...all specialties2The objective of our study was to study the relation between various types of patients admitted in the department of plastic and re-constructive surgery at Sher-i- Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences,J&K and their respective waiting times.The study was conducted for a period of one year from 1st October 2013 to 30th September 2014.It was a prospective observational study carried out on the patients admitted in the ward of plastic and re-constructive surgery. The study was done based on the interviews from relevant informants, study of records .Out of the total of 2238 patients admitted 495 cases were that of RTA(road traffic accidents), 162 bear mauls, 135cleft palate, 117 cleft lip,99 tin cut injuries,90 PBC(Post burn contracture) hand,72 cases of...
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...There are many dangers to an unborn child that can follow them the rest of their lives from maternal smoking. Many studies and significant research shows smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of a long list of problems. Still birth is the most common complication, but placental dysfunctional, premature labor and low birth weight are also problems that can harm the fetus. Over 40% of children studied also had some form of heart defect. Exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy has also been linked to SIDS. Birth defects such as cleft palate and cleft lip can be caused from smoking while pregnant as well as your child being diagnosed with asthma. Speech defects as well as behavioral problems such as ADD/ADHD also play a role in maternal smoking. No one would give an infant a cigarette, so why would we while carrying our child smoke? Smoking during pregnancy can harm both the baby and the mother. Most would do anything to protect their child. Yet many women, who feel this way, continue to smoke while pregnant, insisting that the dangers are non-existent. In reality, there are many dangers to an unborn child that can follow them for the rest of their lives, if they survive gestation, and birth. Miscarriages, low birth weight, premature labor, and organ defects are just a few things that can plague the child of a smoking mother. There are many studies, and significant research that shows smoking while pregnant increases the risk of a long list of problems, that may...
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...WHAT IS FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME? Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a birth defect caused by heavy alcohol consumption (usually in a binge pattern) during pregnancy. It is characterised by growth retardation, facial and neural abnormalities as well as malformations of other organ systems. Maternal risk for giving birth to a child with FAS is known to vary substantially by population and that the risk also varies between individuals. Alcohol and its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, are known tissue toxins which may interfere directly with cellular growth and metabolism. When a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, it is carried to all her organs and tissues including the placenta. The placenta functions to protect the fetus and provides nourishment from the mother to the fetus. Alcohol is able to cross the placental membrane and is then transported directly to all developing tissues of the fetus. These adverse effects of alcohol on the developing fetus are characterised by an array of disorders, termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). They include structural anomalies as well as behavioural and neuro-cognitive disabilities. Children at the severe end of the spectrum are defined as having the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). HOW MANY CHILDREN ARE AFFECTED BY FAS? FAS is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation worldwide, even more so than Down’s syndrome. In South Africa, FAS related research has been limited to a few at-risk...
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...Abstract : Mental retardation (MR) is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind, characterized by impairment of skills (cognitive, language, motor and social) manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to overall level of intelligence. Intellectual Disability is a more precise term (used in DSM-V). MR is an etiological factor for development of various co-morbidities, which account for substantial burden of the disease. However, the extent of this co-occurrence varies substantially between reports. Aim: To study the prevalence of psychiatric and medical comorbidity, among different degrees of Mental Retardation. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional, singlecentered study conducted at the out patient department of Psychiatry, Maharajah’s Institute Of Medical Sciences. Material & Methods : Sixty-three persons, who came for disability certification, were diagnosed with MR as per ICD-10 criteria, The Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale – IV and The Developmental Screening Test for IQ and Vineland Social Maturity Scale for SQ assessment were used. Psychiatric and medical co-morbidities were diagnosed, using clinical examination, laboratory investigation, the ICD-10 Diagnostic criteria and CHA-PAS SCALE. Statistical Analysis : The statistical analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 13.0 version. Frequency, percentages and chi square analysis were used to analyze the data. Result : Out of...
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...having mesiodens 24 subjects (82.7%) had single mesiodens, 4 subjects (13.7%) had double mesiodens (Fig 1,2) and 1 subject (3.4%) had multiple mesiodens. Second according to shape it was observed that out of 39 mesiodens 27 (69.2%) were conical shaped, 10 (25.6%) were tuberculate shaped and 2 (5.1%) were molariform in shape. Third according to direction it was observed that 31 (79.4%) were in vertical direction, 2 (5.1%) were horizontally placed and 5 (12.8%) were inverted (Fig 3). Fourth according to position it was observed that 8 (20.5%) where impacted, 26 (66.6%) were partially erupted and 5 (12.8%) were completely erupted. Fifth according to complications maximum cases observed were of diasetma i.e. 17 cases (58.6%), followed by 9 cases (24.1%) of rotation, followed by 3 cases (6.8%) of delayed eruption, only 4 cases (10.3%) were...
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...seems to be little hope. Many of these people are ridiculed as children, or cast out of society as a young adult because they are not able to communicate as efficiently as others. A speech and language pathologist can help them, and ultimately, change their life. Speech-language pathologists are sometimes called speech therapists. Their duties are to assess, diagnose, treat, and help those with communication and swallowing disorders. Speech, language, and swallowing disorders result from a variety of causes including stroke, brain injury, hearing loss, developmental delay, cleft lip or palate, cerebral palsy, and even people with emotional problems. Speech pathologists play a very important role in the lives of many people. Speech pathology is a relatively new profession. Many people believe that children suffering from a speech disorder will eventually grow out of it. However, this is not always the case. The profession first surfaced in the late 1940s, after World War II. Many soldiers returned from the frontlines with head wounds that limited or altered their ability to speak. Teachers, neurologists, and other doctors wanted to help the injured men, and a profession was born. Speech pathologists work with people who cannot speak clearly or at all. In America, this includes people who speak English as a second language. They also work with people who have problems with swallowing and eating. Speech and language pathologists often work alongside audiologists because speech...
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...defined in 1965 when researchers reported cases of individuals with similar symptoms. After tests had been performed it was concluded that the defects occurred on chromosome 22 and the name Cat eye syndrome was given. Most of the features implicated with cat eye syndrome involve the eyes, ears, anal region, heart, and kidneys.More specifically, individuals with cat eye syndrome frequently have downwards slanting eyelids, widely spaced eyes, crossed eyes, or one eye noticeably smaller than the other. Because cat eye syndrome affects many different systems of the body, medical management is often provided by a team of doctors and other healthcare professionals. Treatment for this condition varies based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. For example, congenital heart defects; anal atresia; cleft lip and/or palate;...
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...Ban Smoking in America Americans waste billions of dollars each year on tobacco products. Other drugs that are harmful, such as crack or marijuana, are illegal in the United States. If certain harmful substances are illegal, then cigarettes should not be permitted either. Smoking cigarettes are a proven killer of millions worldwide annually, but is perfectly legal. Cigarettes have a large affect on society in the area of environmental problems it carries with it. Smoking obviously pollutes the air and it definitely causes a lot of litter. People who smoke usually throw their butts anywhere such as out a car window, in someone’s yard, or even in a stream. Litter from cigarette butts is such a big problem because they take 18 months to 10 years to biodegrade. According to the New Jersey-based American Littoral Society, experts say: Cigarette butts rank at the very top of litter problems -- not just for their ubiquity, but for their toxicity and non-biodegradable nature…An estimated 1.7 billion pounds of cigarette butts accumulate in lakes, oceans, on beaches and the rest of the planet annually. (Carlozo) Not only are the cigarette butts ugly to look at, they also adversely affect wildlife. Cigarette filters are made to trap the carcinogenic agents in the tobacco and when they are thrown on the ground, those substances make their way into aquatic ecosystems which could be a threat to the quality of water. Also, there have been cigarette butts found in the stomachs of fish and...
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...Case Study II | NABH awareness and Work Satisfaction at Apex Hospital, Jaipur (Raj.) | Submitted by - Puneet K Jain III Sem MBA-HHC SIHS, Pune puneetkjain@ymail.com | A Case Study On NABH standard Awareness and Work Satisfaction at Apex Hospital, Jaipur Purpose - Accreditation has become major tool for any hospital to create its brand image in today’s competitive market. Main objectives of getting NABH are providing patients’ safety and quality of medical care to its end users i.e. patients. Purpose of this study is to measure awareness standards of NABH and accreditation to its staff so gap can be bridge, if any, with additional inputs and it becomes easy to include get accreditation(s). Field of research – Apex Hospital is a multi-specialty, 152 bed, state-of-art medical center, boasting of a clean and patient friendly environment, internationally trained clinical & managerial team driven with skilled expertise, high morale, and patient focused care. Established in year 1994, Apex became one of the first institutes in India to attain ISO 9001 under the leadership of the Managing Director, Dr S.B. Jhawar. From 1994, Over the next few years, the hospital gained momentum by leaps and bounds as an impressive team of well-known doctors joined in. | | Hospital is growing with...
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...The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the base of the throat. The thyroid is the largest of the endocrine glands; it has two lobes joined by the isthmus. It hugs the trachea on either side of the second and third ring, opposite of 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical vertebrae. Though the thyroid is small, it has an enormously important job to do, especially for teens. It manufactures the hormones that help control metabolism and growth. To produce thyroid hormones, the thyroid needs a chemical element called iodine that the body absorbs from the foods such as seafood, bread, and salt and from the water you drink. “The entire body contains about 50 milligrams of iodine. About 1/5 to 1/3 of that supply (10 to 15 milligrams) is stored in your thyroid. The thyroid combines the iodine with tyrosine to make important hormones.” Thyroid hormones travel through the bloodstream of your body’s cells. They are important to the growth and structure of bones, puberty and sexual development, and many other body functions. They are responsible for helping your cells convert oxygen and calories into the energy, which is needed to help them work properly. These hormones are important in making sure your body will mature as it should and may affect how your organs function. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothronine (T3), which account for 99.9% and 0.1% of the thyroid hormones present in your blood supply. The hormone with...
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...Secondhand Smoke: How it Affects the Health of Others Stephen E. Smith IRN 9047136049 COM/150 02/10/2013 Tracey Fida Smoking cigarettes is a habit many people have these days, and fortunately those numbers are going down. If compared with the 1940’s, the number of smokers had a huge decrease nowadays. Mendes (2011), “Gallup and Healthways find the national smoking rate stuck at 21%. Although this is much lower than the historic highs of around 40%, Gallup found from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s, there remains significant variation across states, with smoking levels in many states still at 25% or higher. The number of Americans who smoke has fallen to 20 percent, tying the all-time low first recorded in 2009.” (8). However, the health problems it brings to the smokers and their surroundings still a big concern and something people need to learn more about. Unfortunately, what some non-smoker does not realize is how bad that smoke is for them as it is for the smoker, the reason they are known as involuntary or passive smokers once they are breathing in the second hand smoke taking in the nicotine and toxic chemicals the same way smokers do. When a non-smoker sees somebody smoking a cigarette the first thing that crosses their minds is how bad that habit is, not juts because the harmful effects it causes to the smoker's health, but the odor impregnated in the clothes, the bad breath, and...
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...“Tit” for Tat In a world where bigger is better, we as a country have been trying to out do and gain a leg up on everyone. It is starting to take a toll on our bodies. Plastic surgery has been on the rise, and what used to be shunned is now widely accepted and now in some cases expected. Everything is now possible from making an overgrown gut smaller, a flat butt more voluptuous, or making an undersized bust outrageously massive. From 1997 to 2003 plastic surgery has skyrocketed 299%. Breast augmentation is changing the shape of the world. Today, it is the most commonly performed cosmetic surgical procedure in the United States. According to the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, more than 125,000 breast augmentation procedures are performed each year. People are now shelling out the big bucks for youth and beauty. All of those assets come with a price. Most women think now they need to be skinny and have a big chest to even be someone in this world. Medical advances, greater public acceptance of plastic surgery, and the media have all contributed to the problem. Men also contribute their ideal woman, which television and pornographic material create; but in reality most women aren’t Barbie dolls and shouldn’t have to be to succeed or be someone in life. Dr. David Sarwer, a University of Pennsylvania psychologist who has studied augmentation, said “The current ideal of female beauty -- that of a thin, well-toned, yet big-breasted woman --...
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...Architecture 8 11. Client, Server, Telecommunications, Intranets and Extranets 8 11.1 Building Vulnerabilities 8 11.1 Security Perimeter 8 11.1 Server Area 8 12. Summary 8 12.1 Action Plan 8 1. Introduction • At present the Hospital has 250 beds including 40 adult ICU and 8 Pediatric ICU beds. • The Hospital is well equipped with latest technology like 1.5 Tesla MRI, 6 Slice Spiral CT Scan, Digital X-ray, Mammography, Intense Pulse Light (Cosmetic) and Diabetic Foot Care Equipment’s in the year 2007-08, the hospital provided services to 46000 patients. So far the hospital has repaired approximately 2400 cleft lip and cleft palate of children under the "Smile Train Programme" with no cost to the families. 2. Purpose An IT audit was performed for hospital from JUNE 5, 2012 through JUNE 15, 2012. The objectives of this security audit were to review: ✓ All (formal and non-formal) Procedures and Policies to ensure those procedures and all employees, contractors,...
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...spectacularly. This literature usually differs in its design work, methodology superiority, and the amount of population involved in studies, interventions, tests and differing conditions. Since even the most cited sources are open to refute or challenges, there is a need to create a summary that reduces uncertainty. Most review sources and articles take on a form of narrative, whereby the content professionals write regarding a specified field. Reviews have a lot of benefits including a wide range of summary of relevant data tempered by years of handy knowledge. In many circumstances, readers and researchers opt for information about specific information on topics and require a high standard of assertion that available information is comprehensive and objective. At such a point, a reader turns to a quantitative synopsis of literature. A systematic review (Sterne, Egger, 2001 p. 89) takes account of processes that make out all studies specified for a particular question, which may be collected from research and other sources. A systematic review also evaluates methods used in the studies, summarizes the findings, as well as cites weaknesses for knowledge. In a systematic review, all verdicts used to accumulate data are explicit, which allows a researcher to determine for themselves the standards of the appraisal process and the capability of bias. In this case, systematic reviews have tendencies to be...
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...Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Managers: Kelley A. Squazzo & Catherine A. Noonan Designer: Doug Smock Compositor: SPi Technologies First Edition © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the abovementioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lambert, Harold Wayne, 1972– Lippincott’s illustrated Q&A review of anatomy and embryology / H. Wayne Lambert, Lawrence E. Wineski ; with special contributions from Jeffery P. Hogg, Pat Abramson, Bruce Palmer. — 1st ed. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60547-315-4 1. Human anatomy—Examinations, questions, etc. I. Wineski, Lawrence E. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy—Examination Questions...
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