...Intro Behavior in children can be complex as well as unpredictable. Adults can be the ideal role models however there are times children will display behaviors that are unwanted. The parents then have to find a way to modify and stop this undesirable behavior. This essay will discuss three ways to modify behavior in children: Motivation, Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement with or without stimulus).Also included in this will be how these methods are used and which method is most effective. Motivation Motivation itself can be very rewarding from success in any accomplishment. This can be used for children and behavior. Behavior can be changed thru motivation such as the child getting a reward for good behavior. “Piaget discovered that children act on their own in the world and eventually will discover how the world works and what all is in it for them” (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). As Piaget suggested, when a child discovers what is in it for them they will willingly want to change the undesired behavior. Children are often swayed and motivated by rewards. If they know they will get something for displaying good behavior the undesired behavior will become less and less. Eventually the behavior will become extinct if the parent uses the motivator in a lengthier time frame. One must understand that children have psychological needs and motives. According to Deckers, “ For human motivation, biological and psychological motivates...
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...There are many different types of learning. In psychology there are three main types of learning. Classical, operant, and observational conditioning are the three main types of learning in the world of psychology. Classical conditioning is the primary type of learning that psychologists use for experiments. Classical conditioning is learning to elicit an involuntary, reflex-like, response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response. (Ciccarelli & White, 2015, p. 177) The main elements of classical conditioning are unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. An unconditioned stimulus is the original occurring stimulus which is what leads to the...
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...Reading helps children do better in school, have better communication skills, a larger vocabulary, and think more logically. These are only a few of the benefits children gain from learning to read. Teaching children the joy of reading from an early age can help them succeed in the long run. There are three different ways of teaching a child to read more. These three methods are called classical conditioning, operational conditioning, and observational learning. One way to get a child to read is through classical conditioning. Myers explained, “Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events” (2013, pg.268). Classical conditioning involves a reflexive, automatic behavior....
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...Running head: Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning University of Phoenix, Online Learning and Cognition PSY/390 May 1, 2011 Classical conditioning is best explained and defined by analyzing its theorists and their experiments. J.B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov were instrumental in classical conditioning with their experiments of human beings and animals which were ground-breaking to the field of Psychology (Haworth, 1992). We will explore classical conditioning by analyzing both theorist’s experiments as well as introduce a scenario in which classical conditioning would be applicable and demonstrate its effectiveness through a chart illustration. J.B. Watson John Broadus Watson was a psychologist born in Greenville, S.C. in 1878 and died in 1958. He focused his studies and analysis on the observation of human beings. He originated the school of behaviorism which deals with behavior in response to stimuli. He saw psychology as the study of human behavior and the ability to predict and control those behaviors. John B. Watson is very well known for his experiment called “Little Albert” in which he theorized that children have three basic emotional reactions which are fear, rage and love. Through his experiment, he wanted to prove that these three basic emotional reactions could be artificially conditioned in children by operant means. In the Little Albert experiment, Watson took an 11-month old infant...
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...phobias or addictions and sometimes even both. A phobia is an irrational fear of a specific object or situation. Addiction is a need or enslavement to a substance, an object, an activity, or a habit that is psychologically or physically habit-forming such as narcotics are, to such an extent that its cessation causes severe trauma and most often an interruption in a person’s life (Robinson & Berridge, 2003). For the most part, addiction is a disease. When we are born, we start experimenting and learning for survival among other things. Phobias can develop through learning. The two most common and prominent ways or styles of learning are classical and operant learning. Classical and operant conditioning are psychological processes in which a person learns. Therefore, phobias and addictions are associated to classical and operant conditioning. Learning theorist, Edward Thorndike and Albert Bandura can account for two emotional difficulties, which are phobias and addictions. Learning theorist also include behaviorist Edward Tolman, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, and British naturalist Charles Darwin. Phobias and addictions are emotional issues or difficulties that many people have to cope with daily. Phobias are irrational fear. These fears can be powerful and at times devastating yet they are unfounded and are not based on fact or reality. In addition, addiction most often involves a psychologically or physically need for a substance or object, which a person, cannot control...
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...Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning, their theories, terminology, famous psychologists and applications of the theory for teaching. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one another. Both classical and operant learning are psychological processes that lead to learning. Here learning refers to the process by which changes in behavior, including actions, emotions, thoughts, and the responses of muscles and glands, results from experience or practice. Classical conditioning was first described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association. In simple terms two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. Pavlov famous experiment was with dogs. Ivan Pavlov noticed dogs began to salivate in response to a tone after the sound had been repeatedly paired with the presentation of food. Pavlov quickly realized that this was a learned response and set out to further investigate the conditioning process. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral stimulus before a reflex (such as the sound of a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus...
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...Arrington School: Penn Foster Essay: Ways to Get Your Children to Clean Their Room Date: 06/27/2016 The Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov was interested in the study of gastric function. He examined dogs' saliva when he fed them. While studying the dogs, Pavlov noticed they would salivate before they were fed the food. He then investigated the dogs' behavior and found that the dogs would salivate upon hearing the sound of a bell ringing, and moments later, they were given the food. It was at that time when Pavlov's discovery took place. By taking the unconditioned stimulus, which was an alarm sound, and a neural stimulus, which was something the dogs had been born with, and joining the two stimuli in a close range of one another, we learned that this phenomenon was called classical conditioning. We learned from classical conditioning that humans can learn. Children can learn to clean up their rooms by presenting children with an unconditioned stimulus and by sometimes adding incentives so that the children will associate the incentives with cleaning up their rooms, which would create positive cleaning habits that would last a lifetime. Another way of classical conditioning would be for children to watch their parents clean. Children often imitate what they see, so it would help the child or the children to witness how cleaning should happen by watching how their parents clean their home. Having children learn to clean up after themselves helps them throughout...
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...Running head: PHOBIAS AND ADDICTIONS Phobias and Addictions PSY/300 Abstract This essay examines phobias and addictions, how phobias can be developed through operant conditioning and how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. This essay also examines the distinctions between classical and operant condition and examines “extinction” as it relates to psychological theory and how extinction is achieved in classical and operant conditioning. Phobias and Addictions Numerous psychologists believe that behaviors are learned through conditioning. These conditionings are known as operant, which is based on individual’s response to outside stimuli, and classical conditioning, which is based on the theory that people’s reactions to situations are learned behaviors. Phobias and Addictions can develop when an individual’s ability to function within societal normality’s or adapt to societal complexities are diminished. Addiction is a condition in which the body must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms. Phobias and classical conditioning Phobias are persistent and irrational fears of specific objects, activities, or situations that are excessive and unreasonable, given the reality of the threat. Even though phobias are based on irrational fears, they often cause serious problems in a person’s life. Phobias can result in a person being unable to perform their job, participate in any...
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...9/20/2015 Classical Conditioning There are two main explanations of how organisms learn. The first explanation is known as classical conditioning. The second explanation is known as operant conditioning. These two types of learning are exhibited in our everyday lives through our home, school, and school. Classical conditioning was discovered by Iran Petrovich Pavlov. He was originally a physiologist whose main focus was the digestive system (Anderman, 2009). His discovery was made during a study on the salivation of dogs when given food. Pavlov observed that the dogs began salivating at the sound of the scientist’s footsteps and at their appearance into the room (Anderman, 2009). This led Pavlov to study the phenomenon further. The experiments that Pavlov was originally observing were based on the set of unconditioned stimulus and its unconditioned response. What is meant by conditioned is that the response is automatic and based on instinct. To compliment this name the stimulus is known as the unconditioned stimulus (Anderman, 2009). With Pavlov's new observations a new set of stimulus and response was found. This new set is known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. What is meant by conditioned response here is that the response was learned. The stimulus begins as neutral and causes no conditioned response. However, if the neutral stimulus can be associated with another stimulus, then it becomes a conditioned stimulus. Classical conditioning can be...
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...Student Name: | Rae Loulache | Check | Requirement | | This checklist is the first page of my paper. | | The “Title Page”, which is formatted in accordance with APA Guidelines, is the second page of my paper. | | The page following the Title Page is marked page #2 and subsequent pages are numbered sequentially. All page markings appear in the lower, right hand corner of the each page. | | My entire paper (everything) is double spaced. | | I have not included an “introduction” or “opening paragraph” and have instead launched right into the review of the assigned topic. | | Each claim or fact presented in my paper is supported with a reference citation. | | For each quotation, there is a citation of the page number(s) from the original source. | | On average, there are no more than one quotation every two pages. | | I have not cited or mentioned the first and last names of authors in the body of my text. I have included first initials and last names of authors on the “Reference” page, which is the last page of my paper. | | I have not cited or mentioned the title of an article or book in the body of my paper, but have instead included this information on the “Reference” page. | | I have made sure that when citing a reference at the end of a sentence that I have placed the period after the parentheses which contains the reference (example). | | My paper does not include any personal stories from my own life or experience. | ...
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...results of learning must always be translated into observable behavior. After learning, learners are capable of doing something that they could not do before the learning took place (Olson M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. 2009). To study learning, behavior is required or there is no way for it to take place. Behavior is changed through conditioning, and there are two types of conditioning mentioned in this paper. Classical Conditioning was discovered by Pavlov during the 1890s, and it was discovered by accident with him doing something as simple as feeding his dogs. Another type of learning is through Operant Conditioning, discovered by B. F. Skinner. This conditioning is described as the behavior being followed by a consequence, and it occurs through the tendency to repeat the behavior. Classical Conditioning is the type of learning introduced by Ivan Pavlov. To summarize, classical conditioning involves learning to associate an unconditioned stimulus that already brings about a particular response with a new stimulus, so that the new stimulus brings about the same response (McLeod, (2007)). In Pavlov’s experiment with Classical Conditioning he went to prove that a dog could learn another behavior by having a different stimulus to create it. Pavlov was...
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...investigation * Different participants provide different introspective reports about same stimulus. * Trained in introspection not very useful * Pavlov got reliable, reproducible results in experiments on animals and can be generalised to humans * Can’t study on children and animals due to limited vocab and can’t express feelings properly. * Animal thoughts can’t be studied * Learning, development, mental disorders & personality can’t investigate through introspection – questions validity of using introspection as a method for investigating human behaviour because it’s subjective (only his/her can report mental processes * For Watson, only way to make psychology a science is to emulate natural science and adopt its own objective methods * Psychologists often use it alongside other scientific methods to investigate. Key behaviourist psychologists: Pavlov & Watson * Unreliable method of investigation * Different participants provide different introspective reports about same stimulus. * Trained in introspection not very useful * Pavlov got reliable, reproducible results in experiments on animals and can be generalised to humans * Can’t study on children and animals due to limited vocab and can’t express feelings properly. * Animal thoughts can’t be studied...
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...can perform many functions but these functions are made with the purpose to serve for good. Human Memory, Thinking, and Intelligence Anyone can start out by explaining basic functions of the human brain, what it can do and how it can perform. Two of the basic processes for learning, are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Also some more information human brain is that it is equipped with the ability to solve problems, make decisions, and use a sophisticated language. This also comes to mind when talking about intelligence: “Only human beings are capable of creating methods to measure the intellectual achievements” (Career Education, 2010) Memory is a system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future. It is also the most important thing a human can do to be well experienced and know about anything. There are 2 types of learning, which are classical conditioning and operant conditioning; in classical conditioning you are trying to increase the probability of a response to some neutral stimulus by pairing that stimulus with a following stimulus that already produces the response (University of West Florida, 2009). For example classical conditioning involves learning new behavior via the process of association (Saul McLeod, 2008). Meaning that is a teenager was to hangout with people that are intellectual he will learn to behave the same way they do or the opposite if he was to hang out around with someone that is a thief he will learn...
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...---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 3. Examples of Application ------------------------------------------------------------ 5 4. View of Human Nature & Personality Development ------------------------------------------------------------ 6 5. Strengths & Limitations -------------------------------------------------------------- 7 6. Criticism of Approach ---------------------------------------------------------------- 8 7. Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Biography Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose research on the physiology of digestion led to the development of the first experimental model of learning, Classical conditioning. Pavlov was born September 14, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. His father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was the village priest. Ivan's early education was in the church school and later the theological seminary. At the age of 21 (1870), he began his studies of physiology and other natural sciences. In 1879 he completed his studies at the Academy of Medical Surgery in St. Petersburg. He then earned a fellowship which enabled him to continue his studies and research, and in 1883 he earned his doctoral degree for work on the nerves of the heart. This work demonstrated that there was a reflexive regulation of the activity of the heart and circulation. Ivan Pavlov married Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya on 1 May 1881. They met in 1878 or 1879...
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...processes. Classical conditioning was the first learning theory, introduces in the 1900s followed by operant conditioning in the 1940s and the social learning theory after that. Classical conditioning examines how a response is associated with a stimulus to cause conditioning looking at reflex / involuntary behaviours; operant conditioning involves learning through consequences – punishments and rewards in order to reinforce or decrease the occurrence of behaviour looking at deliberate / voluntary behaviour. Social learning theory accepts the role of reinforcement and rewards, and so incorporates operant conditioning within its theory. All three theories use controlled lab experiments with careful controls and manipulation of the independent variable. This is because they all investigate observable behaviour, which can be tested experimentally. Classical and operant conditioning use animals where as the social learning theory uses humans as role models and subjects. Operant conditioning has been used in therapy – for example token economy – and classical conditioning in aversion therapy where an undesirable behaviour is removed by associating it with an aversive stimulus. Therefore both kinds of conditioning have practical applications and are useful. Social learning theory is also useful – it has helped to highlight the need to take care over role models in society because they are likely to be imitated – particularly by children. Classical conditioning is perhaps the...
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