...mathematicaldistribution of patterns over time of ranging from years to years. The historical backgroung of the scientific invention of climate and climate change began in start of 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified. (Neumann, 1985). In second half of 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change the climate. Many other theories of climate change were advanced, involving forces from volcanism to solar variation. A brief History on the negotiations for climate change are discussed below. 1960 - Human population reaches three billion. (Chamberlin, 1899) it’s a minute...
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...you do not." – Leonardo Dicaprio at the U.N Climate Summit The climate crisis is one of the greatest challenges we have ever faced. Its consequences are already visible all around the world. We now face stronger storms, bigger floods and droughts, the temperatures is worsening with hotter summers and colder winters, the spreading of tropical diseases, melting of ice and the rising seas. And this is not where it stops; these events are all projected to get worse in coming years unless we stop using the atmosphere as an open sewer for the 98 million tons of global-warming pollution that we pour into it every single day. Pakistan is no stranger to the consequences of Climate Change. In the past few decades, Pakistan has been severely affected by Climate Change and the impacts on human lives have become more significant since the 1990’s. Floods are the new normal in Pakistan, occurring every year with no action from the government. Several hundred people have died in floods every year. The flash floods of September 2014 has killed nearly 280 people and injured more than 500 in Pakistan affecting more than 2 million people. The flood surge was so big that authorities had to blow up dikes to divert swollen rivers and save cities from raging. But this thereby flooded nearby farming areas, displacing tens of thousands of people. With all the loss and destruction by climate change, still no action is being taken by the government of Pakistan. But there is still a glimmer of hope. All...
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...UNIT: Developing Corporate Culture Topic: Political Organization’s Culture In Pakistan BY: M Muneeb Ullah Sandhu Unit Contents: * Introduction to culture. * Culture of political parties. * Brief details of PTI * Cultural Profile of PTI * Climate of PTI * Communication & PTI WHAT IS CULTURE? Def. Culture is the values and practices shared by the member of a group (source notes) Hence a corporate culture is values and practices shared by the people in that company Key Points Regarding Culture * A Companies culture can make or break the company. * Company’s culture can be changed. But it can be difficult in some cases. * It can be changed as the targets of the company changes. * Company culture changes and evolves over time. But not in all cases if it is strong culture. * It changes from one environment to another. (E.g. Multinational companies) Explanation in My Views: Any human organization develops culture over time, from small family business to global national companies to village and country try to develop its own culture over time. It is like an iceberg whose very small portion can be seen while travelling in sea but the major portion of it is under water, which can only be observed when you get under water. Now, Why it is important? It is important as every organization try to develop its own unique identity. Here I think it is important to define organization...
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...Pennsylvania vs. Pakistan Pakistan vs. Pennsylvania? Are the two places comparable at all? Pennsylvania, a state of the United States, and Pakistan, a country of the Middle East, may be very diverse and similar in many ways statistically speaking. The people that reside there; the terrain and climate; and the religions and languages practiced. Pennsylvania is a state located in the United States; it’s about 45,308 square miles. The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg home to 49,528 people. The total population of the state is 12,335,091 residents. The states that border Pennsylvania are New York on the North; New Jersey and Delaware on the East; Maryland and West Virginia on the South and Ohio on the West; Lake Erie is a border in the Northwest. Pakistan is a country located in South Asia. 310,527 square miles this is about seven times the size of Pennsylvania or twice the size of California. The capital of Pakistan is Islamabad, home to 800,000 residences. The total population of the country is 167,762,040 people which is 13.5 times the amount of people in Pennsylvania. The country’s bordering Pakistan is: Afghanistan on the West; China is to the North; India to the East and Iran to the West; the Arabian Sea also borders Pakistan to the west. Pakistan is enormous compared to Pennsylvania and has more people residing in the country than the state. Pennsylvania’s terrain varies from each part of the state. The Southeast is a coastal plain with lower sea levels. The Southwest...
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...SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS OF WOMEN IN PAKISTAN/A country is backward because its people are backward. 3. Democracy has failed to deliver in Pakistan!Discuss./The Future of Democracy in Pakistan/What are the hurdles in our way to becoming a truly independent state? 4. Media-a Mirror to the Society or a Frankensteinian Monster/Power of Media in the Modern World/Globalization and electronic media/The present system of education must assume some of the responsibilities of our failures of media/Truth is a rare commodity despite the freedom enjoys by the print media and electronic media. 5. Palestine is missing from the agenda of the United Nations ;nor is The United States ready to press on nor Israel ready to accommodate Palestinians.Elaborate. 6. The world politics stands more derisive than it was ever before due to the specific imperialist designs/The Politics of Empowerment in Pakistan.Elucidate/Political is the art of possible. Discuss. 7. Pakistan and War on Terror: Gains and Losses 8. Status of Women in Islam./The state of women Rights in Pakistan/Can women be equal to men in Pakistan?/Why is there no status of the third gender in Pakistan?/Does Pakistani society regard women as the angel in the house of the source of all evils? 9. Provincial Autonomy. 10. Climate Change:A Myth or Reality!/Global Warming/Climate Change/Greenhouse Effect 11. Is Foreign Aid the SOLUTION TO POVERTY in Pakistan or Self-reliance might be our saviour ?/Foreign...
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...I can't really argue that in the long run, climate change is our greatest threat. However, the point that was actually of interest to me had to do with humanitarian relief. Bin Laden was responding to the 2010 flooding in Pakistan. He claims that the West did nothing to provide relief and instead spending large sums on their military. This is bullshit. I know because I spent two and a half long months off the coast of Pakistan on the USS Peleliu. American helicopters flew back and forth constantly delivering aid and assisting people. The American military did more than just about any organization outside of Pakistan for the people of Pakistan during the flooding. Certainly more than al-Qaeda or the...
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...The Indus River Basin: The Continuing Water Disputes Between India and Pakistan Anise Ko August 7, 2014 Professor Beth Bennett Introduction The Indus River was a key factor in the development of the Asian civilization. It originates in the Tibetan plateau and flows through four different countries: Tibet, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan to end in the Arabian Sea. The Indus River catchment area is as follows: sixty percent of the area belongs to Pakistan, about twenty percent belongs to India, five percent belongs to Afghanistan and fifteen per cent belongs to Tibet (Aljazeera, 2011). There are a total of six main tributaries: Sutlej, Ravi and Beas flow through Punjab and the other three rivers of the Indus basin - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab run through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (Harvard, 2011). Since the partition of the British Indian empire in 1947, Pakistan and India have fought over the province of Punjab and the state of Kashmir, which resulted in a partition of the area between the two countries. The water dispute is also closely related to partition of the Kashmir region, too. The six rivers run through India which controls Jammu and Kashmir, before reaching Pakistan and the part of Jammu and Kashmir governed by Pakistan (Harvard, 2011). The geological allocation described above brought out significant disadvantages to Pakistan in early the1950s as a consequence of the political conflicts between the two countries. The help of the World Bank together with...
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...Climate change is a change in the related to studying numbers distribution of weather patterns when that change remains for a long time (i.e., at least 20 years to millions of years).Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time difference/different version of weather around longer-term average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, differences/different versions in solar radiation received by Earth, plate the study of Earth's surface plate movement, and volcano-related sudden explosive shooting up and out of matters. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred...
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...What is geography? ........................................... 7 Chapter 2: Geographical Skills ........................................... 11 Chapter 3: Our Earth ......................................................... 15 Chapter 4: Atmosphere and weather ................................. 19 Chapter 5: Our World—the main features of the Earth’s surface ................................................. 25 Chapter 6: Asia—our region of the world .......................... 29 Chapter 7: Pakistan—our homeland.................................. 34 Chapter 8: Pakistan—economic activities ......................... 40 Introduction to the series Explore is a new, up-to-date geography series for secondary classes 6–8. The series covers all the geographical topics and learning competencies from the Pakistan National Curriculum for Geography. Guided by the structure of the Curriculum, from Book 1 to Book 3 the focus gradually switches from local (including the geography of Pakistan) to global (world issues such as forest clearances, population and big city growth, and globalization). However, this is done not by simply following the exact sequence of the written curriculum, but by identifying and developing particular topics and themes in context with the world around us, in order to make the learning process more student-friendly and relevant. Explore consists of three components: the Students’ Books, Workbooks, and the Teachers’ Guides. Together, the three books...
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...Location * Pakistan is located in Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north. Demographics * Population: 187,342,721 (July 2011 est.) * Birth rate: 24.81 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) * Death rate: 6.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) Major causes * Monsoon patterns and heavy rainfall. * Pakistan’s climate varies from temperate to tropical with rainfall ranging from less than 10 inches to about 150 inches a year in various regions. * Half of the Pakistan's rain falls between July and September (monsoon season) which causes intense rainfall resulting in flooding each year. * Heavy monsoon rainfalls of more than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) were recorded during the four day wet spell from 27 July to 30 July 2010 in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department. * Climate Change. * Deforestation. (Physical Factors) * Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non forest use. * Pakistan is known to have one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world. * Only 5% of Pakistan is now occupied by forest due to excessive timber harvesting. * Due to the lack of vegetation to intercept the precipitation, flooding occurred. * Hydrological processes such as percolation, infiltration and soil saturation are hindered...
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...meet the country’s energy needs. The paper argues that energy planning should integrate the external cost of energy use in deciding about the composition of supply: coal, oil, gas, hydropower, renewable, nuclear, and solar. By utilizing external cost estimates made by the European Commission for Europe, and the US National Academy of Sciences, a total cost (external + internal) ranking of primary energy sources for Pakistan is estimated. This estimate is at the low end of the cost spectrum because classic pollutants—sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide—in Pakistan are significantly higher than in Europe or the US. The paper also discusses the experiences of China and OECD countries in increasing energy-wide efficiency. A central lesson emerging from the analysis is that Pakistan will have to significantly increase its energy-related research and development expenditure in order to adequately address its energy sector issues. A quadrupling from 0.25 % of gross domestic product is recommended over a decade. Keywords: Energy, policy, environment, Pakistan. JEL Classification: Q48, Q47, Q5. I. Introduction Energy is the life blood of socioeconomic development. It is essential for technological applications that promote productivity increases. The three domains where energy is used are the production of electricity, the extraction/generation of thermal energy (heating and cooling), and transportation. During the past two centuries, fossil fuels (coal, oil, and...
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...is an editorial (January 3,2017). John M. Crisp claims that ,” The message of this period was that nuclear destruction could rain down at any moment”(Crisp 7). The mother earth already suffers from the climate change. Yet we the people still engore it also the past history of that happened to hiroshima and nagasaki all the damages that U.S had made. Also the conflict of every country to possess nuclear arms. Crisp hooks all these claims like climate change, nuclear bombs, and country that possess nuclear arms by logos,pathos and ethos. Crisp uses logic with climate change by saying,”climate change is already making resources scarce in some areas...”(Crisp 14). When the U.S bomb Hiroshima with fat boy and little boy it’s affect the weather with toxic elements that made people who survived die later. Crisp is getting “Institutions and power arrangements that tended to maintain stability for the good or ill have broken down”(Crisp 14 ). As a result the people who survived had nowhere to live Hiroshima was habitable and later had to leave their house where they had grown up and to wait until plant and water to return and than they can go back to Hiroshima. After they returned there were no homes so it was like a new undiscovered place to start over. As a result in the climate change in...
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...Introduction Investment Climate means the general economic conditions affecting the financial markets. A favorable investment climate encourages businesses to improve efficiency and productivity in order to increase revenues and capital available for investment. It also gives investors confidence in the market and encourages them to invest more capital. Investment Climate The investment climate in a country is the collective set of incentives which establish the “rules of the game” to which economic actors must adhere. Set by a wide variety of sources, including government policies, cultures of public administration, and institutional, social, and physical infrastructure, the investment climate determines the level and uncertainty of returns expected by economic agents and consequently impacts the quality and quantity of investment and the incentives to productively employ inputs. The investment climate can be broken down into the following three main areas: (1) Macroeconomic and Trade Policy - The capacity of domestic institutions and economic policy (e.g. fiscal, monetary, trade, and exchange rate policy, administration of customs and ports, security of property rights, strength of rule of law, and political stability) to reduce costs of international trade and finance and ensure a consistent and non-distortionary basis for investment, production and exchange; (2) Microeconomic Framework - The contribution of microeconomic regulation (e.g. rules governing...
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...doubtful and looks over the world to find out why. In a series of talking points the author examines a number of issues that will serve to disrupt those dwelling in an environmentally sound world. These include the possibility of green protectionism in the western world, the condition of oil producing countries and the water shortage that already exists and will increase in the future. Article 38-The Last Straw, Stephan Faris Appropriately titled “The Last Straw,” the article reviews water conflicts exacerbated by climate change in general while focusing on Pakistan’s unsustainable dependence on Kashmiri waters – a dependence that only exacerbates the long-standing historical, cultural, and religious animosity between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir territory. Faris reports that a shocking “ninety percent of Pakistan’s agricultural irrigation depends on rivers that originate in Kashmir.” This water comes from three of the six tributaries that India and Pakistan split in their 1960 Indus Waters Treaty. Is the treaty’s continued existence a testament to how future resource shortages will draw normally hostile states into cooperating? Perhaps – the agreement has so far survived three major wars and nearly 50 years of hostile exchanges. Unfortunately, the treaty’s stability depends on a status quo that no longer exists. By diminishing water flows in the Indus...
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...in India. There are many researchers that have come up with different components of resilience depending on where it is to be applied but in this paper there are five components that have applied in a general context. The application of these components will determine if the result of resilience will be positive or negative. This paper will discuss redundancy, diversification, network connectivity, feedback and recovery and how they have been practically applied to various places to build resilience especially in India and Punjab, Pakistan. It will further discuss two other components of resilience that is strongly related to the named components. Finally it will conclude on the basis of choosing the components and the importance of those components. Application of the components of resilience There are many systems that interact in their functioning. The world functions due to interactions such as humans and the eco-system and humans and the climate. The components of resilience determine the how the interaction will occur and what will it result in. As stated there are many...
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