...Bronchitis (also known as a chest cold) is a disease in which the bronchial tubes leading to the lungs become inflamed, leading to coughing and shortness of breath. When learning about bronchitis, it is important to know how the lungs function. When a person breathes, the diaphragm (located between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity) goes down, bringing air into the lungs in a vacuum. The lungs are the organ that brings oxygen into the body and send carbon dioxide out. This process is known as gas exchange, or respiration. Inside the lungs, the two main branches called bronchi split into smaller tubes called bronchioles. There are thousands of bronchioles within each lung. These bronchioles each end with bunches of sacks filled with...
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...electricity-generating source having a share of 40.6% according to International Energy Agency report released in 2012. China is the main producer of coal having 45.9% of the total coal production share in the world (International Energy Agency, 2012 report, pp 14). Thus it is clear that China would have the biggest impact on the environment due to its large scale coal production. Bian et al in their paper say that the wastes of coal production are dumped in a cone shaped heap and has severe environmental consequences through dust generation, leachate production, self ignition and because of having no vegetation cover (Bian et al, 2008, pp 625). In the past, attention was paid to air pollution caused by emissions in the coal burning process however now more research is done to environmental degradation in terms of land pollution due to improper waste management. When there is no proper disposal of soal mining wastes, they diffuse into the soil and nearby rivers, disrupting the water and land quality, esthetic and visible issues and creates ecological hazards. Runsheng LV and Yanyong Bo Ll in their paper examining groundwater pollution due to mining in china have stated that the ground water reaches only 65% of the water quality and...
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...Amine Elkettani P.3 Research Paper 4/21/17 Elkettani 1 Smoking tobacco products is deadly and tobacco products should be illegal. Nicotine one of the main ingredients in cigarettes is very addictive. When the nicotine goes inside the blood the nicotine makes the adrenal glands release adrenaline which makes the central nervous system raise your blood pressure, your breathing rate and heart rate. Tobacco reacts with your brain the same way some major addictive drugs such as heroin and cocaine do. Tobacco products are very deadly 480,000 Americans die every year because of tobacco related deaths. Tobacco is the leading cause of death in the world. Smoking cigarettes kills more...
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...Norfolk State University Argumentative Research Paper Why One Should Not Smoke by Rashege V. Johnson-Manley Submitted for Portfolio Requirement in ENG 102 (51) April 28, 2009 Argumentative Paper Outline Title of Paper: Why Should One Not Smoke Thesis Statement: There are different reasons as to why one should not smoke. I. Introduction: There are different reasons as to why one should not smoke. ll. Socialization: Being part of a group lll. Second hand smoke Health lV. Conclusion: I challenge you to stop smoking. Statement of purpose: To argue why one should not smoke. There are different reasons as to why one should not smoke; because people are different some people do choose to smoke. One may smoke because smoking can make one feel as though he/she is a part of a particular group. Smoking can give a relaxing feeling, thus, smoking can make one feel good, according to some smokers. If one already smokes and his/her smoking is out of control, he/she just might not be able to quit smoking without a very strong desire to quit, an extremely good support system and serious education as to the disadvantages of smoking. So, they are some of the reasons why some people smoke. Now, let’s consider why one should not Smoke, which is without a doubt...
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...With the great concern surrounding the destruction of the earth’s atmosphere due to air pollution, the immediate and direct harm caused to the human body is often over shadowed. While many are aware that our careless use of hazardous chemicals and fossil fuels may leave the planet uninhabitable in the future, most over look the fact that they are also cause real damage to our bodies at this moment. Such pollutants cause damage to our respiratory system, leading to the fluctuation of the life span of an individual depending on a number of conditions. Amongst these conditions are the individuals specific geographic location, age, and life style. This paper is structured as a series of relevant questions and answers to report on the description of these pollutants there affects on our bodies. What are the pollutants? And how do they affect our bodies? In order to understand how air pollution affects our body, you must under stand exactly what this pollution is. The pollutants that harm our respiratory system are known as particulates. Particulates are the small solid particles that you can see through a ray of sunlight. They are products of incomplete combustion in engines (example: automobile engines), road dust, and wood smoke. Billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world every year. When these fuels burn they produce smoke and other by-products into the atmosphere. Although wind and rain occasionally wash away the smoke given off by power plants and automobiles...
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...The Medical Marijuana Controversy Medical Marijuana is a large controversial subject in today’s society. You may hear about it in the news, on the radio, in a magazine, it is a matter you hear about on a daily basis. As you may know Marijuana has been used for as long as we have known it for recreational and enjoyment purposes. Only in the last decade have you heard of the drug has being more commonly used for medical purposes such as cancer, HIV and other severe medical conditions. These controversies consist of the two opposing views on medical Marijuana; those who support it and its legalization and those who are against it and believe it should be banned. According to thorough medical research and studies, Marijuana does show signs of relief and treatment for numerous medical conditions. Diseases and illnesses such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, Arthritis, HIV/AIDS, depression and many more effect are large percentage of people in the United States today. With very few or no treatments and cures for these illnesses, medical Marijuana has become an alternative for people suffering. Marijuana contains an active ingredient known as THC or tetrahyricannabinol. This ingredient provides the “high effect” after smoking the drug. The American Cancer Society states how clinical tests established that, THC reduces pain and other symptoms of cancer. With this being, the FDA has approved the THC in Marijuana for medical and therapeutic uses. (Tashkin) Although Marijuana might have a...
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...Health People 2020 Objectives Health People 2020 Objectives In today’s society it has never been more pressing for society to take serious its health and health practices and make changes to better themselves. Using Health People 2020 as a foundation this paper will serve to identify objectives and identify how biological risk (including age-related risk), environmental risk (including economic risk), and behavioral risk contribute to family health risks for those objectives noted by Health People 2020. The two objectives that will be discussed include smoking, to include health related problems that result in this behavior, and respiratory illnesses, including Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Within the paper, prevention of exacerbation will also be noted as it relates to each illness. Tobacco Use Scientific knowledge about the health effects of tobacco use has increased greatly since the first Surgeon General’s report on tobacco was released in 1964. The most successful interventions of many clinical trials incorporated elements of social or organizational change to modify individual behavioral risk factors, such as alcohol and tobacco consumption, diet, and physical activity. Most behaviors are not randomly distributed in the population, but rather are socially patterned and often cluster with one another. Thus, many people who drink also smoke cigarettes, and those who follow health-promoting...
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...test (6MWT). Specifically, it reviews indications, details factors that influence results, presents a brief step-by-step protocol, outlines safety measures, describes proper patient preparation and procedures, and offers guidelines for clinical interpretation of results. These recommendations are not intended to limit the use of alternative protocols for research studies. We do not discuss the general topic of clinical exercise testing. As with other American Thoracic Society statements on pulmonary function testing, these guidelines come out of a consensus conference. Drafts were prepared by two members (P.L.E. and R.J.Z.) and were based on a comprehensive Medline literature search from 1970 through 2001, augmented by suggestions from other committee members. Each draft responded to comments from the working committee. The guidelines follow previously published methods as closely as possible and provide a rationale for each specific recommendation. The final recommendations represent a consensus of the committee. The committee recommends that these guidelines be reviewed in five years and in the meantime encourages further research in areas of controversy. BACKGROUND There are several modalities available for the objective evaluation of functional exercise capacity. Some provide a very complete assessment of all systems involved in exercise...
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...Organic Chemistry I Research Paper on Pseudoephedrine By: Natalie Roberts Jennifer Dargis Nakeesha Longeley Pseudoephedrine is a phenylethylamine which is utilized as a pharmaceutical product. It has the official IUPAC name of (1S,2S)-2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol, and the CAS number of 90-82-4. Psuedoephedrine contains three functional groups: amine, hydroxyl, and ethyl in its ring; it also has one stereogenic carbon. The enantiomer of pseudoephedrine is ephedrine, and this substance can form two other diastereomers as well. Pseudoephedrine contains covalent bonds (both and double) and hydrogen bonds. A two-dimensional and three-dimensional structure are given below. [pic] [pic] Psuedoephedrine is also synthesized in various ways, sometimes with methods that add an amide to its structure in order to alter its medicinal effect. One of the most efficient techniques for synthesizing pseudoephedrine is given below: [pic] Reagents and conditions: (i) (CH2O)n, PTSA, benzene, reflux, 1 h; (ii) 1 equiv. NaBH4, MeOH, 2 h; (iii) PhMgBr, THF, 0°C–rt, 3 h; (iv) (CH2O)n, PTSA, benzene, reflux, 1 h; (v) NaCNBH3/TMSCl, CH3CN, rt, 30 min; (vi) conc. HCl, reflux, 2 h Pseudoephedrine is originally obtained as an alkaloid from the Oriental plant genus of Ephedra; as shown above, however, it can also be prepared artificially. The most common method of creating pseudoephedrine today is from yeast fermentation of dextrose in the presence of benzaldehyde. Typically...
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...Chapter I I. INTRODUCTION Many people nowadays smoke cigarette even teenagers smoke. Some people have no idea about the chemical of a tobacco and what it can cause to a human body. This paper is intended to give the readers an idea of the factors that trigger cigarette smoking amongst young generation of today, effects of cigarette, like cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. By reading this paper, a person can gain knowledge about the effects of smoking cigarette. So when a person reads this especially those who smoke, he or she may quit or lessen smoking because he or she will know the bad effects of cigarette smoking. It is considered that cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death, leading to an annual five million deaths around the globe. It is estimated that if current smoking patterns carry on, the annual death toll could rise to more than eight million by 2030. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for many cancers and respiratory diseases. The heavier the usage of an individual and the longer he smokes, the higher the risks for smoking-related illnesses. Cigarette smoking involves inhaling smoke into the lungs. A cigarette contains more than 4000 poisonous chemicals such as nicotine, arsenic, methane, ammonia, cadmium, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, butane, and hydrogen cyanide. Inhaled cigarette smoke can damage the lungs' cilia, tiny hair-like structures that sweep away debris from the lungs. With the cilia paralyzed...
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...want to be cool? There are many reasons why you should not-start smoking and why you should stop smoking now. II. Backgroud of the study Smoking is an adaptive behaviour which in most cases acquired when an individual is aware of the effects the associated with the habit. A large number of smokers know both the long and short term, smoking is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, emphysema, and also premature aging. ‘‘Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health?” This is the packaging warning message. Cigarette, from the french word “cigarette”, meaning “small cigar”. Is a small cylinder effects of this habit which include respiratory diseases and cancer. Shockingly of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking. The term cigarette is commonly used, refers to a tobacco but can apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as ascloves or cannabis. The smoking habit is easily acquired by an individual. This is because there are various reasons attract an individual into attempting to smoke. Some individuals take the habit as a show off thus they start smoking since they believe in an ideology which says that it looks cool to smoke in public. Others start through copying members of their families or friends who are smokers. The other reason is age pride. This is whereby an individual starts smoking after attaining the age of eighteen years which is taken as maturity age by many teenagers. More also, peer...
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...as: • The Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC), 2005-2009 • The National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC), 1985- 2005 NOHSC was initially assigned the task of assessing and setting workplace exposure limits for Australia. The exposure database NOHSC employed was originally obtained from: • The American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) • The United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE) The initial exposure limits were acquired from these organisations because of the wealth of experience and research that both America and the UK had with occupational exposures. The ACGIH specified exposure limits as Threshold Limit Values (TLV). These values were derived from animal and human research as well as industry knowledge and epidemiology. Safe Work Australia creates exposure standards based on a range of information from work health and safety statistics to continuing formal research on exposures to substances found in the workplace. A significant increase in harmful health effects from a specific substance through statistical analysis prompts SWA to assess the current exposure limit to determine whether it needs to be controlled to protect the workforce. Proposed exposure limit changes are then put out into the community for feedback. Exposure Standards listed under the NOHSC Adopted National Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment (NOHSC: 1003, 1995) are then used as the limits for...
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...develops during or following a stay in a healthcare facility. In contrast, patients who are diagnosed with CAP have had no contact within a health care setting prior to presenting with the infection (Driver, 2012). Pneumonia may be present as a mild illness but has the potential to be life-threatening. Despite advances in research, pneumonia remains a common illness contributing to the death of young children in developing countries and the elderly population of developed countries throughout the world (Ruuskanen, et al., 2011). In 2010, approximately 50,000 people in the U.S. died after developing the infection (CDC, 2014). From a global perspective, 450 million cases of pneumonia are recorded annually and roughly 4 million of those diagnosed will die from this illness (Ruuskanen, et al., 2011). CAP is the eighth-leading cause of death within the U.S. and is the leading cause of death from infection in the developed world (Brown, et al., 2012). While anyone is susceptible to contracting it, certain risk factors increase the chances of developing the infection. Research confirms that pneumonia is more serious in younger and older populations; people with chronic health problems; and people who have weak immune systems (CDC, 2014). In the U.S., the population older than age 65 account for nearly two thirds of hospitalizations and 90 percent of deaths associated with...
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...dangerous not only for the smoker, but also for those around the smoker. Secondhand smoke is the third leading cause of preventable death (after active smoking and alcohol), according to the Manitoba Medical Association. They also say that the smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals, 50 of which are known to be cancer-related. Secondhand smoke has been linked to heart and respiratory disease; lung, breast, cervical, and nasal sinus cancers; strokes and miscarriages. In children, dangers include sudden infant death syndrome, fetal growth impairment, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma and middle-ear disease. People who smoke subject themselves to deadly diseases, as well as long- and short-term health problems. Non-smokers should not have to live with the consequences of smokers' actions. http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/essay/an-essay-on-should-smoking-be-banned-in-public-places.html Many surveys, studies and scientific research has proved that smoking is injurious to health. Smoke is unhealthy and suffocating. It pollutes the environment. There are two types of smokers - active and passive. The person who smokes is active and other who are near to him and inhale the smoke are passive smokers. Both are equally affected by the ill effects of smoking. Smokers and non-smokers meet at many places like offices, buses, hotels, etc. So, considering the bad effects of smoking on individual's health, environment as well as individual rights, it should be banned in public places...
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...Social Capital and Work Performance of Doctors AIR POLLUTION IN KARACHI ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH Prof. Dr. Gheyas Uddin Siddique* Dr. Muhammad Nadeem-ullah** ABSTRACT Air Pollution is one of the main problems of urban area of our society. Air pollution occurs when so many contaminants are released by the industries and motor vehicles. Karachi is one of the top 10 cities of the world which has the highest level of pollutants packed into the air. Air pollution is affecting the health of common men. People often suffer in respiratory diseases like asthma, lungs diseases and cancer etc. It has become a serious health hazard for Karachiites. In the present research paper, the researcher has tried to explore causes of air pollution and its effects on human health. It has been observed that the number of private vehicles is increasing day-by-day due to lack of good public transport facilities. The roads are not broad enough to allow this big number of vehicles run comfortably. In near future there is no hope for extension of roads so on the basis of findings some recommendations are made, and by implementations of those the effects of air pollution can be minimized. But sincerity and commitment is required for it. Key Words: Air Pollution, Vehicles, Health, Karachi Introduction We know that the health of a common person of urban areas, particularly of Karachi is not satisfactory. Due to one or other reason 95% people are suffering various diseases. Apart from...
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