liver, heart and kidney, food intake and faecal out put, water intake, total faecal fat content etc. The selected drugs are the representative of highest magnitude of Rûksha...
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...promotes atherosclerosis and increases the levels of blood clotting factors, such as fibrinogen. Also, nicotine raises blood pressure, and carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen that blood can carry. Exposure to other people’s smoke can increase the risk of heart disease even for nonsmokers. Diet Several aspects of people’s dietary patterns have been linked to heart disease and related conditions. These include diets high in saturated fats and cholesterol, which raised blood cholesterol levels and promote atherosclerosis. High Salt or sodium in the diet causes raised blood pressure levels. Physical Inactivity Physical inactivity is related to the development of heart disease. It also can impact other risk factors, including obesity, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, a low level of HDL (good) cholesterol, and diabetes. Regular physical activity can improve risk factor levels. Obesity Obesity is excess body fat. It is linked to higher LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglyceride levels and to lower HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Alcohol Excessive alcohol use leads to an increase in blood pressure, and increases the risk for heart disease. It also increases blood levels of triglycerides which can contribute to atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular disease is a catchall term describing diseases or conditions related to the heart and blood vessels. Heart disease, stroke and high blood pressure are the most common types of CVD. Almost 60 million Americans...
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...Drug Study Atorvastatin(lipitor) fourty mg one tablet once a day at HS eight pm DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Atorvastatin is an oral drug that lowers the level of cholesterol in the blood. It belongs to a class of drugs referred to as statins, which includes lovastatin (Mevacor), simvastatin, (Zocor), fluvastatin (Lescol), and pravastatin (Pravachol) and rosuvastatin (Crestor). All statins, including atorvastatin, prevent the production of cholesterol in the liver by blocking HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that makes cholesterol. Statins reduce total cholesterol as well as LDL cholesterol in blood. LDL cholesterol is believed to be the "bad" cholesterol that is primarily responsible for the development of coronary artery disease. Reducing LDL cholesterol levels retards progression and may even reverse coronary artery disease. Atorvastatin also raises the concentrations of HDL ("good") cholesterol that protects against coronary artery disease and reduces the concentration of triglycerides in the blood. Indications Reduce risk of stroke & heart attack in type 2 diabetes patients without evidence of heart disease but with other risk CV factors Reduce risk of stroke, heart attack and revascularizations procedures in patients without evidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) but with multiple risk factors other than diabetes (eg, smoking, HTN, low HDL-C, family history of early CHD) Patients with CHD to reduce risks of MI, stroke, revascularization procedures, hospitalization...
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...Gallbladder Disease The gallbladder is a sac located under the liver. It stores and concentrates bile produced in the liver. Bile aids in the digestion of fats, and is released from the gallbladder into the upper small intestine (duodenum) in response to food, especially fats. In the intestine, bile emulsifies fat, which prepares it for digestion, and then carries it into the cells so it can continue to be metabolized. The function of the gallbladder can be slowed or stopped by disease of this organ. Dr. Hoffman states “Gallbladder disease is a modern illness, with an estimated twenty million Americans have gallbladder disease” (1). With so many Americans affected by this disease let’s take a look at the contributing risk factors associated with gallbladder disease. The cause and contributing risk factors for the development of gallbladder disease are as follows by Dr. Hoffman (1): • Heredity. Gallstones occur slightly more frequently in Mexican Americans and Native Americans but also common in people of northern European stock. • Age. Gallbladder disease often strikes people over sixty years of age. • Gender. In medical school, the “five F’s” help doctors to remember the usual patient with gallbladder disease: fair, fat, forty, fertile, and female. Sexist as it sounds, it describes the group most frequently affected by gallbladder disease: overweight middle-aged white women with a history of several pregnancies. Excess estrogen may be implicated, since hormone replacement...
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...the pharmacist including parameters and knowledge of the test results. The furnishings I will need are chairs, tables, posters, and drawers or cases to keep and transport supplies. The supplies I will need are anything used for collection of samples including syringes and vials, or kits and devices used for less aggressive testing of cholesterol. 2. Regulations include that the site must be licensed to perform testing and must have a “Certificate of Waiver” license if it performs only waived tests. The sites must adhere to manufacturer’s instructions to perform the test, including “Good Laboratory Practice” such as trained personnel, competency, and evaluation. Must also agree to permit announced inspections of the site. 3. OSHA covers every aspect of workplace hazard avoidance. Regulations include health care workers and needle stick precautions, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and work practice and engineering controls in needle stick precautions. 4. Lipoproteins commonly tested for are LDL, HDL, and VLDL. LDL and HDL are the most important when discussing with a patient. 5. It is best to measure her total cholesterol and HDL. LDL can shoot up significantly after a meal. 6. Yes, her age, smoking, high blood pressure, and close relative put her as a candidate for CHD. 7. She has 4 countable NCEP factors: age, relative, smoking, and hypertension 8. Her 10 year risk score is 8%. 9. Her BMI is on the high side and she is overweight being close...
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...pumpkin seed oil is rich in zinc, insufficient supplement the body, prevention of prostate disease. Pumpkin seed oil also contains a unique steroid, this steroid can effectively help prostate enlargement and debilitating. Regulate blood sugar Pumpkin seeds contain high levels of linoleic acid, can effectively lower blood sugar, is diabetic medicine. Expert studies show that: Pumpkin and pumpkin polysaccharide protein can significantly improve insulin levels in diabetic rats, pumpkin seed oil and protein arginine may improve glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Regulation of blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, prevent atherosclerosis. Pumpkin seed oil containing more than 60% unsaturated fatty acids and vegetable protein. It was confirmed that the unsaturated fatty acids can emulsify, blood lipid decomposition, to improve blood circulation to improve serum lipid peroxides clear, the blood cholesterol and neutral fat content decreased, the residence time reducing fat in the blood vessel wall prevent arteriosclerosis. Pumpkin Seed Shelling Machine is a...
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...atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms. Trans fatty acid are fats that have been created in an industrial process that add hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils so they can become more solid. Trans fatty acids are seen on ingredient labels as “ partially hydrogenated oils”. Hydrogenated fats are considered as trans fats because these fats have been created in an industrial process. Trans-fatty acids are harmful because they raise the bad or LDL cholesterol levels and lower the HDL or good cholesterol levels in our bodies. They also increase the risk of heart disease and strokes and also have been associated with developing type 2 diabetes. Unsaturated fats are found in fish, nuts, seeds and oils from plants. Unsaturated fats are good for the body because they help lower blood cholesterol levels. Fiber helps normalize bowl movements, maintain bowl integrity and health, lowers blood cholesterol levels, helps control blood sugar levels, aid in weight loss, and may even reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Lipids are known as cholesterol that is a component found in blood fats. Dietary fibers can be found in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Dietary fibers are commonly classified into two categories, insoluble fiber, and soluble fiber. A diet high in fiber decreases the chance of constipation. Also high fiber in the diet may lower the risk of developing hemorrhoids and diverticular disease....
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...parents decided to get my sisters and I tested for high cholesterol and high blood pressure because there were many family members on both sides that had either or both of these diseases. Many family members died from heart attacks as a result of these diseases. I wanted to get test my cholesterol and blood pressure because the possibility of a heart attack in the future scared me. When I got the blood test back, it turned out that I had high cholesterol. My HDL levels were low, and my LDL levels were high. Even though my total cholesterol number was not terribly high, the fact that I had high cholesterol scared me. My parents found a cardiologist that I continue to visit yearly. The doctor put my on a cholesterol-lowering medicine to bring my cholesterol down. He warned me that I would have to continue to take the medicine for a number of years before I could possibly come off of it. I have taken this medicine for six years and continue to take it daily. As I get older, I realize that I do not want to be bound to this medicine for the rest of my life. I know that high cholesterol is genetic, but it can also be controlled by diet and exercise. My cardiologist explained that cholesterol can increase by eating foods high in cholesterol and saturated fat. As I evaluate this, I would like to aim to lower the amount of food I eat high in cholesterol and saturated fat. Over time, this could greatly decrease my cholesterol and reduce the risk of need for my medicine. Also, lowering...
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...Personal Assessments Chapters 9-12 Chapter 9 What Is Your Risk for Heart Disease? Coronary Disease Risk Prediction Score Sheet for Women Based on Total Cholesterol Level Step 7 - Adding Up the points Points Age - 3 Total Cholesterol - 1 HDL Cholesterol - 1 Blood Pressure - 2 Diabetes - 0 Smoker - 0 Point Total -7 Step 8 – 10 yr. CHD Risk Total – 6%. According to the book for men of the same age have a 5% average CHD risk and the low risk is 3%. Ok so according to this I’m doing ok just need to adjust my diet to get it to that 5% range or lower. Chapter 10 Thinking About Chronic Illness 1. I would only be thinking about how do I tell my daughter 2. Me being the person that I am, I would do my best to make the student feel very comfortable in the “new” her, by first giving pleasantries to her and tell her how good it is see her back and give her well wishes in this tough Health 101 class . I would be doing this while giving those that I overheard direct eye contact letting them know my distaste with their comments 3. I would have a family meeting and let them know my situation and explain that life as ordinary is going to change and that I am going to need to lean on their strength as we as a unit get through this difficult time and I need their patience and understanding as I put all my focus and concentration on my well-being. 4. Being that I’m very active and have loads of energy, I would probably accept the fact that it’s no longer a secret, embrace...
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