...Concept of Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning was established and studied by Ivan Pavlov a Russian psychologist. According to Hockenbury & Hockenbury (2006), classical conditioning is the “basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the same response is elicited from the neutral stimulus.” (p. 192). Both Pavlov and additional researches discovered that “optimal time interval varies in different conditioning situations” (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2006, p. 194), but it is hardly beyond a couple of seconds. Research has slated that Pavlov spent at least three decades studying classical conditioning, and during these decades he found a lot of element that would and could change the power of the conditioned response. Classical conditioning is a quad-step learning process connecting reactions: First, Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - a stimulus that suggests an unconditional response with no former conditioning (requires no learning for reaction to take place). Secondly, Unconditional Response (UR) – an uneducated response\ reply to an unconditional stimulus that happens with no former conditioning. Third, Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a formerly neutral stimulus with the purpose of and in the course of conditioning, obtained the capability to suggest a conditioned response. Forth, is Conditioned Response (CR) – is a learned response to a conditioned stimulus that happens due to a previous conditioning...
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...experiments and observations made during operant and classical conditioning research. The idea of classical conditioning was first brought to us by a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov. It involves placing a neutral stimulus before a reflex and tends to focus more on involuntary behaviors. We associate two stimuli and then anticipate a response. We expect and prepare for pain. In classical conditioning, the first stage is acquisition, second is extinction, and third is spontaneous recovery. During acquisition an unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response in an organism. Which means the stimulus provoked a behavior not yet learned by the organism. Extinction is when the stimulus no longer produces a response from the organism because it has been exposed to it numerous times. Spontaneous recovery is when the conditioned response reappears after a rest period. Similar stimuli can trigger responses in this stage....
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...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is an influential process. Two unrelated stimuli when they are repeatedly paired lead to a situation where a response to the second stimulus can be achieved by initiating only the first stimulus. This theory involves learning a new behavior through the process of association. In this theory, we assume that the surrounding shapes behavior and also those mental or internal states of a human or animal like feelings or thoughts are not relevant in behavioral explanations. Part I For a classically conditioned learning process in my life, I always study and do my academic activities normally homework on my desk. After a long, hard semester; I realize that the sight of that desk or sitting on it depresses me. I always associate the desk with not only huge but also difficult academic tasks hence being at it, even if I am free after the semester, it reminds me of books to read or simply hard tasks to be done. This has a panic and fear effect on me because the desk is associated with strenuous tasks. A classically conditioned learning process has got several stages or steps which include: neural stimulus (NS), Unconditional stimulus (UCS), Unconditional response (UCR), Conditioned stimulus (CS) and Conditioned response (CR). Neural stimulus (NS) has no effect on behavior or person unless it is paired with the unconditioned stimuli. It can be a person, event, object etc. In my case, the neural stimulus is the study desk. This is because it...
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...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association. In simple terms two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. There are three stages to classical conditioning. In each stage the stimuli and responses are given special scientific terms: Stage 1: Before Conditioning: * In this stage, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. In basic terms this means that a stimulus in the environment has produced a behavior / response which is unlearned (i.e. unconditioned) and therefore is a natural response which has not been taught. In this respect no new behavior has been learned yet. For example, a stomach virus (UCS) would produce a response of nausea (UCR). In another example a perfume (UCS) could create a response of happiness or desire (UCR). This stage also involves another stimulus which has no affect on a person and is called the neutral stimulus (NS). The NS could be a person, object, place etc. The neutral stimulus in classical conditioning does not produce a response until it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Stage 2: During Conditioning: * During this stage a stimulus which produces no response (i.e. neutral) is associated with the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS). For example a stomach virus (UCS) might be associated...
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...Introduction to Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behavior. It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response. In order to understand how more about how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process. The Unconditioned Stimulus The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry...
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...Classical Conditioning Paper Accidently founded by Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is basically learning by association behavior. A better definition would be “A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response” (Farlex, 2011). This paper will describe the theory of classical conditioning and demonstrate how one would apply the classical conditioning in everyday life. Theory of Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, was performing research on the digestive system of a dog by using the data from the dog’s salivation when in the middle of these tests he by accident noticed that certain behaviors can be conditioned (Alloy, Riskind, & Manos, 2005). First, one must understand that behaviorism in psychology is based on the belief that learning happens through relations with the environment (Cherry, 2011). Pavlov found that several of the reactions were occurring due to prior learning. He obtained this important information by noting that the dogs would salivate even before they were offered the meat. Pavlov concluded that the dogs were conditioned and learned from the entrance of the lab assistant, who was generally the person who brought in the meat. He expanded his experiment further by introducing a bright light or a loud sound to see if the dogs would salivate when seeing them...
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...Running Head: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Generalisation & Discrimination Are Characteristics of Classical Conditioning- An Evolutionary Perspective [Name of the Student] [Name of the Institution] Generalisation & Discrimination Are Characteristics of Classical Conditioning- An Evolutionary Perspective Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning also called respondent conditioning; packaging type I or Pavlovian conditioning is a concept of behaviourism proposed by Ivan Pavlov in the early twentieth century. This theory focuses on the learning achievements due to the association between stimuli of the environment and automatic reactions in the body. This notion of involuntary reaction is the main point that differentiates the operant conditioning. It is a learning theory that states that a natural, mostly innate, unconditioned reflex can be added by learning a new conditioned reflex. The assumptions and techniques of classical conditioning can also be used to treat anxiety, compulsive behaviours or anxiety-like symptoms. From the classical conditioning, the concerns triggered behaviours that are instrumental and operant; conditioning to distinguish that affect spontaneous behaviour (Clark & Squire, 2008, pp. 77-81). Phenomena Associated With Classical Conditioning ← Generalization: The conditional response (CR) is not only obtained with a specific stimulus, but with elements that have some resemblance to the conditioned stimulus (CS). The behaviour...
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...Classical Conditioning Jennifer XXXXXXXXX PSY 390 - Learning and Cognition XXXXX XX, 2012 Janice Williams Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a form of behavioral learning and was first introduced when Ivan Pavlov stumbled upon it by accident when he was studying the physiology of digestion in dogs. He noticed that the dogs would not just begin salivating when the meat powder was introduced, but when the person responsible for feeding them would enter the room. Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment (Cherry, 2012). Classical conditioning is when two stimuli are presented in close succession repeatedly, until the response given to one becomes associated with the other. An example of this was when Pavlov introduced the bell right before he brought the dogs food i.e. unconditioned stimulus, it would cause an automatic reaction or unconditioned response. The bell would be the conditioned stimulus or neutral stimulus. When paired together, the US and the CS would cause CR or conditioned response. In the scenario I have chosen, I will prepare a chart outlining how I will train my dog to sit through classical conditioning. As it stands now, he does not sit immediately on command; it takes several attempts of saying the word sit in order to get him to complete this task. He is currently conditioned to only sit after I have repeated the word sit several times and...
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...Classical Conditioning Ashley Stringer-Franco PSY/390 Dr. Erin Hunt-Carter January 30, 2012 Classical Conditioning The thing that is defined in the world of psychology as a process by which a stimulus that previously did not elicit a response comees to elicit a response, in reflex-like fashion, after it is paired with one or more trials with a stimulus that already elicits a response is called classical conditioning (Gray, 1999). Classical conditioning is basically described as the idea of involuntary behavior since it has a lot to do with the reflexes. For example Pavlov’s did an experiment with his dogs where he showed that the dog came to associate food with the sound of a certain bell, which caused the dog to salivate as a reflex. At the end of the experiment Pavlov showed that the dogs would salivate even when they just heard the bell ring without seeing the food. That in a sense in how classical conditioning is best described. My Experience with Classical Conditioning My mom has this dog named Lacie Renee Stringer who she loves very much. They spend a lot of time with each other and they even sleep together on my mom’s bed. She is a very loving dog and she loves to lick people so much that they are covered in saliva. However when we first got her she was so scared of people that she stuck close to my mom. Her personality was that of a shy scared little puppy. When she was first brought home she would run and hide from everyone and she would not even go near...
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...Classical Conditioning PSY/390 November 2, 2011 Elizabeth Alexander-Bernard Classical Conditioning * Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Russia. He was studying to become a priest, but then change his mind and study physiology for most of his life. His model was a behaviorist and the things involved with this model are response and stimuli. Ivan Pavlov is considered the father and founder of classical conditioning. He won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for physiology of the digestion. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through studying the digestive tracts of a dog on accident. During the conditioning the dogs would salivate at the click of a metronome. This established the basis for condition reflexes and classical conditioning. This paper will describe the theory of classical conditioning. Pavlov study focus on observing the organism not by the mental thought process. I will explain a scenario in which you would apply classical conditioning theory. Describe my selected scenario and prepare a chart in which you illustrate how I would apply classical conditioning theory to the scenario. * The theory of classical conditioning as you can see in the picture below. Before conditioning if the dog is given food the response is that the dog starts to salivate this is considered an unconditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response this just happen naturally. With a neutral stimulus if the dog hears a bell the response is he does not salivate this...
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...In order to fully comprehend classical and operant conditioning , first we need to understand what exactly behaviourism is and what it focuses on. This essay will outline behaviourism and look at the explanations for how we learn, these include classical and operant conditioning. Both learning methods have several practical applications used to treat people, these will also be discussed. Behaviourist’s believe that when you are born your mind is blank and behaviorism focuses on learning based on the concept that all actions are acquired through conditioning processes. John Watson who was considered “the father of behavioursim”, argued that conditioning occurred through interaction with the environment and our responses to the environmental stimuli shape our behaviours. Conditioning can be separated into two types, classical and operant. Classical Conditioning is defined as the conditioning of reflexes so that they occur in response to new situations. It was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov when he was working on dogs, studying their digestive systems. He noted that the dogs produced saliva when a bell(auditory stimulus) and food (unconditioned stimulus) were presented together. Eventually the bell alone(conditioned stimulus) would come to evoke the salivating response(conditioned response) . The link between the saliva and the bell is defined as conditioned stimulus and response because the dogs were conditioned to associate the bell with receiving the food. However if the...
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...Student’s Name Instructor Course Date Similarities and differences of ideal classical Athens and reality classical Athens Many domains of literature are usually interested in classical Athens. The Athens in reference is usually the Greek city-state of Athens that existed in the period 480 BC to 404 BC. After a collaboration of Greek city-states destroyed the Persian invasion in 478 BC, an alliance of these independent city-states created the Athenian empire. The inception of the Athenian empire introduced the Golden age of Athens which was characterized by economic, cultural, and political flourishing. This period of Greek dominance is often regarded as one of the primary sources of western values and standards. Many aspects of the modern society are modeled in the image of the “Golden Age” of classical Athens; from modern literature to modern architecture for example the US state capitols are modeled to imitate the Greek Parthenon and other Athens buildings. However, there were several similarities and differences on how Athens was realistically and the ideal in which Athenians wanted their city to be depicted. (Merry E. Weisne-Hanks, Andrew Evans, William Bruce Wheeler, Julius Ruff) The ideal classical Athens was a place of liberty and freedom incorporated with pleasure and abundant knowledge. One of the main demonstrators of classical Athens is the speech given by Pericles during the funeral of soldiers who fell victim to the Peloponnesian war. In the speech Pericles...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Classical Conditioning Paper Classical Conditioning Paper PSY/390 Dr. Gerald Thauberger July 9, 2012 Theory of classical conditioning The theory of Classical conditioning is the process of an unconditioned stimulus becomes conditioned. Classical conditioning was illustrated by Ivan Pavlov by using dogs as the subjects, to show the association of food, dogs and a bell. Pavlov used the bell to sound when it was time to feed the dogs to better understand if the dogs would be able to associate the sound with feeding time. So if we look a little further we are able to associate classical conditioning with involuntary behavior, because the behavior is something that we are trained to act out? So for instance in the morning when we get up to brush our teeth this is something that we were trained to do since toddler age. Our parents bought us a toothbrush and conditioned us to get up every morning and brush our teeth. Scenario We have three dogs that my wife really adores very much and spends most of her time with. All the dogs seem to be very attached to my wife and show her by jumping on her and giving her kisses on a regular basis. But because all of the dogs are attached to her they seem to get jealous of one another and will start to fight instantly if she is around all of them at the same time. Each dog seems to have their own personality like Bear which is a lab and her first dog is very spoil, Sheba who is the only girl is a boxer mixed with Rottweiler...
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...Classical Societies. Maria HUM/205 There is an incredible amount of artwork from the Classical societies, which inspired artists and artists today. Art can reveal an extensive amount of information regarding the culture and background of the society, which it was created. To examine artwork in relation to the culture of the each society, the artwork must be analyzed in variety of ways. The artwork that will be examined will be the Parthenon from the Classical Greece period, The Scraper from the Hellenistic Period, and the tombs from the Etruscan Civilization. The Parthenon is a great example of the Doric style of architecture from the Classical Greek period, as shown in Figure 1. The Parthenon was built by Perikles, the great Athenian leader. It was built on the highest point and was the largest building on the mainland. (Benton & DiYanni, 2008, pp. 66-121) The Parthenon was made of marble and was built in 447-432 BCE. Parthenon is a temple dedicated to the Goddess Athena. ("The Parthenon") An image of Athena made out of gold and ivory stands in the Parthenon. (Benton & DiYanni, 2008, pp. 66-121) The Greeks believed she helped them defeat the Persian Empire during the Persian Wars. The Parthenon is known to symbolize wealth and power of the Athenians. Tax money of the people was used to pay for the building. Ironically, the building was used as a state treasury, which held tax money that the Dalian League collected. The society was proud of its culture and political...
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...Classical conditions The classical conditioning experiment conducted by Pavlov goes as follows: A dog is hooked to a mechanism that measures the amount that the dog salivates. A tone is sounded just before a dog is given meat powder. This occurs several times. Eventually, conditioning occurs in that the dog salivates just to the bell alone. Of course, the dog salivates instinctively in response to the food, but "learns" to salivate to the sound of the bell, much as you might find your mouth watering at the site, smell, or even memory of your favorite food. Pavlov used this relatively simple experiment as a model for describing much of the automatic/nonconscious learning that occurs in everyday life. In any case where you have “learned” to respond automatically to some sort of stimulus with fear, joy, excitement, or anticipation you have become classically conditioned. Cited: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. My classical condition started when I took my family to ride the incredible hulk roller coaster in universal studios, Orlando Florida amusement park. I had always wondered what it would be like to ride that roller coaster. You haven't truly lived until you've experienced The Incredible Hulk's wild and unique uphill launch. The effect is like being trapped inside an airplane that’s flying out of control. Quickly accelerating uphill defies logic, and feels both exhilarating and terrifying. It is not for the faint of heart, this...
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