...Lecture 2 – Offer & Acceptance Principles of contract law: Contract Formation - How a Contract is Made Terms - The Substance of Contract Vitiating Factors - Factors which Undermine a Contract Discharge - How a contract is fulfilled or ended Remedies - The Cures for a Breach of Contract For a contract to be legally binding, it has to fulfill 4 key elements: 1. Offer 2. Acceptance 3. Consideration 4. Intention to create legal intentions A. TYPES OF CONTRACT (pg 60) • Simple Contacts o Written o Oral • Special Contracts o Contracts by deed or contracts under seal o Always in writing o Written document is called a deed o Contracts under seal do not require consideration to be enforceable Written and Oral Contracts (pg 60) (1) Oral Contracts (Parol Contracts) o Difficult to ascertain the precise terms of the contact in event of dispute (2) Written Contact o Useful as it provides evidence of the parties’ contractual obligations o Forefront Medical Technology (Pte) Ltd v Modern Pak Pte Ld (2006) o Contracts for certain transactions must be evidenced by a written note of memorandum otherwise they are unenforceable Eg. Assignment of copyright and transfer of real property # NOTE: Parol Evidence Rule Primacy of a written agreement over oral statements : Oral (Parol) evidence will not be admitted in a court action to add to , vary, amend or contradict a written contract - Evidence Act S94 – Engelin Teh Practice LLC v Wee Soon Kim Anthony (2004) *Exceptions*: Extrinsic...
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...Seminar – 7 Chapter 7 Financial Responsibility Centers Financial Result Control System Financial Result Control System results are defined in monetary terms, most commonly in terms of accounting measures such as revenues, costs, profits, and returns. Advantages of Financial Result Control System Financial objectives are paramount in for-profit firms. Financial measures provide a “summary” measure of performance by aggregating the effects of a broad range of operating initiatives across a possibly broad range of markets, products, or activities into a single or a few measures. Most financial measures are relatively precise and objective. The cost of implementing financial result controls is often small relative to that of other forms of management control. Types of financial responsibility centers Investment centers Investment centers are responsibility centers whose managers are held accountable for the accounting returns on the investment made to generate those returns. Profit centers Profit centers are responsibility centers whose managers are held accountable for profit which is a measure of the difference between the revenues generated and the costs of generating those revenues. The goal for not-for-profit organization is to break even, or perhaps even incur limited losses. However, for-profit entities is normally not considered desirable to generate higher profits than those budgeted. Two limited forms: When sales-focused entities are made into...
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...Chapter 1: - E-Banking [pic] ➢ 1.1 Introduction of E-Banking ➢ 1.2 Meaning of E-Banking ➢ 1.3 Functions of E-Banking ➢ 1.4 Types of E-Banking ➢ 1.5 Advantages of E-Banking ➢ 1.6 Limitations of E-Banking 1. Introduction of E-Banking: - The acceleration in technology has produced an extraordinary effect upon our economy in general has had a particularly profound impact in expanding the scope and utility of financial products over the last ten years. Information technology has made possible the creation, valuation, and exchange of complex financial products on a global basis and even that just in recent years. Derivatives are obviously the most evident of the many products that technology has inspired, but the substantial increase in our calculation has permitted a variety of other products and, most beneficially, new ways to unbundled risk. What is really quite extraordinary is that there is no sign that this process of acceleration in financial technology is approaching an end. We are moving at an exceptionally rapid pace, fueled not only by the enhanced mathematical applications produced by our ever rising computing capabilities but also by our expanding telecommunications capabilities and the associated substantial broadening of our markets. All the new financial products that have been created in recent years contribute...
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...simple word “SELLING”!! This is the prime purpose behind any kind of marketing. The "selling" is accelerated with the help of properly chalked out plans called marketing strategies. With "selling" as the ultimate goal, marketing strategies are influenced by two basic factors: 1) Acquisition of customers; 2) Retention of the acquired customers. So every other strategy that is laid out will focus on the above two. A Company has to work closely towards achieving these two to attain the desired cutting edge over its competitors. There are also a few other objectives like creating awareness (informational and educational) about the product, brand-building and accelerating sales. CONCEPT OF TRADITIONAL MARKETING: With the world changing at every nanosecond, marketing is also reeling under a whirlwind of change. New modes of marketing like e-marketing and online marketing have evolved. Yet traditional marketing still holds sway with many corporates. Traditional marketing operates based on the 4P strategy. ELEMENTS OF TRADITIONAL MARKETING: The Four Ps- Worship them: The 'Four Ps' or the 'marketing mix' is a cliché with every marketer. Formulated by Jerome...
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...Evaluation of air asias response to tourism Executive summary Air Asia, the market leader of low cost carriers in Asia, shown on the good record of bringing about innovative idea into the industry. The industry itself, especially in the Asian region, is observing a higher growth rate of passenger and profitability. The report examines the organization’s key business structure and operation, products and provides summary analysis of its key revenue lines and strategy. The analysis looks at the impact of external and internal factors on the organization, and evaluate it responses. Essentially SWOT and PESTLE analysis provide a simple framework through which strategic options can be identified in which Air Asia operate. The SWOT process will start by examining the strengths of the Air Asia of today. One of the most dominant strengths possessed by Air Asia is the adding of new Airbus A320 aircraft to its fleet. Airbus A320 gives Air Asia the largest, youngest and most modern fleet in the region. Another strength of Air Asia is the upgrading of the online booking system, in which will offer the ability to passenger to check in online and printing out boarding passes. An opportunity available to Air Asia is fastest growing market in China and India. Both countries give a huge opportunity for Air Asia to expand its business in the region. In the threat part of the analysis is concerned with identifying parts of the Air Asia that might affect its business performance. In recent years...
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...Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Cultural Dimensions of Pakistan 2 2.1 Hofstede’s Study 2 2.2 Trompenaar’s Dimensions 5 2.3 GLOBE Study 6 3. Communicating Cross Culturally 7 3.1 Proper Greetings 7 3.2 Introductions 7 3.3 Touch Behaviour 8 3.4 Taboos 9 3.5 Entertaining 9 4. Management Issues in Pakistan 9 4.1 Leading 9 4.2 Motivation 12 5. Negotiating in Pakistan 13 6. Expatriates in Pakistan 15 7. Managing Social and Ethical Issues in Pakistan 18 7.1 Conflict of Development 18 7.2 Conflict of Tradition 18 7.3 Conflict of Interest 19 8. Conclusion 21 References 22 Appendix 1 – Map of Pakistan 23 Appendix 2 – GLOBE Study 24 Appendix 3 - Supplementary Information 26 Appendix 4 - Important Contact Information 28 1. Introduction Pakistan was one of the two original successor states to British India, which was partitioned along religious lines in 1947. For almost 25 years following independence, it consisted of two separate regions, East and West Pakistan, but now is made up only of the western sector. Both India and Pakistan have laid claim to the Kashmir region, and this territorial dispute led to war in 1949, and again in 1965, 1971, and 1999, and remains unresolved today. Pakistan is situated in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, with Afghanistan and Iran on the west, India on the east, and the Arabian Sea on the south. The name Pakistan is derived from the Urdu words Pak (meaning pure) and...
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...SUMMER TRAINING REPORT SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF POST GRADUATE DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT On Kotak Mahindra Group INDUSTRY GUIDE FACULTY GUIDE AMITY INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, NOIDA AMITY UNIVERSITY – UTTAR PRADESH TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter No. Subject Page No. Ch No.1 Executive Summary…………………. 6 Ch No.2 Research Methodology……………… 7 2.1 Primary Objective(s)…………. 2.2 Hypothesis…………………… 2.3 Research Design……………… 2.4 Sample Design……………….. 2.5 Scope of the Study……………. 2.6 Limitations……………………. Ch No.3 Critical Review of Literature……….. 9 Ch No.4 Company Profile ……………………. 18 Ch No.5 Industry Profile……………….. 21 Ch No.6 SWOT Analysis…………………. 45 Ch No.7 Data………………………………….. 46 7.1 Collection……………………… 7.2 Primary Data…………………… 7.3 Secondary Data….…………….. Ch No.8 Working Capital- Overall View……… 53 Ch No.9 Findings & Analysis…………………. 100 Ch No.10 Recommendations…………………… 112 Ch No.11 Bibliography…………………………. 114 Ch No.12 Annexure…………………………….. 115 12.1 Tables…………………………. 12.2 Graphs………………………… Ch No.13 Case Study...…..................................... 117 Ch...
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...47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Tel : (603) 78809318 Fax : (603) 78806318 E-mail : investorrelations@airasia.com Website : www.airasia.com CONTENTS AirAsia Berhad | annual report 2007 Our Dreams and Aspirations To be the largest low cost airline in Asia serving the 3 billion people who currently are underserved with poor connectivity and high fares. G G 2 4 7 8 12 20 22 24 26 30 32 34 36 40 42 43 44 46 47 48 52 53 54 56 60 62 66 68 72 76 81 82 83 152 156 157 G Our Dreams and Aspirations Corporate Profile Five Year Financial Highlights Share Performance Chairman’s Statement Group Chief Executive Officer’s Report AirAsia’s Strategy for Success Route Network Safety Product Development Go Holiday The Sky is Your Limit Champion of Low Fares AirAsia Roars Into Formula One One AirAsia Our People, Our Pride Investing In Our Future Major Milestones Serving You Better from Our 2nd LCC Terminal Awards & Accolades AirAsia Cares AirAsia Group Corporate Information Board of Directors Directors’ Profile Senior Management Senior Management Profile Managing Risk to Maximise Returns AirAsia Financial Snapshots Statement on Corporate Governance Audit Committee Report Statement on Internal Control Additional Compliance Information Financial Statement Analysis of Shareholdings List of Properties Held Notice of Annual General Meeting Proxy Form To be the best company to work for where employees are treated as part of a big family Create a globally recognised ASEAN...
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...41.733 billion (2012) | Employees | 72,800 (2012) | Main Competitors | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Amazon.com, Inc., International Business Machines Corporation, Cisco Systems, Inc., Google Inc., Microsoft Corporation, Dell Inc., LG Electronics, Lenovo Group Limited, Hewlett-Packard Company, Sony Corporation and many others. | Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation, which designs, manufactures and sells personal computers, consumer electronics and software, and provides related services. The business has experienced a tremendous growth from 2001 when it has introduced its iPod mp3 player. Apple Inc. is considered to be the most successful electronics company in the world. Mission Apple mission statement 2013 | “Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices with iPad.” | Overview Apple’s mission is one of the poorest statements that can be found in our list of missions. According to Blodget from Business Insider, it’s merely a list of products rather than a true mission statement. That is true. Apple only lists its key products without mentioning its customers, concern for survival, philosophy, self-concept and concern for public image or employees. The...
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...Rashesh Shah did it. Sanjeev Bikhchandani did it. Shantanu Prakash did it. 'Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish' is the story of 25 such IIM Ahmedabad graduates who chose the rough road of entrepreneurship. They are diverse in age, in outlook and the industries they made a mark in. But they have one thing in common: they believed in the power of their dreams. This book seeks to inspire young graduates to look beyond placements and salaries. To believe in their dreams. The Centre for Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurship (CIIE) at IIM Ahmedabad aims at fostering innovation-driven entrepreneurship through incubation, research and dissemination of knowledge. Rs.125/- - Rashmi Bansal ISBN 978-81-904530-1-1 CONTENTS - THE BELIEVERS - THE OPPORTUNISTS - THE ALTERNATE VISION THE BELIEVERS People who knew entrepreneurship was the Chosen Path. They took the plunge straight after their MBA or after working barely a couple of years. And they persevered until they made it big! p02 THE BOOK OF JOB Sanjeev Bikhchandani (PGP 1989), naukri.com Sanjeev is India's most successful internet entrepreneur. For close to a decade he struggled on the sidelines but never gave up on his Big Idea. In 2006, naukri.com became the first dotcom to IPO on an Indian stock exchange. p18 ROCK WITH IT, ROLL WITH IT Shantanu Prakash (PGP 1988), Educomp Despite a regular middle class upbringing, Shantanu went into business while doing his BCom. The entrepreneurial streak continued after...
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...that springs about a particular brand. Various models and frameworks have been suggested, some of which are Social Media Strategy Framework and various conceptual frameworks to substantiate the literature. As far as key findings are concerned, the most important is letting the customer adopt a more active role as against to a passive role. One of the ways in which this could be achieved by providing a free environment which encourages discussions and not to erect silos within an organisation. Many studies across the country such as that of Revlon India and Shoppers Stop is analysed. Case studies of Dr. Pepper and Nike are also presented to bring home the point of letting customers become collaborators. Al-in-all, in the conclusion part, world would belong to those brands who could both adapt to differences and aggregate across similarities in an effective and efficient manner. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 Literature Review 5 Implications for Global Business and Indian Industry 10 Conclusion 17 Appendix 18 References 20 Introduction We live in a...
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...Rashesh Shah did it. Sanjeev Bikhchandani did it. Shantanu Prakash did it. 'Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish' is the story of 25 such IIM Ahmedabad graduates who chose the rough road of entrepreneurship. They are diverse in age, in outlook and the industries they made a mark in. But they have one thing in common: they believed in the power of their dreams. This book seeks to inspire young graduates to look beyond placements and salaries. To believe in their dreams. The Centre for Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurship (CIIE) at IIM Ahmedabad aims at fostering innovation-driven entrepreneurship through incubation, research and dissemination of knowledge. Rs.125/- - Rashmi Bansal ISBN 978-81-904530-1-1 CONTENTS - THE BELIEVERS - THE OPPORTUNISTS - THE ALTERNATE VISION THE BELIEVERS People who knew entrepreneurship was the Chosen Path. They took the plunge straight after their MBA or after working barely a couple of years. And they persevered until they made it big! p02 THE BOOK OF JOB Sanjeev Bikhchandani (PGP 1989), naukri.com Sanjeev is India's most successful internet entrepreneur. For close to a decade he struggled on the sidelines but never gave up on his Big Idea. In 2006, naukri.com became the first dotcom to IPO on an Indian stock exchange. p18 ROCK WITH IT, ROLL WITH IT Shantanu Prakash (PGP 1988), Educomp Despite a regular middle class upbringing, Shantanu went into business while doing his BCom. The entrepreneurial streak continued after...
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...Confirming Pages 3 Walmart, the world’s largest retailer, has gone green. Since 2005 it has worked to plan and execute a sustainability strategy that includes using renewable energy sources, reducing its waste, and selling sustainable products. A packaging scorecard helps Walmart’s 60,000 suppliers learn about Walmart’s expectations and guides the firm in making its purchasing decisions. The company has built energy-efficient stores and retrofitted others, and it offers reusable shopping bags made of recycled materials. Although Walmart doesn’t disclose financial details on the green initiative, it says the program is already saving money and resources, and it projects billions in savings over time.1 Ethics and Corporate Responsibility Hear the True Story of how today’s managers do the right thing. Listen to what Derrick and Elaine have to say. “Ethics are crucial in the property management business. We are obligated to abide by fair housing laws in our dayto-day operations. Not only do we have an obligation as a company but also a social obligation to make sure our vendors and contractors are aware of these practices.” “The very nature and mission of my project is that of social responsibility. We are trying to do our part to help out developing countries in a way that an agricultural library is best equipped to do. Good workplace ethics translates into a better product for our subscribers. The better I and my employees perform, the better...
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...Confirming Pages 3 Walmart, the world’s largest retailer, has gone green. Since 2005 it has worked to plan and execute a sustainability strategy that includes using renewable energy sources, reducing its waste, and selling sustainable products. A packaging scorecard helps Walmart’s 60,000 suppliers learn about Walmart’s expectations and guides the firm in making its purchasing decisions. The company has built energy-efficient stores and retrofitted others, and it offers reusable shopping bags made of recycled materials. Although Walmart doesn’t disclose financial details on the green initiative, it says the program is already saving money and resources, and it projects billions in savings over time.1 Ethics and Corporate Responsibility Hear the True Story of how today’s managers do the right thing. Listen to what Derrick and Elaine have to say. “Ethics are crucial in the property management business. We are obligated to abide by fair housing laws in our dayto-day operations. Not only do we have an obligation as a company but also a social obligation to make sure our vendors and contractors are aware of these practices.” “The very nature and mission of my project is that of social responsibility. We are trying to do our part to help out developing countries in a way that an agricultural library is best equipped to do. Good workplace ethics translates into a better product for our subscribers. The better I and my employees perform, the better...
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...INTRODUCTION TO CRM 1.1 INTRODUCTION [pic] CRM, or Customer relationship management, is a number of strategies and technologies that are used to build stronger relationships between companies and their customers. A company will store information that is related to their customers, and they will spend time analyzing it so that it can be used for this purpose. Some of the methods connected with CRM are automated, and the purpose of this is to create marketing strategies which are targeted towards specific customers. The strategies used will be dependent on the information that is contained within the system. Customer relationship management is commonly used by corporations, and they will focus on maintaining a strong relationship with their clients. There are a number of reasons why CRM has become so important in the last 10 years. The competition in the global market has become highly competitive, and it has become easier for customers to switch companies if they are not happy with the service they receive. One of the primary goals of CRM is to maintain clients. When it is used effectively, a company will be able to build a relationship with their customers that can last a lifetime. Customer relationship management tools will generally come in the form of software. Each software program may vary in the way it approaches CRM. It is important to realize that CRM is more than just a technology. Customer relationship...
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