...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Information on what is COPD COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. It is a common and serious chronic lung disease (2014, April 26). Over time, it gets worse due to the lack of air going into the lungs (2014, April 26). It makes it hard to breath. Smokers have a high risk of getting COPD. Other factors that lead to lung irritation are air pollution, chemicals fumes, smoke, or dust (2014, April 26). COPD has two main forms. COPD can generate from chronic bronchitis. It is a long term caught with mucous (2014, April 26). The second form is emphysema, which involves damage to the lungs over time (2014, April 26). COPD Symptoms: Symptoms typically worsen within time. Daily cough and sputum is one of the main symptoms. Other symptoms are shortness of breath, especially during physical activity. Wheezing, chest tightness, lack of energy, weight loss, frequent repertory infections, blueness of the lips or...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD; Emphysema) Pathophysiology Abakyereba Kwansemah June 4, 2014 Abstract D.Z.is a 65-year-old man admitted to medical ward with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; emphysema). Past medical history (PMH) indicates hypertension (HTN), well managed with enalapril (Vasotec) past six years, diagnosis (Dx) of pneumonia yearly for the past three years. D.Z. appears cachectic with difficulty breathing at rest. Patient reports productive cough with thick yellow-green sputum. He seems anxious and irritable during subjective data collection. He states, he has been a 2-pack-a-day smoker for 38 years. He complains of (c/o) insomnia and tiredness. His vital signs (VS) are 162/84, 124, 36, 102° F, SaO2 88%. Admitting diagnosis is chronic emphysema with acute exacerbation. Admitting orders includes: diet as tolerated; out of bed with assistance; oxygen (O2) to maintain SaO2 of 90%; maintenance IV of D5W at 50 ml/hr.; intake and output (I&O); arterial blood gases (ABGs) in AM; CBC with differential, basic metabolic panel (BMP), and theophylline (Theo-Dur) level on admission; chest x-ray (CXR) q24h; prednisone 60 mg/day PO; doxycycline 100 mg PO q12h x10 days, azithromycin 500 mg IV piggyback (IVPB) q24h x2 days then 500 mg PO x 7 days; theophylline 300 mg PO bid; heparin 5000 units SC q12h; albuterol 2.5 mg (0.5 ml) in 3 ml normal saline (NS) and ipratropium 500 mg by nebulizer q4-6h;...
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...Contraindications Safety Issues Technical Aspects of the 6-Minute Walk Test Required Equipment Patient Preparation Measurements Quality Assurance Interpretation References PURPOSE AND SCOPE This statement provides practical guidelines for the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Specifically, it reviews indications, details factors that influence results, presents a brief step-by-step protocol, outlines safety measures, describes proper patient preparation and procedures, and offers guidelines for clinical interpretation of results. These recommendations are not intended to limit the use of alternative protocols for research studies. We do not discuss the general topic of clinical exercise testing. As with other American Thoracic Society statements on pulmonary function testing, these guidelines come out of a consensus conference. Drafts were prepared by two members (P.L.E. and R.J.Z.) and were based on a comprehensive Medline literature search from 1970 through 2001, augmented by suggestions from other committee members. Each draft responded to comments from the working committee. The guidelines follow previously published methods as closely as possible and provide a rationale for each specific recommendation. The final recommendations represent a consensus of the committee. The committee recommends that these guidelines be reviewed in five years and in the meantime encourages further research in areas of controversy. BACKGROUND There are several modalities available for the objective evaluation...
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...Journal ISSN 0903-1936 REVIEW Pulmonary surfactant in health and human lung diseases: state of the art M. Griese Pulmonary surfactant in health and human lung diseases: state of the art. M. Griese. #ERS Journals Ltd 1999. ABSTRACT: Pulmonary surfactant is a complex and highly surface active material composed of lipids and proteins which is found in the fluid lining the alveolar surface of the lungs. Surfactant prevents alveolar collapse at low lung volume, and preserves bronchiolar patency during normal and forced respiration (biophysical functions). In addition, it is involved in the protection of the lungs from injuries and infections caused by inhaled particles and micro-organisms (immunological, non-biophysical functions). Pulmonary surfactant can only be harvested by lavage procedures, which may disrupt its pre-existing biophysical and biochemical micro-organization. These limitations must always be considered when interpreting ex vivo studies of pulmonary surfactant. A pathophysiological role for surfactant was first appreciated in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome and hyaline membrane disease, a condition which is nowadays routinely treated with exogenous surfactant replacement. Biochemical surfactant abnormalities of varying degrees have been described in obstructive lung diseases (asthma, bronchiolitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and following lung transplantation), infectious and suppurative lung diseases (cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and...
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...Madeya Chunawala Audience Analysis Survey 1. What is your age? 2. What is your gender? Male Female 3. What is your race? African-american/black ________ White ________ Latino _________ Asian American _________ Other __________ 4. What is your Hobby? 5. What is your religion? 6. What is your major? 7. What did you like the most about my speech? 8. Do I need to improve my speech? Topics of Informative Speech First Topic: Smoking and its effect Second Topic: Abuse of children Third Topic: Drinking and driving Madeya Chunawala Topic: Smoking and its effect General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the effects of smoking. Central idea: The effects of smoking cause several diseases and lead to death. Introduction: I. Attention-getting device: According to inforesearchlab.com/smoking death, smoking will kill 6.5million people in 2015. It also states that over 443,000 American dies because of smoking every year. II. Relevance: Being informed about the effects of smoking will help us to save our life. III. Credibility: I’ve never did smoking, but I have seen many deaths due to smoking in my family...
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...admitting diagnosis for this 82 year old male was Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lower respiratory tract due to an infectious agent that impairs gas exchange due to alveolar edema and congestion (Thiem, Heppner, & Pientka, 2011). There are many factors that predispose individuals to pneumonia; however, in the case of this patient the predisposing factors are age and the presence of chronic diseases. The patient’s complete history and demographics can be found in Appendix A. The classic clinical manifestations of pneumonia consist of a temperature above 38 degrees Celsius, diaphoresis, cough, and shortness of breath, chest pain, tachycardia, purulent sputum, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (Thiem, Heppner, & Pientka, 2011). Physical examination will show signs of percussion dullness over the affected area, diminished breath sounds, and crackles. The patient will also often present as hypotensive with a systolic pressure of less than 90 mm Hg (Thiem, Heppner, & Pientka, 2011; Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen, O’Brien, & Bucher, 2010). Analysis Patient X was transferred to...
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...From the early 1990s through to 2010 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has now placed itself as the 3rd most common cause of death. Most deaths occurred in low income groups and since the middle of the 19th century the analysis of mortality rates has helped health professionals get a better insight of the causes of the illness.(Burney,2015). According to (R Beaglehole, D Yach 2003) the burden of illness will be dominated by non-communicable diseases by 2016 and the future burden of diseases such as smoking which can only be determined by the amount of exposure to risk factors. Innovation has also caused an increase in modern information and communication,there are positives but there are also negatives since there is global marketing...
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...tobacco smoking,[1] which has been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption.[2] Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally.[3] Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and cancer (particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and hypertension. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke, has been shown to cause adverse health effects in people of all ages.[4] Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco-related disease in these regions.[5] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004[6] and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.[7] Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."[8] Several countries...
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...Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term for people with chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both. With COPD the airflow to the lungs is restricted (obstructed). COPD is usually caused by smoking. Symptoms include cough and breathlessness. The most important treatment is to stop smoking. Inhalers are commonly used to ease symptoms. Other treatments such as steroids, antibiotics, oxygen, and mucus-thinning (mucolytic) medicines are sometimes prescribed in more severe cases, or during a flare-up (exacerbation) of symptoms Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a general term which includes the conditions chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is the preferred term. • Chronic means persistent. • Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (the airways of the lungs). • Emphysema is damage to the smaller airways and air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. • Pulmonary means 'affecting the lungs'. Chronic bronchitis or emphysema can cause obstruction (narrowing) of the airways. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema commonly occur together. The term COPD is used to describe airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis. Furthermore COPD is an ongoing and a terminal disease that can have effect on patient daily living (Blackler et al. 2007). In this project, the topic chosen is Developing Self management plans to help people with COPD to control their condition. The key intervention innovating on is the development of COPD care checklist. This is due to how...
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...on the five variables. According to Parker and Smith (2010), the Neuman System Model is described as, “wellness orientation, client perception and motivation, and a dynamic systems perspective of energy and variable interaction with the environment to mitigate possible harm from internal and external stressors” (p. 183). The patient/ family are the client system and interrelate with the five variables namely; the physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual beliefs. The Neuman System Model has been used in diverse settings such as, in critical nursing, psychiatric nursing, gerontological nursing, and for teaching purposes. In the United States, “the model is used to guide practice with clients with acute and chronic health problems” (Parker &ump; Smith, 2010, p. 192). As further explained by Parker and Smith (2010), the client system is the core: a person, individual, or community and the core interact with the flexible lines of defense, the normal lines of defense, and the lines of resistance. The client system is constantly affected by internal and external stressors. The goal of nurses in applying the Neuman System Model is, “to maximizing the quality of life lived, maintaining the highest level of independence possible, and preventing exacerbations of the on-going illness” (Ebersole, Hess, Touhy, Jett, and Luggen, 2008, p. 258). Mrs. J is a 79-year-old African-American female client, who lives with her husband in a wheelchair accessible...
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...the lungs. The thin mucus lining of these airways can become irritated and swollen; the cells that make up the lining may leak fluids in response to the inflammation. Bronchitis most often occurs during the cold and flu season usually coupled with an upper respiratory infection. Bronchitis can be divided into two categories: acute or chronic each of which has distinct etiologies, pathologies, and therapies. I chose this condition because it seemed like an interesting topic to research on, and I am also interested in learning more about respiratiory conditions which is another reason why I chose to research on this topic. Acute bronchitis is characterized by the development of a cough, with or without the production of sputum. Acute bronchitis occurs often occurs during the course of an acute viral illness such as the common cold or influenza. Viruses cause about 90% of cases of acute bronchitis, whereas bacteria account for fewer than 10%. Chronic bronchitis is a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease which is characterized by the presence of a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years. Chronic bronchitis most often develops due to recurrent injury to the airways caused by inhaled irritants. Cigarette smoking is the most common cause followed by air pollution and exposure to many irritants. The etiology of bronchitis is due to viruses including influenza A and B. A number of bacteria are also known to cause bronchitis such...
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...to second hand smoke. (CDC 2012). Along with all these deaths, the estimated cost to the United States $96 billion in medical bills and $97 billion in lost productivity per year. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute people that smoke are six times more likely to suffer from heart attacks. Smoking can also cause cases of chronic obstructive lung disease which includes emphysema and bronchitis. Smoking also put people at a greater risk for having a stroke. Cigarettes that offer low-tar and low-nicotine are not a safe alternative to smoking and have the same effects as normal cigarettes. According to the World Health Organization, reconstituted tobacco is the main ingredient of modern cigarettes. This is referred to as sheet and is made up of recycled stems, dust, stalks, scraps, and floor sweepings. These materials are ground up and nicotine is extracted and chemicals, glue and other fillers are added. Cigarette smoking causes Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Pneumonia. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease gets worse as time goes by and causes wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest along with other symptoms. Emphysema is a condition in which...
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...about not having the right supply of air to help me to breath. How many times we have been told to take care of our body and lungs, and fell to do so. I have learn, not maintaining a healthy way of living dealing with your lungs will led to major problems in the long haul. The disease I will discuss is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease {COPD}. COPD is the resistance to airflow as a result of airway narrowing. Airway obstruction may result from accumulated secretions, edema, swelling of inner lumen of airway, bronchospasm, or destruction of lung tissue. There three cystic fibrosis that is related to COPD and they are Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, and Asthma. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease has a major impact on both physical and psychological well-being {Donna R. Falvo, 420.} Realizing that this is a life-changing condition, with one cure and treatment [makes you think] ‘what does that mean?’ A pulmonologist told me, “That any person that is face with COPD would have to have a lung transplant to get rede of the disease.” The etiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease {COPD} is that cigarette smoking is the number one reason in developing COPD and is ten times likely to develop this disease. Secondhand smoke exposure can also cause COPD. When this happen hyperplasia in our cells produce more mucous, reduced airway due to hyperplasia, reduce ciliary activity that bring up foreign bodies to cough things up. Cigarette smoke will cause lung damage, which can lead into...
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...COPD COPD is a term used for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This is an “obstructive disease”, meaning that airflow coming out of the lungs during exhalation is blocked. The blockage of airflow with COPD ,makes it very difficult for a person to breathe. Over time, COPD get progressively worse because doctors have not yet found a cure. COPD affects more Than 5% of the adult population, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. 4 With COPD, a person will usually have two main medical conditions that limit airflow. These conditions are known as emphysema and chronic obstructive bronchitis. Emphysema causes the elasticity of the lung tissue to be lost. The alveolar walls between air sacs in the lung are damaged, and this causes them to lose their shape and become flimsy. Over time, this damage destroys the walls, leading to fewer, larger air sacs, rather than many, smaller air sacs like that of a normal lung. When this happens, the amount of surface available for gas exchange inside the lung is drastically reduced. With chronic bronchitis, the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. This condition causes the lining to thicken, and leads to a lot of thick mucus production forming in the airways, making it harder to breathe. With destruction of the lung parenchymal, and narrowing of the small airways, air becomes trapped due to the inability of the airways to remain open during expiration...
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...mouthpiece during the breathing process. She felt that there was air went outside of the mouthpiece. There was a small increased in the breathing rate from 13 breaths per 30 seconds before hyperventilation to 14 breaths per 30 seconds after hyperventilation. CO2 gets flushed out of the body system during hyperventilation thus lead to decreasing the CO2 in the blood plasma. This should result in lowered breathing rates but our experience showed the opposite result. Therefore, the same error that describe above might contribute into this result. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a obstructive lung disease that a patient has a difficult time breathing due to the lungs are damaged. The air ways are partly obstructed therefore the COPD patient has have a hard time to get air in and out of the lung. It’s also a major cause of death and illness in the United State and through the world. The most common cause of this disease is cigarette smoking. Other thing...
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