...book is to explore the claims and the strains, “given the historical animosity of some psychologists toward religion and some Christians toward psychology” (p.217), that arise from the intertwining of psychological and Christian theological views, in order to help us understand and appreciate humanity better than viewing from either perspective individually. “The closer one gets to considering psychotherapeutic and pastoral concerns, the greater the common ground and the greater possibility for conflict” (p. 36). The book’s focus is on integrative approaches in a well comprehended Christian worldview by which “we can evaluate our beliefs and behavior in light of the biblical message (p. 63), and “form a body of theories from which all prejudice, bias, and unjustifiable conjecture have been eliminated” (p. 199). The historical opposition and advocacy of the integration of the two views, along with the current integration research and application, is presented with the help of multiple psychological researchers. Entwistle’s view is that integration is possible if the proper cautions are taken; that “human nature can be mapped from two directions” (p. 198), if the disciplines participate in a productive interchange of complimentary findings. He seeks to treat the total patient - mind and spirit through integration, noting that ethical teachings of Christian faith are integral to psychology, not merely parallel to it. Entwistle takes the position that if we keep the books of God...
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...purpose, both structures act as a shrine for different religions to reach God. Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture. It was originally built in 360 AD and for more than a thousand years was a Christian church. The church was rebuilt in 532–537 during Emperor Justinian’s rule by architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Its interior was decorated with mosaics, marble columns and fresco paintings on the wall. The dome of Hagia Sophia is what fascinates architects, engineers and art historians the most. This particular design, pendentive—the triangular form providing the architectural transition between the circular and square shapes 1 . Just below the dome, 40 windows were placed letting light in and shine on the mosaics. The pendentives and the windows created an illusion of the dome floating above the wall. In 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. Shortly after, Sultan Mehmet II ordered the church to be converted into a mosque. In the years to follow, the interior and the exterior of the mosque began to change. Due to the Islamic customs, all the mosaic figures and paintings on the wall were obscured with plaster along with all Christian symbols. Minarets were...
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...II. The Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EJIM) Eritrean separatism began in earnest during World War II, as Eritrea passed from Italian to British rule in 1941 and remained under British administration until 1950. Arab states pushed for independence given the large Muslim population and ties to the Arab world from that community. The initial constitution in 1952 was ratified by Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, but Eritrea and Ethiopia were linked through a federal system, under the sovereignty of the emperor. Eritreans resisted Ethiopian rule and began armed struggle for their independence in 1958. The Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EIJM) began activity in 1975 when a group of Islamist-minded guerillas split off from the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) that had been fighting since the beginning of the Eritrean independence movement. The EIJM was formally established in 1980. Since independence in 1993, the EIJM (and its factions) have been the principal Muslim opposition group in Eritrea, seeking the violent overthrow of the ELF government led by President Isaias Afewerki. EIJM claims to only target the Eritrean government and its apparatus in the country, not Western targets, and seeks the establishment of an Islamic caliphate in Eritrea. The group is based in Sudan and is made up primarily of dissidents from the ELF, conservative Eritrean (and some other Muslims from Horn of Africa countries), and a Muslim youth network. The group is also known by a variety of other names—the...
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...Under the Surface I believe the American flag symbolizes unity, freedom, and a strong nation. Red represents hardiness and valor, white represents hope, purity, and innocence, and blue represent vigilance, perseverance, and justice. Since 9-11, America has been filled with hatred and the blame went on more than just a few of people but on an entire religion. Often times Muslims that has no affiliation with the attack has been categorize as terrorist. The Islamic as a whole is a great faith for one to follow but a small group associated with the religion has caused much shame to the community. Al-Qaeda is a militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Landen in the late 1980s, which was the terrorist organization solely responsible for the attack of 9-11. Al-Qaeda has redefined the way we look at the Islamic religion. Al-Qaeda is the reason many Americans view the Islamic religion in such a negative way and classifies all Muslims as terrorists. Al-Qaeda is a political movement with a demonstrated military ability, which has sought to bypass the state while co-opting its attributes and channeling its resources (Mohamedou 42). The organization, which coalesced in Afghanistan under the initial troika leadership of Palestinian teacher Abdallah Azzam, Egyptian surgeon Ayman al Dhawahiri, and Saudi businessman Osama Bin Laden in August 1989, was born more in context of a major international armed conflict, namely the Soviet Union’s failed take –over...
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...Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review Vol. 1, No.4; November 2011 THE SURVIVAL OF ISLAMIC BANKING VIS-À-VIS NON-INTEREST BANKING IN NIGERIA, AN OVERVIEW DR. AKINYEMI BALOGUN,* Head of Department, Accounting and Banking &Finance/Business Administration, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria ABSTRACT This Paper Examines and gives an Overview of the Survival of Islamic Banking visà-vis Non-Interest Banking In the Nigerian Economy, its background and Origin, a review on non-interest banking system in Nigeria compared with other countries, arguments from different analyst on Non-interest banking System, the implication of statutory auditor, the implication, the role of auditor, the laws and guidelines guiding non-interest banking in Nigeria, differences between Islamic banking system and conventional banking System, its benefit, timing, profit sharing and problem. KEYWORDS: Non-interest Banking, Islamic Banking, Statutory Auditors, Guidelines, Conventional Banks, Nigerian Economy, Overview, Benefits and profit sharing. *Dr. Akinyemi Balogun is a multi professional, a financial expert, a manager of repute, a chartered banker and associate chartered institute of marketing, fellow national institute of marketing, associate chattered institute of management. Dr. Akinyemi Balogun is the head of department of Business Administration, college of social and management sciences (COSMAS), in Achievers University, Owo. The views expressed in the paper are purely...
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...Chantal Badie Islamic Extremists English 135-Advanced Composition Devry University Dr. Ralph Monday April 7, 2011 Islamic Extremists Nearly everyone has heard about Islam and the Arab world. In addition, many countries have already faced issues with the Muslim believers. Islam has caused problems, terrorist attacks, anti-democracy all over the world. They were also very successful in sending a message of who they truly are. People who are literally obedient to the Islamic faith are called Islamic Extremists. People, who are of the Islamic faith however desire to survive in peace without tribulations are not considered obedient or dutiful to the Islamic faith, these people are called moderate Muslims. Therefore, the Islamic religious extremists are the major group in Islam who follow the Qur’an word for word and create extreme violence that moderate Muslims do not. Islamic extremism started in Egypt in the late 1920s. During the inter-war years, the country was occupied by the British military. The Nationalist Wafd movement, led by Saad Zaghloul, opposed the presence of the British, as would anyone whose country is being occupied by a foreign military power. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) In 1928, Hassan al-Banna established the term “The Muslim Brotherhood” which was the first Islamist movement. The British government supported the nascent movement in an attempt to counterbalance the Nationalists. In modern Egyptian politics, the Muslim Brotherhood is the largest...
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...Islamic Banking Malek Alraddadi 02-24-2014 FIN-610 Introduction This study debates upon the history of Islamic banking. What are the ethical issues involved in the implementation of Islamic banking. Since the birth of Islam what type of steps are taken and by whom these measurements were taken. Besides this this paper also declares the response and customers point of view regarding Islamic banking with the help of different studies. History of Islamic banking The term Islamic banking got regular in the 1960's, however the systems and thoughts of the framework were suggested and operated since the beginning of Islam. Numerous studies and explores have indicated that Islamic money components were utilized within the Muslim world all around the Middle Ages; in leading exchange and business exercises. Charging investment on credits was not regular in those days. The first run through investment bearing credits were generally utilized within the Muslim world, particularly in the Middle East, was throughout the Ottoman Empire's governed in the fifteenth century. Mehmet Ebusuud Efendi, the senior Islamic minister of the Ottoman Empire, issued a fatwa (decision) permitting the charging of investment and thinking of it halal (allowable) as long as it was underneath 10%. Despite the fact that it was clear in The Holy Quran that investment was strictly disallowed, practically nobody could challenge the senior Islamic priest's decision since testing him might mean testing the...
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..............................................7 3. Understanding Riba ...........................................................10 3.1 A world shaped by Riba.................................................... 10 3.2 What is Riba? ................................................................. 11 4. The Misunderstanding of Riba............................................20 4.1. Religious reformism and capitalism ................................... 20 4.2 The Islamic Reformers ..................................................... 23 4.3 The followers of Reda ...................................................... 27 4.4 The misunderstanding of Riba an-nasiah today.................... 28 4.5 Equating Riba to interest in a loan ..................................... 33 4.6 Islamic Banking .............................................................. 34 4.6.1 Islamic Banks are banks ............................................. 34 4.6.2 Murabaha: what it is and what it is not ......................... 38 4.6.3 How the Islamic Bank’s version of the contract of Murabaha came into being ................................................................. 41 4.6.4 The danger of making principles out of contracts............ 46 4.7 The Stages of the “Islamisation” process ............................ 48 4.8 On the methodology of modernism .................................... 49 5. Understanding Paper Money ..............................................54 5.1 Paper money backed by gold and...
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...WEEK 8ISLAM | | Cosmogony - Origin of the Universe | Muslims believe that Allah created the universe and everything in it. They, however, hold the belief that human beings were created on earth in several different or varied forms and conditions (71:14-19) | Nature of God/Creator | One God, referred to as Allah in Arabic. This is the same God revealed in the Jewish and Christian Bibles. He is a strict unity. There is no other God in existence. He created the universe and holds the ultimate sovereignty over all things. | View of Human Nature | Human beings are born in Al-Fitra (natural state of submission to Allah). They believe that human beings are not sinful by nature (since God forgave Adam and Eve), but they are vulnerable to sin and only true repentance from sin will make human beings who have sinned to be reverted to the original sinless state. The chief reason on humankind’s failing is pride and rebellion. | View of Good & Evil | Human beings are born with the natural instinct to differentiate between good and evil. They have the free will to choose between right and wrong. Right deeds involve following the guidance of Allah whereas wrong deeds involve identifying with Shaytan (the devil). Shaytan (Iblis or Devil) is not allowed to hurt people unless under permission from Allah. | View of Salvation | Salvation is achieved by submitting to the will of Allah. There is no assurance of salvation, as it is only granted upon Allah's mercy. The forgiveness of...
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...neighbors visit and hug each other to share the joy of this festival. Folk culture has greatly influenced this festival. Eid-ul-Azha Eid-ul-Azha, the second biggest festival of the Muslims, is observed in our country along with rest of the Muslim world. It is held marking the Hajj in Mecca on the 10th Zilhaj, the lunar month of the Islamic Calendar. Eid congregations are held throughout the country. The main feature of Eid-ul-Azha is the sacrifice of animals, especially cows and oxen. Animals are sacrificed in reminiscence of Prophet Ibrahim's (AM) preparedness for the supreme sacrifice of his beloved son to Allah. It is a public holiday. Eid-e-Miladunnabi - the birth day of Prophet Muhammad (sm) Eid-e-Miladunnabi is the birth and death day of Prophet Muhammad (sm). He was born and died the same day on 12th Rabiul Awal – a lunar month on the Islamic Calendar. The day is a national holiday. National flag is flown atop public and private houses. At night important public buildings are illuminated. Milad mahfil, a religious congregation in respect of the prophet, is held at mosques and houses. Muharram Muharram is a month of remembrance in Islamic calendar that is often considered synonymous with the event of Ashura – the day on which Hussain Ibn Ali, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad (sm), along with his 72 companions were killed by the forces of Yazid, the second Umayad caliph, at karbala...
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...Case study of terrorist group “Egyptian Islamic Al-Jihad” Name Course Instructor Paper due date Abstract The Egyptian Islamic Jihad, commonly abbreviated as EIJ is an Islamic terror group seeking to overthrow the Egyptian government and install an Islamic state. More recently, the EIJ has broadened its goals to debilitating and attacking the capabilities and interests of U.S and Israel, in Egypt and in other countries. EIJ is led by Ayman al-Zawahiri since 1991, and the group has carried out numerous terror attacks through its militant cells. EIJ’s most prominent attack is the assassination of former Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat in 1981. EIJ is considered a foreign terrorist group by the U.N. In the late nineties, EIJ had largely been eradicated from Egypt, but in 2001, the group merged with al-Qaeda, and it is now known as Qaeda al-Jihad. The command structure of al-Qaeda Jihad is centered on nine leadership seats. EIJ’s former leader al-Zawahiri is an acting commander of al-Qaeda. The group has been behind some of the most horrific terror attacks of the last two decades; the group has engineered many bombings and assassinations, which have killed many, most of them innocent people. The EIJ, in its turbulent wake leaves behind a legacy of wrath, pain and bloodshed. Main Body The Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) is also known as al-Gihad al-Islamic and Tanzim al-Jihad. Mhuammad Abd al-Salam Farraj founded EIJ in 1979 in Cairo, Egypt. Other notable...
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...ISLAMIC FINANCE: CAN IT BE A REMEDY FOR FINANCIAL CRISES? I. INTRODUCTION The financial system is at the heart of the modern economy. When this system works well, it enables to allocate resources that maximize the productivity of the economy. On the contrary when it does not work properly, the whole economy starts to decline. Because financial system must be considered as an in-built part of real economy in terms of credit mechanism. The recent global financial crisis began in August 2007 and after this time it spread gradually to the financial markets in the world. Although it is not severe as in its beginning phase but recovery is not but its aftershock is still going on. There has been numerous research conducted by many economists and analysts. According to the many of these studies, risky transactions, lack of surveillance, and greed that underlie this financial crisis. The relationship between Islamic finance and the financial crises has been discussed by many authors in some of these research. All those works has been done after the beginning of the global financial crisis. Thanks to its strength aspects include risk sharing mechanism, strict Sharia governance rules, tighter supervision and transparency policy, almost all of these works have been concluded that Islamic finance may make significant contributions to prevent financial crises like the current one. Also the reality of the limited impact of the current global financial crisis on Islamic Finance-based institutions...
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...ISLAMIC BANKING INDUSTRY Course Title Instructor Institution City and State Date Abstract Islamic banking is on a steep rise in western countries. The increase is due to the management and the demand of Islamic financial products from both the Muslim and the non-Muslim residents in the United Kingdom. Another contributor to the increase in Islamic financing is the fact that the opponents are slowly joining and investing in the Islamic financial products due to their high demand. The United Kingdom has emerged to be the core of Islamic banking for over thirty years now. The reason behind the tremendous performance in the Islamic banking industry is the fact the Islamic population is greatly increasing offering ready market for the financial products. The purpose of this paper is to examine in details the major contributors to the expanding Islamic banking industry as well as the major setbacks that face the Islamic banking industry mostly in the United Kingdom. The findings were collected from random questionnaires given and also interview conducted on four major groups which are; Islamic banking staff, the Islamic banking competitors, the clients and also the non-clients. Background The paper presents the general background of the Islamic banking industry in the United Kingdom as well as the challenges. The Islamic banking started as a result of the Egyptians’ Mit Shamir, who opted to share profits and losses back in the year 1963. After three years of operation...
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...Islamic Terrorist Groups: A Comparative Study of Terror Jason Schrand HSM 305: Survey of Homeland Security & Emergency Mgmt Instructor: Blake Cheary October 6, 2013 The phrase "Islamic Terrorist" conjures many images for different people. Many will recollect the acts of September 11, 2001 - the act of terror that led the United States first into an invasion of the Taliban-controlled nation of Afghanistan and then into the "Second Gulf War" with Iraq. While both wars made great progress toward the initial goals, namely the overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Hussein dictatorship in Iraq, as the years went by and the war dragged on, seemingly endlessly, the Islamic groups faced by the United States and her Allies seemed to be wearing down the civilian desire to continue to wage war. What American civilians do not seem to understand is that not only does the multitude of groups have very nearly the same goals, but they are also willing to die for their cause and will be almost impossible to defeat unless they are hunted and destroyed. A study of the Islamic terror groups must include historic examples; Islamic extremism is not a recent development, nor has the ideology of the extremist believers changed much since the Islamic Conquests began in the 7th Century. In F.M. Mickolus' work International Terrorism in the 1980's, Mickolus wrote that since 1968 alone two-thirds of the known incidents of terrorism in the world had occurred in...
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...Chantal Badie Islamic Extremists English 135-Advanced Composition Devry University Dr. Ralph Monday April 7, 2011 Islamic Extremists Nearly everyone has heard about Islam and the Arab world. In addition, many countries have already faced issues with the Muslim believers. Islam has caused problems, terrorist attacks, anti-democracy all over the world. They were also very successful in sending a message of who they truly are. People who are literally obedient to the Islamic faith are called Islamic Extremists. People, who are of the Islamic faith however desire to survive in peace without tribulations are not considered obedient or dutiful to the Islamic faith, these people are called moderate Muslims. Therefore, the Islamic religious extremists are the major group in Islam who follow the Qur’an word for word and create extreme violence that moderate Muslims do not. Islamic extremism started in Egypt in the late 1920s. During the inter-war years, the country was occupied by the British military. The Nationalist Wafd movement, led by Saad Zaghloul, opposed the presence of the British, as would anyone whose country is being occupied by a foreign military power. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) In 1928, Hassan al-Banna established the term “The Muslim Brotherhood” which was the first Islamist movement. The British government supported the nascent movement in an attempt to counterbalance the Nationalists. In modern Egyptian politics, the Muslim Brotherhood is the largest...
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