...Research Articles Emissions Trading and Carbon Credit Accounting for Sustainable Energy Development With Focus on India A. N. Sarkar Senior Professor (International Business), Asia-Pacific Institute of Management, New Delhi, India Abstract Global climate change is inextricably linked with the enhanced build-up of greenhouse gases. Emissions- trading in the form of carbon credits or CERs is opening up a new vista of trade opportunities with prospect for gradual reduction of emissions particularly by the developed nations under Annexure-I categories. Various national and international programmes undertaken by the government and voluntarily by the non-government agencies have positively impacted on progressive reduction of emissions in many parts of the world. The paper highlights the emerging issues linked to the modalities of emission-trading, together with scope for developing sound accounting procedures for trading carbon credits. Paper discusses the opportunities for developing a sound marketing system of carbon credits with built-in efficiency in transactions, accountability and transparency in reporting systems with focus on India. Paper also GMJ,VOL 4,ISSUE 1 & 2, JANUARY - DECEMBER 2010 underlines the need to comply with the Global Accounting Standards, Tax Planning, access to Multi-commodity Exchange Market, certification, verification and enforcement procedures for proper execution of emission-trading initiatives aimed at achieving carbon neutrality. The aspects...
Words: 19274 - Pages: 78
...Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review Volume 39 | Issue 2 Article 7 6-1-2012 Accounting for Emissions Trading: How Allowances Appear on Financial Statements Could Influence the Effectiveness of Programs to Curb Pollution Laura E. Souchik Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr Part of the Environmental Law Commons Recommended Citation Laura E. Souchik, Accounting for Emissions Trading: How Allowances Appear on Financial Statements Could Influence the Effectiveness of Programs to Curb Pollution, 39 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 475 (2012), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr/vol39/iss2/7 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact nick.szydlowski@bc.edu. ACCOUNTING FOR EMISSIONS TRADING: HOW ALLOWANCES APPEAR ON FINANCIAL STATEMENTS COULD INFLUENCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROGRAMS TO CURB POLLUTION Laura E. Souchik* Abstract: Cap-and-trade programs to curb carbon emissions frequently rely on the use of tradable emissions credits known as “allowances.” To date, companies' presentations of their usage of these allowances on their financial statements has not been uniform. Cap-and-trade programs will be most effective when presentation of allowances on...
Words: 11507 - Pages: 47
...MBA –H4020 Human Resource Accounting HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING UNIT – I The Non accounting of human resources and the change occurring therein, of an organization may provide a poor picture of the profits and profitability of the organization. Likert Objectives of the Study: This unit aims to provide a basis for the conceptual framework of Human Resource Accounting. An attempt is made to highlight the following aspects. Development of the Concept of HRA An Historical Score Card Meaning and Definition of HRA Importance Objectives of Human Resource Accounting Limitations of Human Resource Accounting HRA for managers & HR Professionals Investment in Human Resources Quality of Work Force and Organizations’ Performance Efficient use of Human Resource Enumerating the Assets Calculating the Market Value of Assets Human Capital. 1 MBA –H4020 Human Resource Accounting INTRODUCTION To ensure growth and development of any orgnisation, the efficiency of people must be augmented in the right perspective. Without human resources, the other resources cannot be operationally effective. The original health of the organization is indicated by the human behaviour variables, like group loyalty, skill, motivation and capacity for effective interaction, communication and decision making. Men, materials, machines, money and methods are the resources required for an organization. These resources are broadly classified into two categories, viz., animate and inanimate (human and physical)...
Words: 55189 - Pages: 221
...vital stage in better decision making. A number of companies have begun the transition to improved social and environmental cost accounting using methodologies such as activity-based costing (ABC), life-cycle assessment (LCA), and full cost accounting (FCA) (Epstein, 2008). ABC assumes that activities related to products, services, and customers cause the costs. ABC first assigns costs to the activities performed by the organization (direct labor, employee training, regulatory compliance) and then attributes these costs to products, customers, and services based on a cause-and-effect relationship (Epstein, 2008) The main advantages of ABC include an assessment of costs of individual activities, based on their use of resources; accurate costing of activities to be obtained throughout an organization; ease of identification where high (and low) costs are being incurred (and the cause), and serving as a valuable tool for both business and process improvement. It also helps with future product planning; ie: the cost of all activities associated with a product or service can be accurately determined before it is launched. This can then help with determining pricing, and any associated expenditure. However there are disadvantages to ABC as well. It may be difficult to set up or establish, particularly if an organization is using more traditional accounting methodologies. It can be time consuming if all activities are to be costed and it may provide too much detail – obscuring the bigger...
Words: 879 - Pages: 4
...ACCG330: Strategic Management Accounting LECTURE 12 CONTROL PROBLEMS AND PRACTICES IN MULTINATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ACCG330 Readings: Anthony & Govindarajan (2007, pp.678-696) ACCG330 Strategic Management Accounting Session 1, 2012 Learning Objectives 1. Describe management control problems and practices in multinational corporations. 2. Explain problems and issues associated with global organisations: i. Cultural differences and their impact on management controls. ii. Transfer pricing and related issues in multinational corporations. iii. Effects of exchange rates on multinational corporations and control system design issues. ACCG330 Strategic Management Accounting Session 1, 2012 1 Nature of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) • What is a Multinational Corporation? – A corporation that owns and operates production facilities in two or more countries. OR – A corporation with power to coordinate and control operations in two or more countries without owning them. • Typically have Headquarters in the country of origin • Build or acquire affiliates or subsidiaries in other countries (the host nation) ACCG330 Strategic Management Accounting Session 1, 2012 Basic Structures of MNCs • A number of basic structures exist that permit an MNC to operate and compete internationally – Structure must meet the need of both the local market and the home-office strategy of globalization – Basic structures of MNCs: • Domestic structure plus foreign subsidiary...
Words: 1066 - Pages: 5
...is selected, evaluated and organized into three key areas: the Carbon tax legislation represents a creation of a new social reality and the impact on sustainability in business. The carbon tax would be represented in the financial reports. To introduce the particular company and legislation impacts on that company. The Framework shows that the financial reporting is present relevant and reliable information. Some experts considered that the insufficient information on financial reporting impact on social reality. Thus, the Sustainability reporting occurs to fix up the fanatical reporting gaps. Introduction Financial reporting is both a reflection and creator of our perception of social reality and consistently evolving. Currently, accounting system is not only focus on the data of how much company earns, it also shift towards to social responsibility. As the dramatic of pollutions, especially that of the developing nations is extremely harmful not only to the surrounding environment, but also to the inhabitants of that country as well. Thus, financial reporting take concern on such problems and create out Sustainability reporting which help to reduce the pollutions. This essay is to discuss the both reflection and creator of financial reporting in reality social and the impact on sustainability in business. It will focus on how the carbon tax will help to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. First, to introduce the background of financial reporting; and then what is...
Words: 2231 - Pages: 9
...HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING UNIT – I The Non accounting of human resources and the change occurring therein, of an organization may provide a poor picture of the profits and profitability of the organization. Likert Objectives of the Study: This unit aims to provide a basis for the conceptual framework of Human Resource Accounting. An attempt is made to highlight the following aspects. Development of the Concept of HRA An Historical Score Card Meaning and Definition of HRA Importance Objectives of Human Resource Accounting Limitations of Human Resource Accounting HRA for managers & HR Professionals Investment in Human Resources Quality of Work Force and Organizations‟ Performance Efficient use of Human Resource Enumerating the Assets Calculating the Market Value of Assets Human Capital. INTRODUCTION To ensure growth and development of any orgnisation, the efficiency of people must be augmented in the right perspective. Without human resources, 1 the other resources cannot be operationally effective. The original health of the organization is indicated by the human behaviour variables, like group loyalty, skill, motivation and capacity for effective interaction, communication and decision making. Men, materials, machines, money and methods are the resources required for an organization. These resources are broadly classified into two categories, viz., animate and inanimate (human and physical) resources. Men, otherwise ...
Words: 54154 - Pages: 217
...approach can be a useful way to understand the full impacts across the activity/ value chain. On knowing, where the main impacts are, organisation can influence that part of the value chain by working with relevant vendors or consumers for promoting its quest for sustainable development. ONGC‟s new corporate vision emphasizes the organizational growth through sustainable development, in keeping with the organizational mission of attaining carbon neutrality. Accordingly, ONGC will need to have a holistic organizational practice to reduce carbon footprint. This is a background note of the way to engage our vendors towards our object of sustainable development. Definition: “Greening the Vendor Chain” refers to buyer or recipient companies requiring a certain level of environmental responsibility in core business practices of the suppliers and vendors providing materials / services. This will essentially mean the practices and processes in partnering with, or influencing the suppliers and contractors to reduce their carbon foot print. Many businesses have internal standards, policies, and/or environmental management systems that govern their...
Words: 1409 - Pages: 6
...of financial information on a statement to give the market and investors a snap shot of the company health. This basic legislation of 1933-1934 Securities Act was very basic when you fast forward six or several decades later since that Act there were legislation drafted twice one in 70’s and in the other in the early 90’s. They were introduce to improve on the Securities Acts of ’33 and ‘34 to curt tail newly created unethical practices the rear their head over the course of time but with no new legislative to combat it when it occurred there was no way to control them either. These drafts of new financial regulations were created to add on to the previous Acts to control these new and various forms fraud, falsifying and manipulations by corporations. The draft act of ‘70 did not see the day of light but the one draft in the ‘90s almost made it but was pulled at the last minute and boy that was the one that could have changed what would later change the course of financial history. Unfortunately these legislatives never passed mainly due to the climate in the mid-nineties when making money was so easy from loading up corporations, dotcoms and startups, no one from CEO’s to most politicians did not want more financial regulations. In the late 90’ going into ’00, or before the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, The Sweeney (2012) website, more than 150 companies who engaged in the manipulation of stock-option grants, taking advantage of lax reporting rules, grantees cherry-picked the...
Words: 868 - Pages: 4
...Uncertain Supply Chain Management 2 (2014) 61–72 Contents lists available at GrowingScience Uncertain Supply Chain Management homepage: www.GrowingScience.com/uscm Sustainable accounting reporting practices of Indian cement industry: An exploratory study Shagufta Khana , Vineet Chouhanb*, Bibhas Chandrac and Shubham Goswamib a Research Scholar, School of Management, Sir Padampat Singhania University, Udaipur-India Assistant Professor, School of Management, Sir Padampat Singhania University, Bhatewar, Udaipur-India, 313601 c Associate Professor, School of Management, Sir Padampat Singhania University, Bhatewar, Udaipur-India, 313601 b CHRONICLE Article history: Received September 10, 2013 Received in revised format 10 December 2013 Accepted February 25 2014 Available online February 27 2014 Keywords: Cement Industry Sustainability Financial Information Environment Accounting Reporting Sustainable Reporting Practices ABSTRACT Cement is the single most important and profitable product in the building material sector. With the economic boom, in India, Indian cement industry is a market of opportunities waiting to be tapped. However, at the same time cement industry is also experiencing a surge in demand. Production of Cement will always release carbon dioxide and change in the climate of the earth that is why despite its profitability, the cement industry faces many challenges regarding environmental concerns and sustainability issues. In order to minimize the impact of all...
Words: 6636 - Pages: 27
...environmental problems and threatening sustainability. Phenomena like climate change and extreme weather events have evidenced the effects of relentless use and overuse of natural resources. The need for environmental sustainability has become important now more than ever following the occurrence of repeated natural disasters and studies showing the ill effects on human health. It has been established that the misuse of natural resources can threaten the existence of future generations. The role of businesses, civil society and governments has been discussed in the context of environmental sustainability in this report with focus on climate change. The oil and gas sector is an important sector in terms of sustainability related to the environment. The sector has been scrutinized widely for occurrences like leakages and oil spills. The companies in this sector have a huge impact on the environment. The importance of oil companies in the path to sustainable development has been discussed. The multinational giants British Petroleum and ExxonMobil have been used as case studies to understand the kind of initiatives being taken in this sector for a sustainable environment. Lastly, the challenges related to the sector in implementing these initiatives have been discussed. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Development and sustainability issues 5 Climate change 6 Role of business, government and civil society 6 Role of government...
Words: 2888 - Pages: 12
...Climate Change and Corporate Environmental Responsibility Dewan Mahboob Hossain (1) Jahangir Alam Chowdhury (2) (1) Dewan Mahboob Hossain Assistant Professor Department of Accounting & Information Systems University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Email: dewanmahboob@univdhaka.edu (2) M. Jahangir Alam Chowdhury, PhD (Stirling, UK) Professor, Department of Finance, and Executive Director Center for Microfinance and Development University of Dhaka Dhaka - 1000, Bangladesh. Email: mjac_dubd@yahoo.com Introduction Abstract Climate change, as an international environmental issue, is getting a lot of attention. The negative effects of climate change have become one of the most talked about issues among Governments, scientists, environmentalists and others. It is said that business activities are affecting the climate negatively. In order to minimize the negative effects of climate change, the activities of the businesses should be controlled and encouraged to perform in a socially responsible manner. The article focuses on the responsibilities and the responses of businesses on climate change issues. The article first highlights on two prominent issues: Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Then the article introduces climate change as an international environmental concern. Then, by going through several published literature, the article highlights various responsibilities of business towards climate...
Words: 7654 - Pages: 31
...sustainable development started with environmental concerns, and climate change has now become one of the biggest developmental challenges. As the Brundtland Commission had discovered...
Words: 1135 - Pages: 5
...present generation needs are fulfilled by not compromising for future generations. Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges facing humanity. Ecologists have pointed to The Limits to Growth, and presented the alternative of a "steady state economy" in order to address environmental concerns. Every International conference talks more about sustainable development but does very less in action. Present Scenario of Climate change. Both Geo thermal Institutes of the world One in (Nalgonda ) India and other in U.S.A have confirmed the global temperature has raised to 1*C. The International Energy Agency (IEA)’s data is regarded as gold standard in emissions and energy. This agency says last resort to save climate change is to maintain Earth’s temperature below 2 degree Celsius “The door is closing,” said Fatih Birol, chief economist at the International Energy Agency (IEA). “I am very worried — if we don't change direction now on how we use energy, we will end up beyond what scientists tell us is the minimum [for safety]. The door will be closed...
Words: 1497 - Pages: 6
...viewpoints. Outline 1. Global Warming and what it is A. The Two Opposing View Points 1. Global Warming occurrence by mankind 2. Global Warming a natural occurrence 3. Global Warming is it fact or fiction Global Warming and what it is Is Global warming fact or fiction? For this answer there must be an understanding of what global warming is. Let’s consider the definition “an average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface and in the troposphere which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns “is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Definition. Greenhouse effect is heat absorption by certain natural gases, trapping the heat in the lower atmosphere. The gases in the atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor and nitrous oxide including others that are synthetic. Synthetic gases are manmade that include chlorofluorocarbons, hydro fluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride (NOAA). Natural greenhouse gases effect Earth’s temperature (57 degrees F – 14 degrees C), without it Earth’s temperature would be zero degrees – 18 degrees C. Any imbalance in the energy can gain or lose heat, thus changing global temperatures. Two Opposing Viewpoints Global warming is a serious issue that has been increased by mankind. Extra gases have been added to the atmosphere by the increase in...
Words: 1385 - Pages: 6
