...A local pollution problem This report will look into the air pollution in Melbourne due to car emissions and the way to develop a system of controls to best deal with this problem. Definition of the problem how it effects the environment Air pollution is a problem that no major city in the world has avoided. Air pollution from industry, from the large numbers of homes clustered together in and around the cities and the widespread use of motor vehicles means that the quality of the air in cities suffers. The findings of the EPA1 show that motor vehicles are the major source of urban air pollution. In Melbourne in 2006, motor vehicle emissions contributed the following levels of pollutants to the overall air quality: * 72 per cent of all carbon monoxide (CO) emissions * 70 per cent of all nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions * 28 per cent of all volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions * 31 per cent of all emissions of particles smaller than 2.5 microns(PM2.5) * 27 per cent of all emissions of particles smaller than 10 microns(PM10) * 6 per cent of all sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can combine to form ozone (summer smog). Particle emissions can build up in the air to form autumn/winter smog in the cooler months. Both diesel and petrol vehicles emit particles into the air. The economic consequences The economic consequences of motor vehicle emissions in Melbourne are; * Health issues...
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...Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed a suite of commonsense requirements that together will help combat climate change, reduce air pollution that harms public health, and provide greater certainty about Clean Air Act permitting requirements for the oil and natural gas industry. The proposals are part of the agency’s broad-based strategy under the President’s Climate Action Plan to reduce emissions of the potent greenhouse gas methane and smog-forming volatile organic compounds from this rapidly growing industry. The proposal will complement rules the agency issued in 2012 to reduce pollution from the oil and natural gas industry while helping ensure that development of these energy resources is safe and responsible. The World Health Organization defines air pollution as “the presence of material in the air in such concentration which are harmful to man and his environment.” In fact air pollution is the occurrence or addition of foreign particles, gases, and other pollutants into the air which have an adverse effect on human beings, animals, and vegetation. The various causes of air pollution are: combustion of natural gas, coal and wood in industries, automobiles, aircraft, railways, thermal plants, agricultural burning, kitchens, metallurgical processing (mineral dust, fumes containing fluorides, sulphides and metallic pollutants like lead, chromium, nickel, beryllium, arsenic vanadium, cadmium, zinc, mercury), processing industries like cotton textiles...
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...GLOSSARY OF COMMON GRAMMATICAL AND WRITING TERMS Grammar terminology is useful when we describe and correct problems with writing. Though we’ve tried to de-emphasize terminology and teach through examples throughout this book, sometimes you need a definition. We’ve tried to emphasize areas that are both commonly used and commonly misunderstood, such as the use of modal auxiliaries like can, could, shall, should, etc. Punctuation marks are not included in this list; they have a separate section in this Appendix. “People who are experts in grammar don’t always write well, and many people who write well no longer think consciously about grammar … but when something goes wrong in a sentence, a knowledge of grammar helps in recognizing the problem and provides a language for discussing it.” — H. Ramsey Fowler – 265 – The Tongue and Quill a/an Active Voice Adjective Use a before consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds Shows the subject as the actor. (pages 73-74). Describes or limits a noun or pronoun. It answers “Which one? What kind? or How many?” Modifies or limits a verb, adjective or another adverb and answers “When? Where? Why? How much? How far? To what degree?” Conjunctive or Connective Adverb—transition words that often appears to connect clauses. Adverbs Antecedent Appositive Article Bibliography Noun, phrase or clause to which a pronoun refers or replaces. (pages 99100) Word, phrase or clause preceding or renaming a noun. Small set of...
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...Uses of Lithium Ceramics and glass Lithium oxide is a widely used flux for processing silica, reducing the melting point and viscosity of the material and leading to glazes of improved physical properties including low coefficients for thermal expansion.[83] Lithium oxides are a component of ovenware. Worldwide, this is the single largest use for lithium compounds.[82] Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is generally used in this application: upon heating it converts to the oxide.[84] Electrical and electronics In the later years of the 20th century, owing to its high electrochemical potential, lithium became an important component of the electrolyte and of one of the electrodes in batteries. Because of its low atomic mass, it has a high charge- and power-to-weight ratio. A typical lithium-ion battery can generate approximately 3 volts per cell, compared with 2.1 volts for lead-acid or 1.5 volts for zinc-carbon cells. Lithium-ion batteries, which are rechargeable and have a high energy density, should not be confused with lithium batteries, which aredisposable (primary) batteries with lithium or its compounds as the anode.[85][86] Other rechargeable batteries that use lithium include the lithium-ion polymer battery, lithium iron phosphate battery, and thenanowire battery. Lubricating greases The third most common use of lithium is in greases. Lithium hydroxide is a strong base and, when heated with a fat, produces a soap made of lithium stearate. Lithium soap has the ability to thicken oils...
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...request for a proposal for a new initiative related to sustainability, I am planning to deliver a presentation to the employees of the City of Ottawa’s Environment and Energy Department on the topic of promoting green construction policies in Ottawa. After conducting detailed research into Ottawa’s energy usage and environment, I came to the conclusion that the new initiative should emphasize green construction in general and passive solar buildings in particular. The memo set out below provides an overview of the advantages of green construction, an explanation of passive solar buildings, and information about the encouragement of passive solar buildings in Ottawa. Advantages of Green Construction According to the Canadian Environment Report, buildings are collectively the largest consumer of energy in Ottawa, ahead of transportation, and they are also the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions (Government of Canada, 2014). The growth of our communities has a major impact on our natural environment. The design, construction, and operation of the buildings in which we live and work have a significant impact on our natural resources. The common objective of all forms of green construction is the reduction of the overall impact of the built environment on human health and on the natural environment. This overall objective has three main elements. The first element is energy efficiency. Green construction can reduce the requirements for operating energy, which may make up as...
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...lower cost and a two-step mechanism involving Nitric acid is used to produce Adipic Acid. This process has higher selectivity and yield than other processes. The only concern with this process is the emission of nitrogen oxides in the gas effluents which is a major environmental concern. 1. Introduction Adipic acid is an organic compound, with formula HOOC (CH2)4COOH, which is a white crystalline solid and one of the most important Dicarboxylic acid. It is Odorless, Colorless and freely soluble in Ethanol, Methanol and Acetone. Other Important properties of Adipic acid is shown in Table 1.From Industrial perspective it is used mainly in Nylon-6, 6 production. About 2.5 billion kilograms of this white crystalline powder are produced annually. In US it is mainly produced by three companies at four manufacturing plants, with nearly two-thirds of the total production, 860,000 tons capacity occurring at DuPont's two Texas facilities. The use of adipic acid in food items have started in recent times and this has created a demand of purer product. Properties | Value | Boiling Point (760mm Hg) | 337oC | Melting Point | 152oC | Flash Point (closed cup) | 196oC | Solubility in water (15oC) | 1.4 gm/100ml | Density (20oC) | 1.36gm/cm3 | pKa1 &pKa2 | 4.43 & 5.41 | pH of Satd. Sol. (25oC) | 2.7 | Viscosity (160oC) | 4.54cP | Relative Vapor Density | 5.04 | 2. Manufacturing processes Adipic...
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...familiar with the procedure before coming to lab, you may have difficulty completing this exercise during the lab period. 2. Answer the Prelab Questions on the first three pages of the report sheet and be prepared to hand them in at the start of your lab class. Please be aware that you need to go online to answer prelab question #3. Goals of this Lab Exercise After completing this lab exercise you should be able to..... 1. Identify the parts of a compound light microscope and use a microscope to competently examine biological samples 2. Determine the diameter of the field of view for the various objectives of a microscope 3. Accurately sketch, describe and cite the major functions of the structures and organelles of the cells examined in this lab exercise 4. Estimate the size of specimens viewed with a microscope. The Microscope The microscope is one of the principal tools of the biologist. Without the microscope, many of the great discoveries of biology would never have been made. The light compound microscope, illustrated in Figure 1, is the type of microscope most commonly used. Proper, comfortable use of the instrument demands practice. The practice afforded you in this exercise depends upon familiarity with the parts of the microscope and with their interactions. Figure 1. A typical compound light microscope used in many biology labs. 1 Lab 2 Biology 100 Note each of the following features of the microscope and there individual uses to allow you to take full advantage...
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...honesty, integrity and respect for people define how we work. These values have been embodied for more than 25 years in our Business Principles, which since 1997 have included a commitment to support human rights and to contribute to sustainable development.”[3] The case in Vila Carioca (São Paulo City) below illustrates a tough decision the company must make in order to keep its commitments, especially when the company’s past actions occurred in a different institutional and regulatory environment. Vila Carioca is a neighborhood in the southern part of São Paulo, the largest city in South America.[4] Greenpeace and the Union of Workers in the Mining and Petroleum Sector (Sinpetrol) alleged in the 1990s that the region had its soil, air and water contaminated by several pollutants from industrial activities that took place in the area. The pollution may have contaminated approximately 30,000 people residing in the area.[5] Shell is accused of being one of the main sources responsible for the pollution among companies operating in the region. One national newspaper (Folha de São Paulo) considers that Vila Carioca may...
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...SAFETY AND LABORATORY RULES for ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORIES Explanatory comments may be found below under Standard Operating Procedures APPROVED SAFETY GOGGLES MUST BE WORN AT ALL TIMES. NO FOOD, DRINKS OR SMOKING ARE ALLOWED. SHOES MUST BE WORN. No bare feet or thong sandals are allowed. WORK IS PERMITTED ONLY DURING SCHEDULED LABORATORY PERIODS. Work is not permitted in other laboratory periods unless space is available and written permission is obtained from your instructor. NO OPEN FLAMES ARE ALLOWED except as directed by the instructor. KNOW THE LOCATION OF FIRE EXTINQUISHERS, SAFETY EQUIPMENT, AND THE NEAREST EXIT. NO UNAUTHORIZED EXPERIMENTS MAY BE PERFORMED. DO NOT USE BROKEN OR CRACKED GLASSWARE. Check glassware before using it. NEVER TASTE OR SMELL CHEMICALS. AVOID CONTACT OF CHEMICALS WITH SKIN. The use of rubber gloves is recommended. DISPOSE OF CHEMICAL WASTE AS DIRECTED BY INSTRUCTOR. CLEAN YOUR WORK AREA AND PUT AWAY ALL EQUIPMENT AND GLASSWARE BEFORE LEAVING. Make sure equipment is put away in the correct locker - your personal locker or the common locker. PUT PAPER TRASH AND BROKEN GLASS IN TRASH CONTAINERS. KEEP INSTRUMENT ROOM CLEAN AND FREE OF PAPER. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES IN THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Any student working in an unsafe manner may be dismissed from the laboratory by an instructor. Attitudes and Preparation Come to laboratory periods on time and mentally prepared by studying the experiment and planning...
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...3. Results and Discussion According to the questionnaire analysis, the 16 respondents of 20, amount to 80% of total, have driven car 3.1 Air Pollutants in Melbourne Figure 1 presents air pollutants in Melbourne by the pie chart and horizontal bar chart above.Firstly, the pie chart about Frequency of driving & Transport choice shows that, 30% of the respondents drive car equal to or great than 5 days per week. There is also the same percentage of respondents drive car between 3 to 5 days. Another 20% respondents still drive car between 1 to 3 days per week. And 10% of the rest of respondents who do not drive chose the bus as transport. Both train and tram are preferred by 5% of those interviewed. Secondly, the horizontal bar chart provides the percentage about warm facilities choice of respondents. It can be seen that, 55% of the respondents would like to choose gas heater. There are 25% of the respondents to choose electric heater as well. Both wood heater and air condition are chosen by 10% of the rest respondents. According to research, there are nearly 60% of the respondents who drive car at least 3days per week. And the percentage of the respondents who drive car has reached to 80%. Living in so rapid pace of modern society, car has become anindispensible part of Melbournian’s lives, not only for work and study, even daily life. As one of the most pervasive pollutants, car should not be ignored which is closely linked to Melbournian’s lives. Moreover, because...
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...Appendix 2 (Lab Session Replacement Form), P11 Policy for Laboratory Usage after Office Hours, 10.1 Operating Procedure, P12 10.2 Warnings on liability, P12 10.3 Rules and Regulations, P12 Use of Laboratory After Office Hours 11.1 Appendix 3 (Application Form), P14 11.2 Appendix 4 (Student’s Declaration Form), P15 Ambulance Services, P16 Lab Safety Handbook on Chemical Hazards, Physical Hazards and Biological hazards, P17-P64 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 2 Definitions • • • • • Lab Session: Time duration allocated for student to do lab experiment. Lab Sheet: A printed material usually contains a series of instructions and information given to the student on how to conduct lab experiment. Lab Report: A written report prepared by student based on individual observation and data analysis after the lab experiment. The format and requirements are usually stated in the lab sheet. Lab Coordinator: A person in charge of coordinating all the lab sessions of the semester and administrating lab matters. Lab Instructor: An academic staff (lecturer or tutor) in charge of the lab session. The lab instructor will give briefing and instructions to students during the lab session. 1. Introduction Practical lab is one of the components integrated in the unit syllabus of a taught subject which is to get students to appreciate the underlying theories or principles of science and engineering by acquiring practical or hand-on experience from the lab...
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...ENVIRONMENT AGENCY The determination of chemical oxygen demand in waters and effluents (2007) Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials 2 The determination of chemical oxygen demand in waters and effluents (2007) Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials This booklet contains guidance on methods for the determination of chemical oxygen demand using potassium dichromate solution, and notes for the disposal and recovery of selected reagents. This document revises the document published in 1986. Five methods are described and these include: A A reference large scale (10 ml) flask digestion procedure with mercury suppression. B A small scale (2 ml) flask digestion procedure with mercury suppression and spectrophotometric determination. C A mercury-free large scale (10 ml) flask digestion procedure using chromium(III) potassium sulphate and silver nitrate solutions. D A mercury-free small scale (2 ml) flask digestion procedure using chromium(III) potassium sulphate and silver nitrate solutions. E A mercury-free small scale (2.5 ml) flask digestion procedure using chromium(III) potassium sulphate and silver nitrate solutions. Throughout the booklet, the term chemical oxygen demand (COD) is used to express the amount of oxygen consumed during oxidation of a sample with hot acid dichromate solution under defined conditions; the test provides an estimate of the oxidisable matter present in the sample...
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...Laboratory biosafety manual Third edition World Health Organization Geneva 2004 WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data World Health Organization. Laboratory biosafety manual. – 3rd ed. 1.Containment of biohazards - methods 2.Laboratories - standards 3.Laboratory infection - prevention and control 4.Manuals I.Title. ISBN 92 4 154650 6 (LC/NLM classification: QY 25) WHO/CDS/CSR/LYO/2004.11 This publication was supported by Grant/Cooperative Agreement Number U50/CCU012445-08 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the CDC. © World Health Organization 2004 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: permissions@who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning...
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...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...
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...regulations, including extension of the Superfund tax, which was created by Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Based in New Jersey, PharmaCARE maintains a large manufacturing facility in the African nation of Colberia, where the company has found several “healers” eager to freely share information about indigenous cures and an abundance of Colberians willing to work for $1.00 a day, harvesting plants by walking five (5) miles into and out of the jungle carrying baskets that, when full, weigh up to fifty (50) pounds. Due to the low standard of living in Colberia, much of the population lives in primitive huts with no electricity or running water. PharmaCARE’s executives, however, live in a luxury compound, complete with a swimming pool, tennis courts, and a golf course. PharmaCARE’s extensive activities in Colberia have destroyed habitat and endangered native species. Two (2) years ago, after PharmaCARE’s research...
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