...the effectiveness of treatments. Their work is extremely important for many hospital departments and the functions they carry out are wide ranging. For example, they may work on medical conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, AIDS, malaria, food poisoning or anaemia, or carry out tests for emergency blood transfusions or to see if someone has had a heart attack. Biomedical scientists can work in three areas: infection sciences; blood sciences; and cellular sciences. Infection sciences include: •medical microbiology - identification of micro-organisms causing disease and their antibiotic treatment; •virology - identification of viruses, associated diseases and monitoring the effectiveness of vaccines. Blood sciences include: •clinical chemistry - analysis of body fluids and toxicology studies; •transfusion science - determination of donor/recipient blood compatibility, ensuring blood banks are sufficient; •haematology - form and functions of blood and related diseases; •immunology - understanding the immune system and its role in combating disease. Cellular sciences include: •histopathology - microscopic examination of diseased tissue samples; •cytology - best known for cervical smear screening, but also covers other cellular analysis; •reproductive sciences - analysis of samples to detect fertility...
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...As drug industry’s influence over research grows, so does the potential for bias The inside track on Washington politics. Be the first to know about new stories from PowerPost. Sign up to follow, and we’ll e-mail you free updates as they’re published. You’ll receive free e-mail news updates each time a new story is published. You’re all set! Sign up Steven Nissen, a heart specialist at The Cleveland Clinic, has linked pharmaceutical drugs such as Vioxx and Avandia with high cardiovascular risks in patients. (Dustin Franz/FOR THE WASHINGTON POST) By Peter Whoriskey November 24, 2012 For drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline, the 17-page article in the New England Journal of Medicine represented a coup. The 2006 report described a trial that compared three diabetes drugs and concluded that Avandia, the company’s new drug, performed best. “We now have clear evidence from a large international study that the initial use of [Avandia] is more effective than standard therapies,” a senior vice president of GlaxoSmithKline, Lawson Macartney, said in a news release. What only careful readers of the article would have gleaned is the extent of the financial connections between the drugmaker and the research. The trial had been funded by GlaxoSmithKline, and each of the 11 authors had received money from the company. Four were employees and held company stock. The other seven were academic experts who had received grants or consultant fees from the firm. Whether these ties altered...
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...Table of Contents Rpt. 25810062 14-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC COWEN AND COMPANY - BARAL, RITU, ET AL 4-8 Rpt. 25767315 06-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC ROTH CAPITAL PARTNERS, LLC - CHATTOPADHYAY, DEBJIT, ET AL 9 - 21 Rpt. 25736145 01-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC CANACCORD GENUITY - RESEARCH DEPARTMENT 22 - 28 Rpt. 25736256 01-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC PIPER JAFFRAY - COMPANY REPORT - TENTHOFF, EDWARD, ET AL 29 - 32 Rpt. 25733910 01-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC COWEN AND COMPANY - BARAL, RITU, ET AL 33 - 37 Rpt. 25736405 01-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC CREDIT SUISSE - NORTH AMERICA - SHEPARD, JEREMIAH, ET AL 38 - 56 Rpt. 25732665 01-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC RBC CAPITAL MARKETS (CANADA) - SIMEONIDIS, SIMOS, ET AL 57 - 62 Rpt. 25732827 01-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC JMP SECURITIES LLC - COMPANY REPORTS - BAYKO, LIISA 63 - 67 Rpt. 25735100 01-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC OPPENHEIMER AND CO - RESEARCH DEPARTMENT 68 - 72 Rpt. 25736008 01-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC RBC CAPITAL MARKETS (CANADA) - SIMEONIDIS, SIMOS, ET AL 73 - 78 These reports were compiled using a product of Thomson Reuters www.thomsonreuters.com 1 Table of Contents Rpt. 25736195 01-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC WILLIAM BLAIR & COMPANY - LUGO, TIM, ET AL 79 - 83 Rpt. 25736196 01-Apr-2015 SAREPTA THERAPEUTICS INC LEERINK PARTNERS LLC - SCHWARTZ...
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...Psychological Trauma & Post Trauma Therapy: Part 1: Attachment Failures and Dorothy Allison as a Client One of the more significant aspects of social development is the formation of attachment. For many, the first occurrence of attachment is during infancy with a caregiver (typically the mother). For Dorothy Allison, we can assume that from her book she had a positive attachment to her mother beginning at infancy. Granted her mother worked and was a single parent, however it this cannot be discredited because Allison’s needs as an infant were met (e.g. her mother seemed present and did not abandon her baby or harm the baby, baby was fed/clothed). According to the actual story, Allison’s abuse began at a much younger age than in the retelling—regardless, sexually and physically abused at a young age, Allison watched her mother stand by her attacker. For a moment, we have to pause and just consider what torment this child experienced. We can then assume Allison was questioning her own self-worth, blaming herself, and stuck between wanting to love her mother and possibly hating her mother all at the same time. As a young child, Allison’s attachment to her mother was shattered; her primary caregiver failed her. Allison’s other caregivers were present, but the one adult whom she had formed a close bond with passes away, leaving her again without a caregiver or a responsible adult figure. Working with Allison as an adult, I would start by evaluating if she...
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...The Business of Developing New DrugsThe Business of Developing New Drugs for Cancer Larry Cephas Strayer University Developing new drugs for cancer and or any other medical purpose is a tedious, complex, expensive process. The process in developing new drugs involves numerous stages of trial and error. According to Mahajan and Gupta (2010) on average it can cost anywhere from US$ 802million to US$ 1billion dollars to successfully develop and market new drugs and, that process can take up to 12years with on average of only 8% of them ever hitting the market. From the beginning of civilization, people have been concerned regarding the quality and safety of medicines, which I do not fault anyone because, some medicines just do not work out to be very effected and good for the human body. My purpose of this white paper is to inform you and outline the various steps and procedures that goes into developing these new drugs for cancer, the economic issues people with face today, the special needs being served and the benefits of these new drugs and methods of how they are being developed, and finally based on my research the end result once these newly developed drugs reach the consumers. The Development of New Drugs The steps involved in developing new drugs for cancer patients are very complex (Figure 1). According to a fact sheet released by the California Biomedical Research Association there are several steps taken when developing a new drug. The first step involved is...
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...Are Controlled Clinical Trials Really Ethical? Case Study In 2009, two cousins, Thomas and Brandon were diagnosed with the same type of deadly skin cancer within a 2 month time frame of each other. To date, here is no cure for skin cancer and once diagnosed the average life expectancy is approximately 8 months. Current standard of care treatments are aimed at shrinking the tumors and prolonging life. Unfortunately, these standard of care treatments only work in a very small percentage of patients and are very toxic with terrible side effects. Thomas learned of a new Phase 3 clinical research trial sponsored by Roche with an unapproved yet promising drug. His doctor explained that in earlier trials, a majority of volunteer patients who took the wonder drug had seen a drastic reduction in the size of their tumors with very few side effects. The only way ill patients can get the drug is by participating in this trial. The trial is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) which means half of the volunteers will get the experimental drug while the other half will be treated with another standard of care treatment. The purpose of the standard or control arm is to allow researchers to compare the long term effects of the new drug to that of the current standard treatment and determine whether it actually shrinks tumors and prolong remissions. Participants have a 50/50 chance of being placed in either arm of the study. Arm assignments are random and cannot be changed. With limited options...
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...Julian Jane Atim, MBChB, MPH Uganda Health Marketing Group (UHMG) Stephanie Cantu Harvard Medical School Jonelle Wright, PhD, RN University of Miami Introduction This module consists of four (4) sections. After completing the training, you will take a short quiz on the training content. After completing the quiz, we ask you to answer a few optional questions to give your view of this training module. Learning Objectives By the end of this module, you should be able to: Describe the concept of Cultural Competence in Research Explain the importance of Cultural Competence in Research Describe ways to enhance the engagement of diverse populations and communities in research Identify cultural competence challenges faced by researchers when working with culturally diverse populations Cultural Competence in Research Culture is fundamental to everyone's perceived identity. It is a mix of one's values, beliefs, standards, norms, behaviors, language, communication styles, and thinking patterns.[1] Cultural competence refers to understanding the importance of social and cultural influence on the beliefs and behaviors of the patient, student, colleague or client.[2] Cultural competence in health care describes the ability of systems and health care professionals to provide high quality care to patients with diverse backgrounds, values, beliefs, and behaviors, including communicating effectively and tailoring delivery to meet patients' social, cultural and linguistic...
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...Examination of Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology has an important history in psychology. The history begins with early Greek Philosophers, Sigmund Freud, and continues in modern psychology. Clinical psychology is deprived from philosophy, science, and many other realms. The scientific aspect of clinical psychology continues to alter and evolve leaving clinical psychology evolving as well. There are clear distinctions between clinical psychology and other disciplines, but they all have the same goal of helping individuals. History of Clinical Psychology There are many aspects and events that lead to the progression of clinical psychology. In earlier times the Greeks realized that the mind and body both influence relationships on individuals dealing with illnesses. Plato, Hippocrates, and Aristotle grew upon this theory. They believed that an individuals body was incontrol by his or her soul, and that illness were caused from problems within the soul (Plante, 2011). The middle ages focused that physical and mental issues meant that the individuals had issues of the soul. The Renaissance period brought upon the scientific approach, that scientific experimentation and observation were evident rather than what was thought to be from spiritual thoughts (Plante, 2011). Sigmund Freud had an increase understanding of the mind and body connection. Freud believed that the unconscious mind had an influence on the individual’s wellbeing (Parsons, 1958). Freud’s theories and his...
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...environment and dealing with occasional aggression in a sensitive and effective way, I will be able to plan and deliver patient care within the health care team. Also I will use my communication and interpersonal skills to emphasize with SU and understand their problems; willingness to be adaptable, flexible and support SU’s to ensure that they have a good care delivery. I will monitor relevant research to improve quality of care and seek consultation when appropriate to enhance own practice. I will engages in and collaborate with other in the conducting research to discover and examine knowledge and evidence based approaches to practice, also recognise the importance of learning to be knowledgeable of relevant research and advances in clinical practice. Part of the professional development is...
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... There are several innovative things that have been popularized over the past few decades. To name a few, there are: digital cameras, the Internet, and the Nintendo Wii. I have decided to discuss Viagra because I think this was an accident as well as a miracle for certain individuals with E.D. The reason I say that this medication was found by accident is because it was originally intended for high blood pressure patients, but it was discovered to be very helpful to males that had E.D. It enabled men to take back control of their sex lives with the aid of a little blue pill (Parnham, 2004). If this is not considered innovation, then what is? When the primary clinical trials happened, Viagra didn’t have a lot of effect on patients with hypertension; however, it gave males an erection. When the second clinical trial took place, they chose to keep using Viagra to treat E.D. This medication was patented during 1996, and was presented to the United States where it was approved to treat E.D. in March of 1998 (Parnham, 2004). Intrapreneurship was exhausted in presenting Viagra. One pro of exhausting the Intrapreneurship approach is the fact that developing Viagra was paid for by Pfizer, the creator of Viagra. The fact that there was...
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...organizational improvements can help. The research highlights some important considerations to be aware of that gives evidence-based medicine a bad name, the pitfalls to avoid, and some ways providers and institutions are working to overcome them. Introduction This paper begins by giving an overview of evidence-based medicine, what it is, and the benefits to be realized by providers, insurers, and patients. I compared that to what providers were using before EBM. Next, I examine the barriers to successfully incorporating evidence-based medicine, and the negative perceptions that dissuade their use by clinicians. Identified are the disadvantages such as source information bias, ethics considerations, and the dangers in using EBM to set Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG). The research highlights some important considerations to be aware of that gives evidence-based medicine a bad name. I looked at pitfalls to avoid and some ways providers and institutions are working to overcome them. Finally, I included an overview, from a pharmacy management perspective, of how improvements techniques...
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...CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning: Raspberry Diet Carolyn Crump Psychology 103/Point University Abstract Classical conditioning can be, and is, used and applied every day. It was discovered by Ivan Pavlov through his studies on physiology of digestion in dogs, but classical conditioning, as it applies to learning and behavior, has nothing to do with salivating dogs. Pavlov’s contribution was just the catalyst for later discoveries. Clinical trials and studies used to educate researchers looking to improve the lives of people are generally a good ideal. The raspberry ketones is an example of classical conditional after Dr. Oz says you will lose weight if you take this pill and subscribes raspberry ketones as his # 1 “miracle in bottle” fat buster, and the supplements has been flying of the shelves. Classical Conditional Raspberry Diet Classical Conditioning: Raspberry Diet After being mentioned on Dr. Oz, the sales of Raspberry Ketone have gone through the roof. This is in part due to the clinical study that was mentioned on his website. To be clear, Dr. Oz does not endorse any specific raspberry ketone product, but this study was mentioned on his website and can be used as a guideline. The New Year with new goals to lose weight and you just heard that Dr. Oz is saying that Raspberry Ketone is way to go to new you is a prime example of the unsolicited responses triggered by nonrelated stimuli is the result of Classical Conditioning, which is the exact...
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...After reading the passage, I realized a few ethical violations could be recognized. Before a study or research could be conducted, all participants should be informed on the purpose of the research, what procedures are involved, benefits of the research and any risks related to the research. In psychology, one of the professional codes of ethics is that all participants must consent to the research and must be debriefed. In the Guatemala study, female commercial sex workers were injected with diseases such as gonorrhea, chancroid, and syphilis without their prior knowledge and consent. Secondly, the soldiers and prison inmates were infected with the disease by having sex with the infected sex workers without knowledge of them being infected or being participants in a research. Additionally, when the researchers found out that the soldiers were infected by the female commercial sex workers, they changed their approach by infecting them with gonorrhea through inoculations into the urethra, skin injections of chancroid and syphilis and also exposing the foreskin of the penis to other infectious material. This is again was done without their consent, hence they were decepted. Another code of ethics is the protection of the client’s welfare. Human participants should not be infected or injected, or put in any harm. Researchers must ensure that participants taking part in a research must be protected from physical and mental harm. For example, participants should not be exposed...
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...Vol. 20, No. 2, May 2011 Clopidogrel copy products in Indonesia are bioequivalent to Plavix® 149 The importance of bioequivalence study: focus on clopidogrel Arini Setiawati Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Abstrak Studi bioekivalensi (BE) diperlukan untuk menunjukkan apakah suatu produk copy dapat menggantikan produk inovator. Tujuan makalah ini adalah untuk menjelaskan alasan melakukan studi BE, produk-produk utama yang memerlukan studi BE, serta desain dan pelaksanaan studi BE, dengan fokus pada klopidogrel. Semua produk generik klopidogrel di Indonesia telah ditunjukkan bioekivalen (BE) dengan produk inovatornya, Plavix®, dan mereka mengandung bahan baku klopidogrel form 1 yang memenuhi persyaratan USP 30, 1997: kandungan enansiomer R tidak lebih dari 1%. Bukti bahwa bioekivalen (BE) berarti ekivalen secara terapeutik (TE) juga ditunjukkan untuk obat-obat kardiovaskular. Klopidogrel mempunyai 2 bentuk polimorfik, form 1 dan form 2, yang mempunyai indikasi yang sama. Sedikitnya satu studi klopidogrel yang pivotal, CAPRIE, menggunakan klopidogrel form 1. Suatu kejadian aterotrombotik mungkin berhubungan dengan resistensi terhadap klopidogrel, yang terjadi pada sekitar 4 sampai 30% pasien yang diobati dengan dosis klopidogrel yang biasa diberikan. (Med J Indones 2011; 20:149-53) Abstract Bioequivalence (BE) study is required to show whether a generic copy product can be interchangeable with...
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...never forget that the hospital can be a scary place typically associated with illness, injury and death and therefore can have a negative image. Sometimes a kind word, a smile, a few extra moments, a touch or just an ear to listen is all it takes to give a little reassurance to our patient that we are care for them. I guess you could say this is the same as the “Golden Rule” and I would be hard pressed to disagree because more often than not I have been on the receiving end of nursing care and have benefited from nurses who have taken time to offer those reassurances and been made more uneasy by nurses who are just shuffling through their busy day getting their “tasks” done all around me. I believe all nurses no matter how busy with the clinical practice of nursing should never forget the humanitarian aspect of nursing because we will all be touched by a nurse in one way or another in our...
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