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MODULE 2 - LES TRANSPORTS

Le transport aérien. Air France est la compagnie aérienne nationale; d’autres compagnies sont Air Littoral et Air Liberté. Paris compte deux aéroports internationaux: Roissy- Charles de Gaulle et Orly.
L’aéroport de Lyon s’appelle Saint-Exupéry; celui de Marseille est “Marignane”.

Le transport ferroviaire. SNCF signifie Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer et correspond à Trenitalia ; Le TGV est le Train à Grande Vitesse, une réussite de l’industrie française, qui roule à plus de 300 Km/h depuis les Années '70.

L’Eurotunnel est un tunnel sous la Manche qui permet de relier la France à l’Angleterre par le chemin de fer: il se compose de trois galeries souterraines reliées à une troisième galèerie de service.

Le TER est le Train Express Régional qui relie les villes de différentes régions.

Le Métro parisien date de1900; il compte 15 lignes urbaines.

Le RER (Réseau Express Régional) est un métro extra urbain qui permet de relier Paris à sa banlieue (il correspond au Passante feroviario).

A Paris il y a 7 gares ferroviaires (Gares de Lyon, du Nord, de l’Est, d’Austerlitz, Saint-Lazare, Montparnasse, de Bercy). Les trains pour l’Italie partent de la Gare de Lyon; ceux pour l’Angleterre (Eurotunnel) partent de la Gare du Nord ; le TGV Atlantique qui relie Paris aux villes de l’Ouest de la France part de la gare d’Austerlitz.

Les transports maritimes.
Le bateau était utilisé jusqu’aux années ’60 pour les longues distances (d’Europe à l’Amérique, par exemple), mais aujourd’hui l’avion a remplacé le bateau et celui-ci est utilisé :

- comme navette régulière entre deux ports (bateaux de ligne sur les moyennes et courtes distances) : car-ferries ou ferry-boats transportant les passagers et leurs voitures.

- pour la navigation de plaisance et en particulier pour les croisières (nées vers les années ’60 après la reconversion en bateau de croisière des paquebots de ligne surclassés par les avions).

Le but de la croisière n’est pas le point d’arrivée du voyage mais le voyage en lui-même avec ses escales, ses distractions, son charme de luxe. A coté des croisières maritimes, il existe aussi des croisières sur les fleuves (Nil, Rhin, Canal du Midi) et sur les lacs (Lac Léman, Lac d’Annecy en Savoie). Si la croisière dure un seul jour on parle d’excursion ou de mini croisière. Les bateaux de croisière les plus luxueux sont appelés «Palaces flottants ».

Les transports routiers.
Ils concernent surtout l’utilisation de voitures (moyens de transport individuels) et d’autocars (moyens de transport collectif) :

- L’autocar (= pullman) est préféré pour les voyages organisés à forfait, prévoyant plusieurs déplacements de groupes (classes d’étudiants, groupes de 3ième âge, groupes sportifs etc.). En outre il y a des compagnies qui assurent des liaisons régulières quand le train n’existe pas ou n’est pas pratique. Les gares routières sont les terminus des autocars, près des gares ferroviaires.

- La France dispose d’un réseau routier moderne et très développé composé d’autoroutes et de routes nationales et départementales. les autoroutes sont payantes mais les abords des grandes villes sont gratuits. Le péage est en fonction de la distance et du type de voiture ; aujourd’hui le système de Télépéage, avec un badge appliqué sur la voiture, permet de passer sans payer (on paye après avoir reçu la facture).

- Il y a plusieurs compagnies de location de voitures ; les tarifs varient suivant les jours et le kilométrage.

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