...In this lab, the use of gas chromatography was used to separate a mixture of components. These components then underwent infrared spectroscopy in order to identify their identity. For this lab, the unknown mixture had the code 130-O. This unknown was identified as t-butyl alcohol and cyclopentanone. These compounds were isolated by using the GC and determining when to change vials. The determination of when to change vials came when the first peak began to level of at the bottom. This was around 1.5 according to the GC screen. A source of error in this lab comes from the lack of a GC graph. Not acquiring a print out of the curve from the GC, causes inaccurate analysis of the data. A print out would have given the precise area of each curve...
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...from spinach leaves (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and beta carotene). The experiment also compared and contrasted two different methods of separation. The first part of the experiment explored column chromatography and the second part explored thin-layer chromatography. Introduction: (3 marks)* The three pigments that can be extracted from spinach (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and beta carotene) all differ based on their polarity, which arises from functional groups in their structure. The most effective way to separate pigments from spinach is based on their differences in their polarities and this lab explored two chromatographic methods to do so. Chromatography is the technique of separating organic mixtures by allowing them...
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...Chromatography is commonly used to separate mixtures to determine different chemical components. The main types of chromatography include gas, thin layer, paper and column chromatography. Generally used most, paper has a stationery phase and a mobile phase in a chromatographical experiment. The stationery phase is the paper itself absorbing the solvent, while the mobile phase is the solute moving up the strip of paper. Solvents are solids, liquids or gasses that dissolve the solute, in this instance it separates the pigments of the ink so you can see what colours make the solute. (ABC, 2018) Each solvent has a different structure based on their dielectric constant. The solvents being used in this experiment are acetone, acetic acid (5%) and...
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...An experimental method for determining pyrantel pamoate (PYR) via an isocratic reversed phase HPLC method with UV detection was previously optimized by Solich et al. In our experiment, we determine the PYR concentration in an old sample of a novel, anthelmintic raccoon bait. Chromatography was performed using a phenyl-hexyl column with a mobile phase of 0.5% triethylamine at pH 9.0 and acetonitrile 55 : 45 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1. For pyrantel determination, UV detection was performed at 290 nm. Analysis of the chromatographic study of the pyrantel base peaks showed that PYR makes up 2.05% of the raccoon bait by weight. Introduction Pyrantel pamoate is widely used in a variety of anthelmintic drugs, in the pharmaceutical and veterinary industries, that are designed to fight parasitic worm infections in both humans and animals. Raccoons...
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...In biology, in order to purify biological molecules, a common process called chromatography is often used. This process involves the separation of the large particles in the solution from the smaller particles. This is instrumental in filtering the solution, but without specialty scientific instruments, there is no way to immediately know the concentration of the, now separated, solution. However, there are multiple processes that are utilized to find unknown concentrations of a solution. One of these, known as the Bradford method, allows for an accurate, fairly simple, and timely assessment of these unknown concentrations by using a dye called the Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250. The samples that contain this dye are run through a spectrophotometer,...
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...Distillation and Gas Chromatography Goal: The goal of today’s experiment is to collect three different fractions for each distillation by separating two different volatile solutions. Once the fractions are collected, we will record the boiling point range and perform a gas chromatography an original mixture along with the three different fractions that were collected. Significance: This lab is very important if someone needs to separate two different volatile solutions. They can do the simple and fractional distillation, and then using the gas chromatography and compare with other people. This lab basically just teaches you how to separate solutions. During the separation process, there are some factors that must be taken in account, such as: vapor pressure, how polar is our compound, what our temperature for the column is and how long the column is. 1 Theory:...
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...The purpose of this lab was to purify crude product by column chromatography. The crude product to be purified in this lab was acetylferrocene contaminated with ferrocene. Column chromatography is a technique that utilizes the liquid solid absorption method. This technique has the advantage by isolating more of the product that need to be analyzed. In Column Chromatography the mixture that is being examined, mixture of our product or compound is dissolved in small amount solvent that is then placed on top of the column. Finely packed solid absorbent (silica gel) act as the stationary phase. In order for the mixture to move down the column a eluting solvent (mobile phase) is placed. The separation of the organic compounds depends on how...
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...Types of Chromatography Adsorption Chromatography Adsorption chromatography is probably one of the oldest types of chromatography around. It utilizes a mobile liquid or gaseous phase that is adsorbed onto the surface of a stationary solid phase. The equilibriation between the mobile and stationary phase accounts for the separation of different solutes. Partition Chromatography This form of chromatography is based on a thin film formed on the surface of a solid support by a liquid stationary phase. Solute equilibriates between the mobile phase and the stationary liquid. Ion Exchange Chromatography In this type of chromatography, the use of a resin (the stationary solid phase) is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it. Solute ions of the opposite charge in the mobile liquid phase are attracted to the resin by electrostatic forces. Molecular Exclusion Chromatography Also known as gel permeation or gel filtration, this type of chromatography lacks an attractive interaction between the stationary phase and solute. The liquid or gaseous phase passes through a porous gel which separates the molecules according to its size. The pores are normally small and exclude the larger solute molecules, but allows smaller molecules to enter the gel, causing them to flow through a larger volume. This causes the larger molecules to pass through the column at a faster rate than the smaller ones. Affinity Chromatography This is the most selective type of chromatography employed...
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...principle of biamperometry. The monitor applies a voltage between two identical electrodes, which causes the reduced mediator formed during the incubation period to be reconverted to an oxidized mediator. This generates a small current that is read by the monitor. If controls do not fall within the acceptable range after one repeat 1 Do not report the patient results (this would be if the operatoris running controls for the purpose of checking the meter; otherwise, the QC lockout would not have allowed the patient to be tested prior to getting the controls in acceptable range). 2 Review the test policy and procedure. 3 To get a trade, take all of the reagents and supplies out of the drawer and take the entire GTS to the High Volume Lab of Chemistry, 5th floor McCullough Bldg. 4 If feasible for the testing site, the Nurse Manager/designee or Clinic Manager can authorize the borrowing of a GTS unit from another location. cont. NOTE: The proper comment code (09) identifying a temporary GTS unit is being used should be entered after the patient result is displayed and before it is "entered" by the operator. Point of Care should be notified that the assigned GTS unit is not performing satisfactorily. 5 Control testing should be repeated with the borrowed monitor, and, if acceptable, patient testing can be performed and reported. 6 If the problem cannot be resolved with a borrowed monitor, a patient sample should be collected and sent to the clinical...
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...ULTRAVIOLET/VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY PURDUE UNIVERSITY INSTRUMENT VAN PROJECT ANALYSIS OF PLANT PIGMENTS USING PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND VISIBLE AND/OR UV SPECTROSCOPY (1-31-96) INTRODUCTION We have seen that all cells must constantly consume fuel molecules to maintain themselves, grow, and reproduce. Fuel molecules such as glucose constitute an immediate source of energy for biological work that can be released by catabolic cell processes. However it is necessary that life on earth have a constant source of energy that can be harvested and used to generate complex fuel molecules from simple starting materials. The ultimate energy source upon which all life forms depend is visible light from the sun. Light energy must first be transformed into chemical(bond) energy before it can be utilized by the living cell. This transformation is achieved only in the cells of green plants and certain bacteria. In green plants it is coupled with a transformation of matter in which relatively low-energy compounds, carbon dioxide and water, are converted into high energy chemical molecules that become subunits of carbohydrates. There are four different pigment groups present in leaves of photosynthesizing plants. Studies indicate that only the chlorophyll IS involved in the actual absorption of light energy and later conversion to chemical energy of living cells. The other pigments also absorb light energy, but it is transferred to the chlorophyll for conversion to chemical energy. Biochemists have...
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...Torres 1 Luis A. Torres Group #11 USC Chemistry 322b Formal Lab Report 6th November 2015 I. II. Enzymatic Resolution of 1-Phenylethanol and Diastereomer Analysis Objective/Abstract Enzymatic transesterification reaction was performed to study the resolution of diastereomers using 1H-NMR analysis. The stereo-selectivity of acylase I, an enzyme, for a 50:50 racemic mixture of 1-phenylethanol was determined. In the first of a two-step reaction, 1-phenylethanol was reacted with vinyl acetate with the help of acylase I to form an ester, unreacted 1-phenylethanol, and vinyl alcohol. The unreacted 1phenylethanol was separated from the ester by column chromatography and confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In the second reaction, the unreacted 1-phenylethanol was reacted with (R)-(-)-acetoxyphenylacetic acid to form a diastereomer ester. In the latter reaction, four different 1-phenylethanol samples were used in order to compare 1HNMR data of the resulting diastereomer esters and determine which enantiomer of the 50:50 racemic mixture was preferred by acylase I. Those four samples were: (1) racemic 1-phenylethanol, (2) unreacted 1-phenylethanol, (3) (R)-1-phenylethanol, and (4) (S)-1phenylethanol. After 1H-NMR analysis, it was found that the (S)-1-phenylethanol was preferred by acylase I. III. Introduction and Background Information Scheme 1: Reaction of 1-phenylethanol with vinyl acetate in the presence of the enzyme acylase I to produce 1-phenylethyl...
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...http://www.labcompliance.com/tutorial/methods/default.aspx?sm=d_d TutorialHome | Contact Us | Newsletter | Usersclub | Books | Audio Seminars Seminars Audio Seminars Video Seminars Workshops Literature Books SOPs Validation Examples Free Literature Glossary Usersclub Intro Log-in Register Preview Renewal Tutorials Risk Management Practices Computer Validation Part11 Method Validation ISO 17025 Lab Equipment Qualification Good Laboratory Practices About About Labcompliance Contact Labcompliance Scope Tax/Bank Information All come with 10+ Best Practice Documents: SOPs, Checklists, Examples Transfer of Analytical Procedures According to the New USP Chapter <1224> With SOPs, templates and examples for easy implementation March 21, 2013 Quality by Design (QbD) for Analytical Method Development and Validation Learn how to design robustness for easy transfer and to avoid OOS situations Recorded, available at any time Validation of Analytical Methods for GLP and Clinical Studies Learn how to design, prepare, conduct and document for FDA compliance Recorded, available at any time Eight Steps for Cost-effective Laboratory Compliance Up-to-date overview, hot topics and trends. Recorded, available at any time Verification of Compendial Methods according to the New USP Chapter <1226> Understand the new risk based approach and and get real world case studies for testing Recorded, available...
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...CHEM 5 Quantitative Analysis Laboratory Outline. 55labout.doc 02/06/05 Objectives: • development of quantitative laboratory skills • introduction to modern analytical science • Approach: • solve a series of chemical analysis problems with various techniques and instruments • certify laboratory instruments and standards • maintain laboratory records in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines Schedule: Weeks 1-6 - Perform a Basic Set of 8 fundamental experiments (Series A) Weeks 5-15 Two parallel activities will be sustained: - Perform a series of quantitative studies (Series B) - Calibration of laboratory instruments (Each student or student group will perform each experiment in the B-series.) (Each student or student group will perform the calibration of laboratory instruments __________________________________________________________________ Series A. Basic Quantitative Techniques Introductory Experiments (A-1) Experiment 1 Use of the Analytical Balance (page 727) (A-2) Experiment 2 Use of the Pipet and Buret and Statistical Analysis (page 729) Gravimetric Analysis (A-3) Experiment 3 Gravimetric Determination of Chloride (page 730) Volumetric Analysis Acid-Base Titrations Neutralization Titrations (A-4) Experiment 6 Determination of Replaceable Hydrogen in Acid by Titration with Sodium Hydroxide (page 736) (A-5) Experiment...
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... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 Using Drugs to Reduce Detection Times . . . 3 Test Methods 3.1 Substances that are Detectable . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 DrugAlert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Gas Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry . . . . . 3.5 Hair testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 High Performance Liquid Chromatography . . . . . 3.7 ImmunoAssay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1 Radio ImmunoAssay (aka AbuScreen) . . . 3.7.2 Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique 3.7.3 Fluorescence Polarization ImmunoAssay . . 3.8 PharmChek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 TestCup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 11 13 13 13 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 21 21 21 22 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 CONTENTS 3.10 Thin Layer Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4 Test...
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...Chlorophyll Chromatography Subject Area: Chemistry Grade Level: Middle School Chemistry Lesson Title: Chlorophyll Chromatography National Science Education Standards: Science as Inquiry: 5–8 • Properties and Changes of Properties: 5–8 Suggested Prior Knowledge: concepts of solutions, mixtures, separation of mixtures, solubility Purpose: To give students an understanding of paper chromatography and to allow students to separate a mixture of pigments extracted from leaves. Key Vocabulary: absorbent—material used in chromatography that will attract and absorb the compounds being separated chlorophyll—one of many pigments used by plants to absorb energy from sunlight in the process of photosynthesis chromatography—method used to separate a mixture of compounds based on differing solubilities of the compounds in the solvent being used eluent (solvent)—material used in chromatography which carries the compounds to be separated through the absorbent photosynthesis—process by which plants convert energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide gas into sugar solute—substance dissolved in a solution solution—homogeneous mixture of two or more substances solvent—substance dissolving the solute in a solution Objectives: 1. Students will be able to design and carry out an investigation to separate the pigments from a leaf by paper chromatography. 2. Students will identify a mixture by separating it...
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