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Close Reading of Shakespeare's Sonnet 47

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Close Reading of Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 46”

Of the many themes explored in Shakespeare’s Sonnets, number 46 explores an idea that only a few others (24,38,47) touch upon—the roles of the eyes and the heart in the manifestation of love. Utilizing conceit—or a fanciful form of extended metaphor—Shakespeare tackles the extant renaissance notion of the eye and the heart from a more infatuating, legal standpoint. In the case of number 46, the verdict is simple: lustful, longing eyes will always be able to gaze upon potential lovers; but passionate hearts will always have the power to become intertwined. In almost perfect iambic pentameter, the sonnet maintains a common structure with most of Shakespeare’s sonnets. Its rhyme scheme, which appears to be simply alternating as ABAB, does however have some deviances 1. In the end, it seems to formulate to ABAB || CDCD || EFEF/FF ||. In terms of syntactical construction the sonnet may be divided into four units—three quatrains of four lines, however concluding with a couplet. Because #46 is of the harder sonnets in terms of understanding—due to it’s extended metaphor and legal jargon—I will break up the text along with citing the OED in order to convey it’s underlying meaning.
1 Mine eye and heart are at a mortal war /
2 How to divide the conquest of thy sight; /
3 Mine eye my heart thy picture's sight would bar, /
4 My heart mine eye the freedom of that right. ||
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1 The rhyme scheme turns out to be ABAB CDCD EFEFFF—deviating from the pattern by closing the last stanza with a couplet, an unusual scheme in terms of sonnets. The words “heart” and “part” are also repeated in both the third quatrain and the couplet—a rare occurrence.
2 Line 1 marks the beginning of sonnet #46’s conceit, or extended metaphor. The topic of this comparison is the intense “legal battle” between the subject’s eyes and heart.
3 The OED offers the following acceptable meanings for extant words and phrases: Mortal (1) adj., “deadly”. Bar (3) verb, “prohibit”. Freedom (4) noun, “to exercise (the referenced right) freely”.

Shakespeare begins by stating that his eyes and heart are in opposition (1), zealously attempting to determine which party may enjoy the beauty of the subject, a lover (2). This first quatrain develops the principal contrast between infatuation or idolatry and true, deep-seated, emotional love. The eyes wish to prevent the heart from seeing the lover how they see her(3), whereas the heart wishes to prevent the eyes from viewing the lover how it sees her (4).
4 My heart doth plead that thou in him dost lie -- /
5 A closet never pierced with crystal eyes -- /
6 But the defendant4 doth that plea deny /
7 And says in him thy fair appearance lies. || 5
8 To 'cide6 this title is impanneled /
9 A quest of thoughts, all tenants to the heart, /
10 And by their verdict is determined /
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11 The clear eye's moiety and the dear heart's part: || 7
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4 i.e. the eyes (the heart is therefore the prosecutor)
5 The OED offers the following definitions: Plead (4) verb, “claim”. Closet (5) noun, “private place”.
6 i.e. “decide”
7 The OED offers the following definitions: Impanneled (9) verb, “enlisted or enrolled” (i.e. a jury) (to appear in court). Quest (10) noun, “inquest, a judicial inquiry to ascertain the facts relating to an incident,”. Moiety (12) noun, “a part or portion. share.”

In the second stanza the speaker further discusses the “legal proceedings” between the eyes and the heart, further establishing the opposing nature of the two sides. The heart believes that the beautiful image of the lover originates within him (4). On the contrary, the eyes believe that they—not like the private depths of the heart’s cavity (5)— are in fact the sole source of the lover’s image (6,7). In the third quatrain the speaker identifies the jury—the party that will decide the inquest (8)— as an amalgamation of his own thoughts (9), which trace provenance to his heart. Note that his fashioning of an actual legal battle seeks to further the suspense of the sonnet in a more reserved, sophisticated manner—with the speaker drawing away from uncontrolled and tempestuous war imagery. The jury of thoughts, the speaker says, will clearly designate a portion of the lover’s image to both the eyes and the heart (10,11).
12 As thus8; mine eye's due is thy outward part, /
-------------------------------------------------
13 And my heart's right thy inward love of heart. ||
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8 i.e. “and so/ here is the verdict/ the jury has decided, etc…” The deliverance of the court’s decision and subsequently the end of the conceit.

Similar to many of the speakers in Shakespeare’s works, the speaker in Sonnet 46 is in search of love’s spoils; however actually discussing or coping with the detriments. Rather than attempting to tackle the entire, complex nature of love, Shakespeare chooses to focus on the role that certain body parts (the eye and heart) can play in the manifestation of love. Just like the contradictions in love itself, the speaker’s wants (to gaze upon the beauty of his absent lover) and needs (to love and be loved by his lover) are in heated contrast. The speaker, distraught and in need of an impartial, unbiased party to aid in the matter, utilizes heavy legal jargon in order to reach a final conclusion. The speaker elects to “deliver the verdict” in the form of a couplet which concludes the sonnet. In the end, it is determined that the eyes will have custody over the lover’s physical appearance (12)—the heart the power to care for the lover and feel cared for by the lover (13). Although the intense battle between the eye and the heart is stifled by the development of the legal metaphor in the third quatrain, it is still acceptable to expect climactic results. But, instead of using the concluding couplet to showcase a supersedure of either the eyes or the heart, Shakespeare decides to offer an anti-climactic, simplistic dissection between both parties. Note that the couplet blends in with the rest of the poem—its rhyme scheme is simply secondhand from the preceding stanza and it doesn’t have much variation metrically. More often than not, Shakespeare uses the ends of his works (i.e. couplets in sonnets) to describe drama, irony, a climax, a turning point—but this ending is different. In this case, Shakespeare is attempting to show that lust is actually a part of feeling, just as feelings are a part of lust: letting the end of the previous stanza move right into the couplet by starting it with the iambic foot, “As thus.” He also ties the two together by repeating the rhyme of lines 10 and 12 (“part” (13) and “heart” (14)). And thus, covetousness—which traces provenance in “crystal eyes” (5) ogling the “outward part” (13)—and adoration—which traces provenance in the “closet” (5) of the heart—become one: love.

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