...Policy and Procedures INTRODUCTION For centuries, societies had no trouble stating that the purpose of sentencing was punishment and that punishment was retribution. With the Age of Enlightenment and utilitarian thinking, society recognized three additional goals: deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. The relative importance of these goals became tied to conservative, liberal, or radical ideology. In assuming management of a prison, wardens are responsible for perimeter security and maintaining an orderly, secure internal environment. Wardens often regard themselves as administrators, rather than leaders. As wardens become more educated, the formal structure of modern prisons is likely to resemble a large, private organization with an established hierarchy and defined responsibilities. When governments confine people, they assume certain responsibilities toward them, including provision of constitutional living conditions, thus avoiding law suits and court interventions. Other management issues, such as classification, custody, and control, are also a high priority for modern prisons. During the last several decades, there has been a move toward professionalization in—moving from custody to control to care. Achieving scientific, uniform, and successful administration of public punishment through professional development is the goal of the American Correctional Association. In this professionalization effort, issues such prison health care, privatization...
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...Policy and Procedures INTRODUCTION For centuries, societies had no trouble stating that the purpose of sentencing was punishment and that punishment was retribution. With the Age of Enlightenment and utilitarian thinking, society recognized three additional goals: deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. The relative importance of these goals became tied to conservative, liberal, or radical ideology. In assuming management of a prison, wardens are responsible for perimeter security and maintaining an orderly, secure internal environment. Wardens often regard themselves as administrators, rather than leaders. As wardens become more educated, the formal structure of modern prisons is likely to resemble a large, private organization with an established hierarchy and defined responsibilities. When governments confine people, they assume certain responsibilities toward them, including provision of constitutional living conditions, thus avoiding law suits and court interventions. Other management issues, such as classification, custody, and control, are also a high priority for modern prisons. During the last several decades, there has been a move toward professionalization in—moving from custody to control to care. Achieving scientific, uniform, and successful administration of public punishment through professional development is the goal of the American Correctional Association. In this professionalization effort, issues such prison health care, privatization...
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...Robbery. Throughout The Great Train Robbery, Edward Pierce displays this run-of-the-mill attribute of greed which comes to light as his motive for his grand heist. Gluttony is exceedingly blatant in people who are “well-to-do” (Crichton 5). Edward Pierce belongs in this category as he classifies himself as “a highborn gentleman” (5). With such innumerable wealth, Pierce does not need to commit this robbery, but wants more. Pierce...
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...Profiting from punishment * As punishment is complex social, ideological and cultural terrain, it will never be an entirely rational execution of orders with clear objectives and controllable outcomes. It is has multiple and competing aims and innumerable intended and unintended consequences. In accordance with this Garland has argued “(t)he failure of modern punishment is in part the inevitable outcome of an over rationalized conception of its functions” (1991, p. 12). As prisons enable a society to separate and classify those that it deems to be ‘criminal’, the introduction of privately operated prisons further separates criminals from society because of the shifts this enables in terms of public accountability. In light of this, the ability for a private corporation to profit from nuanced state and social objectives acted out on the body of a citizen could be considered unreasonable and morally repugnant. By no means is it surprising that corporations will act to minimise costs, and cost is an obvious consideration in the delivery of any public sector function but the centrality of cost and the possibility of profit are problematic. * Prisons and penal policy should be focused on broader social objectives and questions that lead to better outcomes for all members of a society, including prisoners, as has been shown, these questions are not enabled within the current accountability arrangements. This is a view supported by Shearer (2002, p. 546) who argued that “when...
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...objectives of punishment are the consequences or penalties for a crime(s) that have been committed. The punishment ensures that the offender is adequately punished for the offences they are being accused of. The implementation of punishment is to prevent the criminal behavior by deterring the offender from committing similar offences. Usually punishment applies to the offender per the crime that has been committed (Hamilton, 2014). If the accused is a repeat offender of federal crime then they go to a federal prison, for almost every other crime the offender goes to a state prison. A prison-- whether it be state or federal, main objectives is preventing and controlling criminal behavior and acts. There are seven usual punishments depending on the judge’s and/or the jury’s decision at trial (Hamilton, 2014). The minimum sentences like Intensive supervision such as: parole, house arrest, probation, etc., Rehabilitation such as: counseling, drug rehab, restitution, community service, fines, etc. On the contrary, more sever punishments include: capital punishment and incarceration. This type of sentencing is imposed as a criminal sanction by a judicial authority. Mandatory minimums, such as: the three strikes laws and sentencing guidelines require specific sentences. It is done with little consideration of personal factors as it pertains to offenders, their crimes, and victims, because the state and federal court systems have many similar and different objectives of how punishment is administered...
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...parole board. Many prisoners may be give early parole for lesser crimes because of prison overcrowding. A prisoner may also be denied for parole if a family of a person who was hurt or killed comes forth with a convincing plea as to why the prisoner should not be released. In North Carolina, the goals for Truth in Sentencing are as follows: • Classify criminal offenses into felony and misdemeanor categories on the basis of their severity; • Recommend structures for use by a sentencing court in determining the most appropriate sentence to be imposed in a criminal case; • Develop a correctional population simulation model; • Recommend a comprehensive community corrections strategy and organizational structure for the State; and, • Study and make additional policy recommendations. A number of states also have adopted varying types of truth-in-sentencing legislation in recent years. These have been developed in a variety of ways -- as part of efforts to abolish parole, to adopt certain kinds of determinate sentencing guidelines and to implement other sentencing reforms. The impact of truth in sentencing will vary tremendously depending on the type of policy adopted and the goals behind it. In 2007, North...
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...forces that drives consumers to take actions and engaged in exchanges. The desire to satisfy these needs is what motivates a man to act, but the satisfaction of these needs must be done in the order of their priority so that a higher need does not strongly motivate a person unless the next preceding lower need has been substantially satisfied. For each society there is a set of needs perceived by the people that they feel should be satisfied as part of the development process. It is usually recognized that needs could be generated by physiological deprivation or by a positive desire to have something. It is also recognized that those needs generated by deprivation are typical and that usually one of needs is based on attaining certain goals. The humanistic approach espoused by Abraham Maslow, leader in Humanistic Psychology believes that Thus man is perpetually wanting animal. Ordinarily the satisfaction of these wants is not altogether mutually exclusive, but only tends to be. The average member of society is most often partially satisfied and partially unsatisfied in all of his wants. The hierarchy principle is usually empirically observed in terms of increasing percentages of non- satisfaction as we go up the hierarchy. Reversals of the average order of hierarchy are sometimes observed. Also it has been observed that an individual may permanently lose the higher wants in the hierarchy under special conditions. There are not only ordinarily multiple...
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...paper: 1. Examine the situation presented in the case study by using the four goals of psychology. psychologists have four basic goals: to describe, explain, predict, and change behavior and mental processes Description Description tells “what” occurred. In some studies, psychologists attempt to describe , or name and classify, particular behaviors by making careful scientific observations. Description is usually the first step in understanding behavior. For exam- ple, if someone says, “Boys are more aggressive than girls,” what does that mean? The speaker’s definition of aggression may differ from yours. Science requires specificity. 2. Choose three of the modern perspectives of psychology and address how each would study the behaviors found in the case study. Submit your completed assignment to the drop box below. Please check the Course Calendar for specific due dates. Save your assignment as a Microsoft Word document. (Mac users, please remember to append the ".docx" extension to the filename.) The name of the file should be your first initial and last name, followed by an underscore and the name of the assignment, and an underscore and the date. An example is shown below: Jstudent_exampleproblem_101504 Jane was a young girl who is unaware that her father actions where wrong. Jane’s father caused her to believe that what he’s done can be done by any man. Jane’s Case Study has, the four goals of psychology, and modern perspectives of psychology. A Case Study: Jane ...
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...more detail. Homosexuality is looked upon in so many different ways. Based on where you’re from, your education level, where your work, or even your race can ultimately determine if it’s okay for you to “come out the closet” or not. Individuals deal with this realization every day. They wonder if coming out is going to affect their everyday like of even make them lose friends or loved ones. Some people even chose certain churches to attend that will accept their homosexuality. Religious beliefs and affiliations also shape attitudes towards homosexuality. For instance, in Christianity women were made to support and be a companion to men. Christian based religious groups also tend to classify homosexuality as ‘ungodly’, referring to scriptures that depicted the destruction and punishment for same sex acts (Brewster, 2012). Affiliation with a religion would further reinforce negative attitudes towards homosexuals since their behavior is perceived to be inconsistent with religious teachings and practices. This is why some homosexuality individuals either choose to worship god at home or find a church that does not preach against it. Although I may not be familiar with this topic first-hand, I have read, seen, and heard a lot about homosexuality. This is a topic that should be talked about more because it is growing rapidly. Chapter 7 in our text book also brushed across this topic. Sexual orientation is commonly discussed as if it were solely a characteristic of an individual...
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...The Stamford International Inc is having trouble reaching its expected earning goals for the 1st quarter. Based on the senior management’s discussion, $0.52per share should be the figure that best reflects the company’s operating results for the current reporting period. This figure is computed upon the preliminary EPS, which is $0.47, plus deferred maintenance cost and spring relocation cost, which amounts to $0.05 in total. As these expenses were incurred last year , they should not be deferred and charged against this year ‘s income, instead, they should be added back to the 1st quarter’s earnings to reflect the true financial position of the company. Stamford’s management will not reveal this figure to the public for interim reporting purpose because it is still below market’s expectation and investors will react negatively to it. To create a more favorable earnings picture, top managements are seeking alternatives to manage earnings through making various adjustments within the scope of GAAP. In this case, a number of controversial accounting issues had created ample opportunities for management to inflate earnings.Table-1 presents possible solutions for each situation under earnings management. After making the above adjustments, the company will report a much more favorable EPS , which is $0.63 ,to the public of (see Table-2) however, ] management may feel pressure in signing the 1st quarter ‘s Sarbanes Oxley certification for several reasons. Firstly. the misstatement...
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...to one of Foucault's earliest writings, the introduction to Dream and Existence by Ludwig Binswanger happened to be influenced by Heideggerian thought, and as a student of Heidegger, so was Foucault (Gutting). After finishing at École, he held a handful of different positions throughout the 1960s, at French Universities. Later in 1969, he received the upmost and highly respected position of professor of History of Systems of Thought. He worked this position up until he fell victim to AIDS and later died in 1984 (Gutting). One of Michael Foucault's later and most famous writings are Discipline and Punishment: The Birth of the Prison. Published in 1976, this book looks at and studies the genealogy of the modern penal system implemented. That is, prison is the heart of the modern discourse of punishment. Foucault socially analyzes punishment and how changes in power affect punishment. One of the first things this theory focuses on and most essential to his theory is power and the relationship between power and knowledge. Power is essentially a way of managing and controlling people. A set of instruments, techniques, procedures, levels of application, targets, ideas and arguments, are all used to generate...
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...Sociological Experience The sociological movie I chose to watch was, “A Bug’s Life”. I found several sociological concepts while watching the film. The movie is focused on a colony of ants that are being oppressed by a gang of grasshoppers who come every season demanding food from the ants. The grasshoppers use their size to dominate over the ants. One day in the spring, when the offering’s preparation has just been finished, an ant named Flik causes the whole offering of seeds to fall over into a river. The grasshoppers come and harass the ants and decide to give them one more chance to gather seeds. They expect the ants to do all of the work so the grasshoppers can just sit and play. The ants represent the working poor no matter how much work they do they cannot get ahead, while the grasshoppers hardly work and stay on top. Flik tries to recruit warrior bugs to fight off the grass hopers. Flik’s so called warriors turn out to be a group of circus bugs. When the colony discovers this they desperately try to pull together enough food for a new offering to the grasshoppers. After failing to gather enough food they try to scare them away with a fake bird. It nearly works, but Hopper the leader of the grasshoppers realizes that it was an imposter. As he is about to kill Flik the ants realize that they outnumber the grasshoppers 100-to-1 so they fight them off. This part of the movie demonstrates the effects of size in a group. They no longer have to live in fear of...
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...male black students as defiant, intimidating, aggressive or disrespectful, which causes the misinterpretation of black male students (Allen & White-Smith, 2014). Due to this misinterpretation, black male students may be suspended more when teachers or counselors use these justifications when disciplining black male students harsher (Allen & White-Smith, 2014). Not only may school personnel have perceptions of a black male student’s characteristics but they may also have low expectations and may not want to share opportunities with these students because they think these students may not be able to handle the work. These views also help classify black male students with learning disabilities that lead the falsifications of black males in special education programs (Allen & White-Smith, 2014). If a student feels like they are not achieving academic goals and is being suspended or obtaining criminal records for issues that aren’t alarming, they may want to drop out of school. If a student drops out, there may not find any job opportunities making a substantial amount of money to support themselves. In result, they may turn to illegal ways of making money, which also supports the school to prison pipeline. “52% of black males graduate from high school in four years in comparison with the 78% of white males who do and black males are least likely to obtain a high school diploma in four years after starting high school (Schott Foundation for Public Education, 2012 as cited by Dancy,...
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...Name: Yang Choy, Yessica Class: ORGB3201 Instructor: Prof. John Griffith Reference: “The 8th Tuesday. We talk about money” – Tuesdays with Morrie “Working with a purpose and setting the right value” What do you want? What do you need? Can you distinguish the differences between wants and needs? When you are asked to classify an item under any of these categories, most of the people can distinguish it, but how many of these people would actually apply this when they are seeking for something? The human brain is a very complex organ, it allows us to think, feel, move, sense, hear, taste and smell. The vast amount of today’s information, we are always busy receiving, processing, analyzing and storing the information retrieved; gradually we started to forget our meaning of doing so; we started to lose the intention in doing something, the reason to work, to study and even the purpose of life. As Morrie addressed on the 8th Tuesday: “It’s all part of the same problem. We put our values in the wrong things.” It seems very straight forward what Morrie said, the problem is that human now a day mistakenly put the wrong value in something or undervalued things that should worth more. In general, every human being in a certain stage or maybe in our entire live valued a piece of smooth rectangular greenish paper the most, no matter what we are doing, this piece of paper somehow link with our purpose, reason or meaning that we gives to our actions. Money isn’t everything, but without...
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...Drama Connections Drama Connections After reading the play, Hamlet, I’ve come to a great understanding of the actual character of Hamlet. Hamlet was a prince who felt like he was stuck in a castle full of betrayal. Claudius, the King of Denmark, was his uncle/stepfather. He had murdered the former King, Hamlet Senior, whom was also his brother. Claudius then married young Hamlet’s mother a couple months after the death of the former king. In the beginning of the story, young Hamlet knew of his father’s death, but did not know that it wasn’t an accidental death. The ghost of the former king paid a visit to a couple of guards and Hamlet only to tell Hamlet the story of his death. The ghost let Hamlet know that Claudius was the one at fault for his death because he had murdered him. He also told Hamlet to seek revenge upon Claudius. After the ghost’s visit, Hamlet felt like he had gone mad! He felt crazy and he couldn’t believe that Claudius had killed his father so he could become King of Denmark and marry his mother and take her as Queen. Another possible reason for Hamlet’s madness was his love for Ophelia. Although, in the story, it’s said that his madness comes from the rejection from Ophelia, I did not see it. I thought his madness resulted from the appearance of the ghost of his father. His father’s death left him devastated and the fact that his mother married his uncle right away left him flustered. Combined, the death of his father with the marriage of his mother and...
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