...Chronic kidney diseaseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chronic kidney disease Classification and external resources Uremic frost on the forehead and scalp of a young man who presented with complaints of chronic anorexia and fatigue with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels of approximately 100 and 50 mg/dL respectively. ICD-10 N18 ICD-9 585.9 585.1-585.5 403 DiseasesDB 11288 MedlinePlus 000471 eMedicine article/238798 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1] It is differentiated from acute kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months. Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys...
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...This is a case report about about a 10-month-old caucasian infant presenting with chronic diarrhea, hypercalcemia, failure to thrive, and metabolic acidosis. The infant was diagnosed with SID, then prescribed a sucrose-restricted but normal calcium diet regimen to help stop her diarrhea, substantial weight gain, and resolution of hypercalcemia. The purpose of the report is to show how hypercalcemia may complicate neonatal SID and that the presence of both hypercalcemia and chronic diarrhea should suggest SID in young infants. Like a classic presentation of SID in infants that occurs when they wean from breast milk and begin formula and diet changes, this infant was growing well and thriving until weaned from breast milk when she began to have frequent stools and poor weight gain. Strength: Unlike the other three studies that did not involve the gold standard of small intestine biopsy specimen to diagnose SID, this infant was diagnosed after multiple small bowel biopsies resulting in abnormal lactase, sucrase, and maltase....
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...Pathophysiology: Neoplasia and Renal System School of Nursing 1. Cancer Staging Cancer staging describes the severity of a person’s cancer based on the person’s initial tumor, and whether or not the cancer has metastasized (American Cancer Society, 2012, www.cancer.org). Knowledge of the stage is very important in that is can be used to explain prognosis to the patient, and can be used by the doctor and the patient to plan treatment. Staging of cancer is based on knowledge of the way in which cancer progresses in the body. Malignant cells grow and reproduce without any control or order, and they do not die when they should. In most cases the cancer cells will form a mass called a tumor. As the tumor grows it can invade tissues and organs that are close to it. The malignant cells can also break away from the tumor and enter the bloodstream (Lemone, 2004, p. 284). There are five common elements considered in most staging systems: site of the primary tumor, tumor size and number, lymph node involvement, cell type, and the presence or absence of metastasis. A common staging system is called TNM, which stands for Tumor, lymph Nodes, and Metastasis. When staging a number is added to each letter to indicate the size of the primary tumor and the extent of the cancer spread. (Lemone, 2004, p. 284) Infection, immunity and inflammation in cancer patients are all interrelated. They form what could be...
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...Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein Early detection and prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Contents page Definition of key terms used in the assignment Abbreviations used in the assignment Introduction Chronic Kidney Disease, a condition characterised by a gradual loss of kidney function. CKD is often misdiagnosed owing to the lack of knowledge about the disease. With early detection and prevention of the progression of the disease CKD patients can still enjoy life to the fullest while they manage their disease, however if the healthcare professionals fail to identify the disease on time the patient can suffer dire consequences. Besides the financial implications associated with the disease, there are the emotional implications together with physical and psychological. This assignment seeks to explore such implications in an effort to highlight the importance of early detection and prevention of kidney disease, with the best interest of the patient at heart Background Normal kidney anatomy http://doctorstock.photoshelter.com/image/I000096SqkYwaLhE The bean-shaped kidneys lie in retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region. Extending approximately from T12 to L3, the kidneys receive some form of protection from the lower part of the rib cage (E.N. Marieb, K Hoehn, 2010) The kidneys functions can be divided into two, non-excretory functions and excretory functions. Under excretory we have Glomerular filtration, Tubule...
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...An Overview of Renal Failure and Its Treatment Option Renal failure can affect any population in society with no discrimination to age or race. There are several different types of renal failure and a multitude of treatment options depending on the severity or complexity of the disease process. With a change in healthcare on the horizon an examination into the area and the current school of thought is a must. While renal failure is just one small area of the healthcare sector, it is rapidly growing and affecting more and more every day. According to the data from the CDC more than 4.4 million Americans are diagnosed with some form of kidney disease (CDC). Renal Failure is best defined when the kidneys no longer work properly. Now one might ask, what do the kidneys do? The kidney’s simply remove metabolic waste and water from the human body and maintain homeostasis. Without the kidneys functioning properly the body will no longer make urine and dangerous electrolyte abnormalities can occur. One must realize there are several categories of renal failure. The two main classifications are Acute and Chronic Renal Failure. Acute Renal Failure is best defined as rapid and new onset renal failure sometimes reversible when treated appropriately while Chronic Renal Failure long term and irreversible unless treated via transplant. Now that a basic foundation definition of Renal Failure has been established, one must gain knowledge of what causes Renal Failure. Now that there...
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...Hemodialysis and Its Impact to end Stage Renal Disease Patients Student’s Name University Contents 1.0 Background to the Study.........................................................................................3 2.0 Introduction.............................................................................................................3 3.0 Problem Statement..................................................................................................4 4.0 Data Collection........................................................................................................4 5.0 Data Management and Analysis..............................................................................5 6.0 The Protection of Human Rights.............................................................................6 7.0 Interpretation of Findings........................................................................................7 8.0 Conclusion...............................................................................................................7 References.....................................................................................................................8 Hemodialysis and Its Impact to end Stage Renal Disease Patients 1.0 Background to the Study The final stage of chronic kidney diseases is when the kidneys can longer support their functions; this is the end stage where organs are pronounced to have failed completely (Esra, 2013)...
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...Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure Advanced Pathophysiology NURS 5104 October 4, 2013 Critical Pathway: Case Study of Chronic Renal Failure I. Introduction Mr. P. J., a 38-year-old African American male, presented to the Emergency Department by the rescue squad team, with a six day old complaint of increased swelling of the bilateral lower extremities, unusual weight gain, and a feeling of ‘I can not breathe’ per patient. Patient was sent as a direct admit to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and placed on 2 liters NC with hydration and adult special care monitoring. Vital signs were taken by the paramedic enroute revealing the following: Ambulance Vitals: * BP 202/112 * Pulse 101 * Respirations 20 * O2 86% before O2 * Temp. 98.4 * Height 5’10 Patient stating * Weight 222 lbs. Patient stating (weighed the day before) The paramedic started a 20 gauge IV into Mr. J’s right antecubital and started him on 2 liters nasal cannula; due to the “presence of crackles no Procardia was administered” (J. Madden, personal communication, August 14, 2013). The paramedic monitored the vitals and reported to medical control the situation and estimated time of their arrival in five minutes. Mr. P. J. has been married to K for twenty years and they have one child, a twelve-year-old daughter. Mr. P. J. has worked in construction for twenty years; Mr. J stated working on his feet all day he noticed the swelling six days ago...
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...which damages it. It is characterized by body tissue swelling (edema), high blood pressure, decreased protein in the blood (anemia), and the presence of red blood cells (hematuria) or protein (proteinuria) in the urine. (Christian Nordqvist, Medical News Today, 2009) Collin, Rull, and Huins (2012) articulated that glomerulonephritis results from a variety of immune and inflammatory mechanisms. It is often described as primary, when it arises on its own and originated on the kidney, or secondary, when glomerular involvement is part of a systemic disease like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and polyarteritis nodosa. Furthermore, glomerulonephritis can be classified as acute or chronic. In acute glomerulonephritis, the condition starts suddenly and the tissue damage progresses rapidly. With chronic glomerulonephritis, the condition develops gradually and damage becomes extensive after months or years. (Chris et.al 2015) Acute glomerulonephritis most often occurs as a complication of a throat or skin infection with streptococcus, a type of bacteria....
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...iron chelator and used for the treatment of chronic iron overload due to the transfusion of blood. This drug is approved for reducing the iron concentration in liver and serum ferritin levels. It is used for chronic excessive iron in liver in the patients who are 10 years and older and suffering from Non Transfusion Dependent Thalassemia syndrome in which iron and serum ferritin gets overloaded in the liver and can cause toxicity. It is also used in patient suffering from sickle cell diseases. Approval Details: This drug is manufactured by Novartis Pharmaceutical Cooperation (Oncology Department). The New Drug Application was submitted under section 505b of Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act on May 30th, 2014. FDA approved the product under accelerated approval regulations 21 CFR314.510 and requested further clinical trials and well controlled studies to explain the clinical benefit of this drug. FDA also requested to submit the post marketing requirements under section 505 (o) and the promotional material. Dosage and Administration: Initial dose is 14 mg/kg for transfusion iron overdose and...
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...ineffective and unnecessary treatment. One of the latest developments by the Government and Department of health is the concept of Advance Care Planning. I have looked at this from various perspectives and would like to be involved in introducing the process to Sheffield Kidney Institute. In 2004, the number of patients receiving renal replacement therapy in England, Scotland and Wales was 33,511, this figure is sourced from data which has been made available to them from participating renal units throughout the country, the number of patients receiving dialysis since 2000 has risen by 7% (Ansell et al 2005) with it projected to rise by a further 10 percent over the next 5 years (Ansell et al 2005). About 15-29 percent of deaths of patients with end stage renal disease results from a decision to discontinue dialysis (Davison 2006). Importantly we need to explore which patients especially those reaching the end of their lives are choosing to discontinue receiving aggressive renal replacement therapy and what knowledge and skills would be required to facilitate a change in practice and help them towards a ‘peaceful death’. End Stage Renal Disease presents many challenges to the patient who experience and suffer from it and the health care professionals who care for them. Its chronicity and...
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...the NMB of NSW. ▪ Frequency of documentation relies on: - physical/ mental status of the pt. - the type of care provided (self care v. intensive care) - requirements of health care agency - any legal or other obligations that the health record must meet ▪ Content of documentation needs to be: - relevant - appropriate - accurate - requirements will vary according to pt acuity - content may be guided by framework (assessment, intervention, response) ▪ Documentation framework: - assessment: conclusions reached utilising subjective and objective data - intervention: reflects the action taken - response: reflects the pt’s response to the intervention ▪ Example of using framework to case: Mrs Pat Martin, a 28y/o lady has been admitted overnight via Casualty accompanied by husband. She is 16 wks pregnant and has been diagnosed with appendicitis by Dr Chan. At the moment she is only experiencing mild pain and has a low grade fever of 37.7. IMI Pethidine 50mgs was given at 2am, and may be repeated PRN. Shes been added to the theatre list at 9.30am. She remains NMB and has IV normal saline running over 10hrs. IV Keflin QID commenced, is next due 12md. Her husband remains at bedside. It is now 630am and Mrs Martin is resting, however she has not had much sleep overnight. Her 6am vital signs are: BP: 120/80 Respirations: 16, Ward urinalysis shows no abnormalities Temp: 37.7. Pulse: 80 (reg). ASSESSMENT: - Mrs Martin aged 28 ...
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...system and/or the renal system) and the possibility of irreversible organ-damage. In case of a hypertensive emergency, the blood pressure should be substantially lowered over minutes to hours with an antihypertensive agent. Contents [hide] * 1 Treatment * 2 Incidence * 3 Definition * 3.1 Hypertensive emergency as a generic term * 4 Pathophysiology * 5 Mortality * 6 Clinical history * 7 References * 8 See also | ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Treatment Several classes of antihypertensive agents are recommended and the choice for the antihypertensive agent depends on the cause for the hypertensive crisis, the severity of elevated blood pressure and the patient's usual blood pressure before the hypertensive crisis. In most cases, the administration of an intravenous sodium nitroprusside injection which has an almost immediate antihypertensiveeffect is suitable but in many cases not readily available. In less urgent cases, oral agents like captopril, clonidine, labetalol, prazosin, which all have a delayed onset of action by several minutes compared to sodium nitroprusside, can also be used. It is also important that the blood pressure is lowered not too abruptly, but smoothly. The initial goal in hypertensive emergencies is to reduce the pressure by no more than 25% (within minutes to 1 or 2 hours) and then toward a level of 160/100 mm Hg within 2–6 hours. Excessive reductions in pressure may precipitate coronary, cerebral, or renal ischemia...
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...Structural and Functional Parameters Are IndependentPredictors of Renal Function at 3 Months | 202(111 biopsied) | | A donor preimplantation biopsy with sufficient material forevaluation was available in 111 cases. Mean global glomerularsclerosis was 1.2% _ 3.5% and in seven cases globalglomerular sclerosis was greater than 10%. Mean donorchronic damage score was 0 in 77 cases; 1 in 15 cases; 2 in13 cases; and _3 in five cases(LOW PERCENTAGE OF GLOMEROSCLEROSIS) | | Histopathologic Evaluation of Pretransplant Biopsy as a Factor InfluencingGraft Function After Kidney Transplantation: A 1-Year Observation | 92 | We observed a significant correlation between immediate graft function (IGF)and lack of ATN in the pre-0 biopsy. We observed no correlation between renal functionand arterial hyalinization and fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, tubular atrophy. In thepostoperative period, we observed a significant correlation between IGF and lack ofinterstitial fibrosis with significantly lower levels of creatinine, urea, and potassium andhigher urine output early after transplantation. IGF and better function of the right kidneywas correlated with shorter time to reach a creatinine level of 2 mg%. In the postoperativeperiods, we also observed a difference between renal function depending on gender. Thepresence of acute tubular necrosis, arterial fibrosis, lack of inflammatory infiltration in thepre-0 biopsy correlated with worse late renal function. Among explantation biopsies 65.5%showed signs of CAN...
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...vasodilation and sweating, which helps dissipate heat.Carvedilol causes vasodilation by blocking the activity of α-blockers, mainly at alpha-1 receptors. It exerts antihypertensive effect partly by reducing total peripheral resistance and vasodilation. It is used in patients with renal impairment, NIDDM or IDDM.Promotes incorporation of water into stool, resulting in softer fecal mass, may also promote electrolyte and water secretion into the colon. It increases the amount of water and fat absorbed by the feces, softening the stool and making it easier to pass.Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. | Contraindicated with allergy to acetaminophen. Use cautiously with impaired hepatic function, chronic alcoholism, pregnancy, lactation. Adverse effects CNS: Headache CV: Chest pain, dyspnea, myocardial damage when doses of 5–8 g/day are ingested daily for several weeks or when doses of 4 g/day are ingested for 1 yr GI: Hepatic toxicity and failure, jaundice GU: Acute kidney failure, renal tubular necrosis Contraindications Hypersensitivity; severe chronic heart failure, bronchial asthma or related bronchospastic conditions; severe hepatic impairment. Adverse effects Bradycardia, AV...
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...HONOURS COURSE TITLE: RENAL NURSING CONTENTS NO | TITLE | PAGES | 1 | INTRODUCTION * URINARY SYSTEM * WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? | 3 | 2 | RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY * HEAMODIALYSIS * PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 4 - 7 | 3 | RENAL TRANSPLANTATION * TRANSPLANT PROCEDURE * TISSUE TYPING * CONTRAINDICATION OF TRANSPLANTATION * TYPES OF TRANSPLANT * DONOR WORK UP * RECIPIENT WORK UP | 8 - 14 | 4 | PRE OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 14 - 15 | 5 | INTRA OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 | 6 | POST OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 - 17 | 7 | COMPLICATIONS OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT | 17 - 18 | 8 | NURSING PROCESS | 18 - 21 | 9 | HEALTH EDUCATION FOR PATIENT | 22 | 10 | CONCLUSION | 23 | 11 | REFERENCES | 24 | INTRODUCTION URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary blabber and urethra. The kidneys produce the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. The ureters convey the urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body. WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? * Remove extra water. * Remove waste products. * Balance chemicals in the body. * Help control blood pressure. * Help make red blood cell. * Help build strong bones. When the kidneys no longer able to perform normal functions and starts to deteriorate, renal failure will occur, this...
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