...------------------------------------------------- Clinical trial From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles and using this article for a summary of the key points of the subject.(October 2010) | Clinical trials are a set of procedures in medical research and drug development that are conducted to allow safety (or more specifically, information about adverse drug reactions and adverse effects of other treatments) and efficacy data to be collected for health interventions (e.g., drugs, diagnostics, devices, therapy protocols). These trials can take place only after satisfactory information has been gathered on the quality of the non-clinical safety, and Health Authority/Ethics Committee approval is granted in the country where the trial is taking place. Depending on the type of product and the stage of its development, investigators enroll healthy volunteers and/or patients into small pilot studies initially, followed by larger scale studies in patients that often compare the new product with the currently prescribed treatment. As positive safety and efficacy data are gathered, the number of patients is typically increased. Clinical trials can vary in size from a single center in one country to multicenter trials in multiple countries. Due to the sizable cost a full series of clinical trials may incur, the burden of paying for all the necessary people and services...
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...Clinical Interview Author Institution Purpose of the clinical Interview Typically, an initial clinical interview is the first step towards developing the initial DSM-IV-TR diagnosis and treatment plan for a mentally troubled person. This interview follows an unstructured format of clinical interviews. The unstructured interview format has often been criticized for its shortcoming but researchers (Craig, 2003; Miller, 2003) assert the importance of the initial interviews to psychiatrists as a critical tool in diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. The interview is a typical assessment procedure which involves collection and integration of a patient’s data. It remains the single most used tool among clinicians and practitioners due to its flexibility (Miller, 2003). The unstructured clinical interview is considered flexible because it does not follow any standardized format. This interview will therefore follow an unstructured format to recognize diagnostic clues. The interview will also use diagnostic questioning throughout the clinical assessment for purposes of making a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis. How will the purpose be achieved? The underlying challenge for every clinician is to interview for diagnosis is to sound more conversant with all possible symptoms and to avoid being sidetracked by unnecessary information. To achieve that purpose the clinician must be able to listen for diagnostic clues as well as watch out for symptoms and signs of DSM-IV-TR (APA,...
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...Clinical Assessment Amanda Harrison PSY/270 April 15, 2012 Kenna Bush Clinical Assessment There is more information that Dr. Mason needs to be obtained before the interview with Clara and her family comes to an end. Dr. Mason will need to know some background information on Mr. and Mrs. Lawson for example their age, background of them as individuals and as a couple, and the background of how they adopted Clara. In addition, there also needs to be a description of the events in the last couple of months that have lead up to Clara’s change in behavior. In a clinical assessment interview it should reveal the client and family history, personality factors, and the client’s social contexts (Butcher, 2000). To obtain this information there are many questions that need to be asked her are some examples. What was Clara’s life like before the adoption and does she remember anything from that time? Also how is Mr. and Mrs. Lawson’s relationship and how do they act in front of Clara? What does her preschool teacher say about her behavior? Has there been anything that has happened recently that might be significant to Clara’s behavior? The answer to these questions will give insight into the possible problems. The other assessment tools that would be helpful besides a clinical interview would be a projective kit for Early Childhood (P.K.E.C.) which is a projective play test for children ages six months to four years old (Roman, Dublineau, & Saboia, 2011) . This test will...
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...Bachelor of Science in Nursing Hospital Pakar Sultanah Fatimah Muar 3rd September- 23 November 2012 Clinical Planning BSN July 09- Clinical Practice VI Roster | Clinical Learning Outcome | Clinical Plan Activity | 3rd-Sept- 12 OctoberGroup 3: - 4 BSN with 7 DIN studentsWeek 13rd -7th Sept Week 210th-14th SeptGroup 1: - 4 BSN with 7 DIN studentsWeek 317th- 21st Sept Week 424th-28th SeptGroup 2 : - 4 BSN with 7 DIN studentsWeek 51st-5th Oct Week 68th-12th Oct15 October-23 NovemberBSN July ‘09Ward 5 Surgical/Eye/ENT Clinic15 Octo-26 OctGroup 1-7 StnGroup 2- 8 StnWard 10 Medical /Hemodialysis29 Oct-9NovGroup 1-7 StnGroup 2- 8 StnOrtho Clinic/Physio Clinic12 Nov-16 Nov ( Holiday)19 Nov-23 NovGroup 1-7 StnGroup 2- 8 Stn | Hospital OrientationWARD 17Pediatric WardBSN Clinical Practice VI AN 3320 * Clinical Learning Objective: 1. Provide individualized quality care to all assigned clients following the nursing process 2. Perform management and organizational ability during the provision of nursing care 3. Apply critical appraisal skills to evaluate the available evidence which underpins practice 4. Plan health promotion activities for clients and family to maintain appropriate behaviors to attain or maintain health 5. Integrate significance of research in clinical practice to achieve best patient outcomesSpecific Objectives: * Plan timely execution of nursing task in the ward * Perform independent learning through self-study and reflective practice...
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...Clinical Assessment University of Phoenix Clinical Assessment I would start by gather as much information as possible concerning every aspect of Clara’s life. Only through a detailed interview with her and the parents could we begin to narrow possibilities of treatment. I would ask Clara to describe her day and home time. Is she happy at school or sad? What is it that happens just before her tantrums start? Did you like preschool at first? Did something change at school to make you not like to go there? How does she feel just before she misbehaves? Are you lonely? I would ask her parents when she started acting this way. How do you get her to stop? How has her sleeping patterns changed? What has changed as far as her eating before these problem arouse? How long before you noticed a change in her behavior? Did something change in her daily routine? Have they noticed any other changes in her? How does she act most of the time? Do her moods swing from high to low? Does she still enjoy the same things she did before? Is there a change in her energy level? Is there a change in mood if she doesn’t get her way? At what age was she adopted? Has there been a change in her house hold recently? What do you know about her birth parents back ground and mental health? Tools that might be helpful would be an intelligence test. I would have a meeting with her teacher to find out how she is doing in school. Clinical observation should always be...
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...Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Teresa A. Robinson PSY/480 Elements of Clinical Psychology August 30, 2012 Debbie Simms Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Depression knows no economical, social, racial, or gender. Depression affects the lives every person on the planet, in one way or another. Depression manifest it’s self in many ways. It causes weight gain, weight loss, anxiety, moodiness, sadness, irritability, restlessness, loss of interest in people, places, and things, loss of energy, loss of appetite, and much more. Because depression has so many different facets, it stands to reason that there are just as many ways to effectively treat the disorder. Psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and family systems are clinical psychological approaches to depression. Each one uses a different approach and in some areas there are overlaps. The information in this paper addresses origins, goals, and techniques of the approaches. Also, an explanation of how each approach affects the treatment strategies of the selected disorder, and the effectiveness of each approach. Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Psychodynamic therapy is talk therapy like what a person sees depicted on television or in the movies. This type of therapy allows patients to examine emotions, feelings, thoughts, and memories ("Web Md", 2005-2012). Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the “…form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what...
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...Clinical Assessment Mary J House University of Phoenix Psy 270 Rhettman Mullis, Jr. November 25, 2012 What other information would you like to learn during the interview with the family? What questions would you ask? I would ask Mr. and Mrs. Lawson if they knew what kind of home life Clara had before she was adopted. I would ask them how old Clara was at the time of the adoption. I would want to know if they knew Clara’s biological family’s medical history. Was there any known of mental illness in the biological family? Did the Lawson’s know if Clara had been abused before she came to live with them? What was the environment in the Lawson home and Clara’s preschool like? Had Clara recently had an accident or been traumatized in any way that they were aware of? Had they heard of any incidents at Clara’s school that may have made her start misbehaving? Was there anything in specific they noticed that triggered Clara’s tantrums? When did the change occur in her eating and sleeping habits? Was Clara their only child? Did they have other biological or adopted children living at home. Was Clara of a different race than Mr. and Mrs. Lawson? Does Clara know that she adopted, and if she does have they just recently told her this? Has Clara mentioned being picked on, teased or bullied at school? Have they had a conference with her teacher to see how her behavior is at school? In addition to the clinical interview, what other...
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...What is clinical psychology? Clinical psychology is the “discipline that uses what is known about the principles of human behavior to help people with their numerous troubles and concerns they experience during the course of life in their relationships, emotions, and physical selves” (Plante, 2011). The paper will discuss the history and evolving nature of clinical psychology and how psychology is still changing overtime. Next, the paper will discuss the roles that research and statistics play into clinical psychology. Lastly, the paper will include the differences between clinical psychology and other types of health professions, such as clinical psychology versus social work, clinical psychology versus psychiatry, and clinically psychology versus school psychology. History and Evolving Nature of Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology has changed over the last 25 years. For starters the DSM-III was published as well as the APA standards were revised. The American Psychological Society was founded, as well as the APA published the findings from the Presidential Task force for evidence-practice. Two of the main evolved approaches would be the Cognitive-Behavioral Approach as well as the Humanistic Approach. The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach was popular in the 1970s and they were used for depression as well as “treatment focusing on changing thinking, feeling, and expectations became as important as the goal of changing overt behavior” (Plante, 2011). The Humanistic...
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...1.Phase II of the NoPain clinical trials requires a placebo group, whereas phase I does not. Explain why. Phase I clinical trials are used to screen the drug for safety. The maximum safe dose is established and it shows that the drug shows no side effects. When that phase is finished they then move into a new phase to establish the effect of the drug and how much should be given in order to achieve the desired affect. It is then established who will benefit from the drug and the best way to administer the dug. 2.Phase I of the NoPain trials uses only 50 subjects. Why couldn’t MedPharm save money by limiting phases II and III to 50 subjects each? Each specific drug has to undergo the certain phases in order pass to the next one. For the larger sample size ensures a high degree of statistical confidence. The sample size that the drug is administered to should show better results than the placebo group. 3. Would you classify NoPain as a palliative, active,or preventive treatment for cancer? Explain. I would classify it as a palliative treatment since it is designed to relieve the pain and bring comfort to the patient. The purpose of the drug is not to cure the disease nor cause homeostasis. 4. Mae, a 76year old retiree living on a fixed income, complains about the expense of the medications she must take to control her blood pressure and diabetes. “Why do I have to pay as much as $1.33 for one little pill?” she grumbles. Based on your reading of this case...
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...Clinical Assessment Kat Grimaldi PSY/270 3 October 2013 Michelle Bailey Clinical Assessment Scenario for this clinical assessment includes: A four year old daughter, named Clara, adopted by Mr. and Mrs. Lawson. Mr. and Mrs. Lawson took Clara to see a psychiatrist, named Dr. Mason. As Clara was entering the room, she was polite and greeted Dr. Mason, but did not smile and kept her gaze down as she took a seat. Clara’s adoptive parents took a seat next to her and began explaining, to the doctor, about their concerns. They described Clara as a quiet child who has recently begun throwing temper tantrums, during which she is inconsolable. Clara’s sleep and eating patterns have changed, and she no longer wants to go to preschool. Based on the limited information provided in this scenario, there are other questions that I would like to see answered. The very first step I would take, before asking for more information from the adoptive parents, is to remove Clara from the room and place her in an atmosphere that better suites her, like a play room located in the office building. After Clara is removed from the office, I would start of by asking if the adoption was an open adoption, and the age when Clara was adopted. If the adoption was not an open adoption, the true parents of Clara could be trying to make contact with her while she away from her adoptive parents. This can cause confusion in Clara, and possibly be a reason why her behavior has all of a sudden changed. I would...
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...Examination of Clinical Psychology PSY/480 Examination of Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology is a profession that focuses on helping individuals with various troubles and concerns they experience during their relationships, emotions, and physical selves. One example of what a clinical psychologist can do is to see if a child has a learning disability or an attention problem that might contribute to poor school performance by using intellectual and educational tests (Plante, 2011). In this paper, the history of clinical psychology will be examined as well as its role of research and statistics. In addition, clinical psychology will be furthered examined and how it differs from other mental professions such as social work, psychiatry, and school psychology. The field of clinical psychology was founded in 1896 by Lightner Witmer (1867–1956) who opened the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1888, Witmer completed his undergraduate studies and earned his PhD in psychology at the University of Leipzig (Plante, 2011). Further he returned to the University of Pennsylvania to become director of their psychology laboratory. He applied his principles of human behavior to help a student that was not performing well in school and as a result, found out he had trouble in spelling, reading, and memory, and recommended tutoring, which later proved to be a successful intervention (Plante, 2011). He focused on assisting children with primarily school-related...
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...Shelia Ward Psych/ 270 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY: ABUSE, ADDICTION, & DISORDERS (AXIA) Clinical Assessment April 24, 2011 Assignment: Clinical Assessment Pre-consultation is the first initial contact with the potential clients, the documents of Clara’s medical history must be submitted for review, along with a documentation from her teachers at the pre-school pertaining to their observations with Clara. At this point any other documentation obtained prior to the adoption that may give further insight to evaluating Clara. In meeting with Clara and her adoptive parents the issue of Clara’s age and environment is the beginning process in evaluating the issues surrounding Clara. I recognize that questioning a four- year old child could appear to be very intimidating and frightening; therefore, the interview will be addressed in several phases to avoid overwhelming Clara. The first phase will initiate Clara be taken to a playroom, and observed by my associate and recorded while playing with dolls...
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...PHASES OF CLINICAL TRIALS Introduction Clinical Trial Definition: “Clinical trial” means a systematic study of new drug(s) in human subject(s) to generate data for discovering and / or verifying the clinical, pharmacological (including pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic) and /or adverse effects with the objective of determining safety and / or efficacy of the new drug. “ Drug Development Process: The process of drug development can be broadly classified as pre-clinical and clinical Pre- clinical refers to experimentation that occurs before it is given to human subjects; whereas, clinical refers to experimentation with humans. Within the realm of clinical research, clinical trials are classified into four phases. [pic] Classification of Various phases of clinical trials: There are five different phases of clinical trials, which include: ➢ Phase 0 Trials (Micro dosing trials) ➢ Phase I Trials (Human Pharmacology/ First time in Man Studies) ➢ Phase II Trials (Pilot Trials/ Therapeutic Exploratory trials) ➢ Phase III Trials ( Expanded clinical trials/Therapeutic Confirmatory trials) ➢ Phase IV Trials ( Post Marketing trials) 1. Phase 0 Trails/Micro dosing Trials: Micro dosing, or human phase 0 clinical trials, is a technique whereby sub pharmacological doses of prospective drug candidates are administered to human volunteers. A micro dose study provides early pharmacokinetic data in humans and only requires minimal preclinical...
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...Assignment: Clinical Assessment If only knowing that Mr. and Mrs. Lawson’s 4-year-old adopted daughter was throwing fits, not sleeping or eating like she use to, and that their daughter does not want to go back to preschool I would have to ask several questions. I would want to know how their daughter acted before they notice the behavioral change. I would ask why Clara (daughter) was put up for adoption, what type of adoption place was she living in, and for how long was Clara in the adoption home before they adopted her. I would want to know about the biological parents, and I would also ask Mr. and Mrs. Lawson’s how they were before the adoption, if there has been any changes lately in their home. I would then ask questions about the preschool Clara goes to, and I would ask about her teachers. I would like to know if Clara does this in class, and if she does I would want to know how the teacher handles Clara. I would also want to know exactly how her sleeping and eating patterns have changed. During the interview I would want Clara to be comfortable and I would offer some toys, or coloring books to keep her busy while talking to her parents. I also feel I could see with my own eyes on how Clara acts while playing. After I completed the interview I would explain to the Lawson’s that there were a few test I would like to do with Clara. I would want to do a projective, and drawing test with Clara. The projective...
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...Clinical Assessment Estella M. Swaims PSY 270 11/20/2011 Andrew Graham Clinical Assessment Hello Mr. And Mrs. Lawson my name is Dr. Mason and this must be Clara. Hello Clara my name is Mr. Mason it is so nice to meet you. I would like to ask just a few short questions Clara please answer them if you would like. Initial Questions Mrs. Lawson has there been any recent changes at Clara school, such as a new teacher or a new child, in her class? Does she talk about anything that she does not like in school? Clara your mom and dad say you do not like school anymore can you tell me why? Assessment I would like to know when you first noticed Clara acting out. I would ask what is the standard or norm for Clara on any given day. I would need to know more about Clara surroundings at her school to see if there was indeed a reason for her recent temper tantrums. If this is the first time this has happened perhaps there is a root cause that needs to be explored (validity of compliant). I would ask Clara to draw me a picture of what is scaring her at school and talk to me about it. Intervention I would ask the parents to write down each time Clara had one of these tantrums and the events that lead up to it. Knowing this information would give a better overall picture of what is happening. Clara is adopted so I would ask Mr. and Mrs. Lawson if they have any medical background on Clara’s biological parents. How long Clara has been with them...
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