...Compressed natural gas(CNG) (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), Diesel fuel, and propane/LPG. Although CNG's combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is widely considered a more environmentally "clean" alternative to conventional fuels; plus, it is much safer than other fuels in the event of a spill (natural gas is lighter than air, and disperses quickly when released). CNG may also be mixed with biogas (produced from landfills orwastewater), resulting in a fuel that does not increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere. CNG is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of methane, CH4), to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 200–248 bar (2,900–3,600 psi), usually incylindrical or spherical shapes. CNG is used in traditional gasoline/internal combustion engine automobiles that have been converted into bi-fuel vehicles (gasoline/CNG). Natural gas vehicles are increasingly used inIran, the Asia-Pacific region (especially Pakistan[1] and the Indian capital of Delhi, and other large cities like Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, etc. ), Latin America, Europe, andNorth America due to rising gasoline prices.[2] In response to high fuel prices and environmental concerns, CNG is starting to be used also in tuk-tuks and pickup trucks,transit and school buses, and trains. The cost of conversion is a barrier to wider/quicker adoption...
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...mixed-signal integrated circuits worldwide. The company also provides various high-frequency process technologies and capabilities for use in custom designs. It primarily serves industrial, communications, consumer, and computing markets. The company markets its products through a direct-sales and applications organization, as well as through its own and other unaffiliated distribution channels. Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. was founded in 1983 and is headquartered in San Jose, California. 3. Clean Energy Fuels Corp. (CLNE): Clean Energy Fuels Corp., together with its subsidiaries, provides natural gas as an alternative fuel for vehicle fleets in the United States and Canada. The company designs, builds, operates, and maintains fueling stations, as well as supplies compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel for medium and heavy-duty vehicles. Its CNG is used in automobiles, light to medium-duty vehicles, refuse trucks,...
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...Abstract Most vehicles that use gas function using compressed natural gas (CNG). The safe nature of natural gas has given it preference over other engine driven fuel. One very important factor of following alternative fuel vehicle technology is to control the effect of emission on the environment. Natural gas vehicles do not emit toxic gases like other fueled engines. Natural gas vehicles emit clean gas, have a very clean internal combustion, and emit very few pollutants. The gas emitted by vehicles using natural gas constitute clean air to the environment and clean air standards in most big initialized cities like the United States. Natural gas vehicles burn cleaner than traditionally fuelled vehicles because of the compound composition of natural gas. Natural gas does not emit much of toxic gas; it releases little amounts of propane, ethane, and butane when used in vehicles. The environmental hazards caused by natural gas vehicles are a lot less than those running on traditional fuel vehicles. Table of Contents List of Tables 3 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 5 Problem and Opportunity 5 Purpose 5 Background 6 Sources 6 Scope 7 Structure 8 Key Terms 9 Methods 9 Results 10 Conclusion...
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...Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. Liquefied natural gas takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. Hazards include flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state, freezing and asphyxia. A typical LNG process. The gas is first extracted and transported to a processing plant where it is purified by removing any condensates such as water, oil, mud, as well as other gases such as CO2 and H2S. An LNG process train will also typically be designed to remove trace amounts of mercury from the gas stream to prevent mercury amalgamizing with aluminium in the cryogenic heat exchangers. The gas is then cooled down in stages until it is liquefied. LNG is finally stored in storage tanks and can be loaded and shipped. The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure (maximum transport pressure set at around 25 kPa (3.6 psi)) by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F). LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60% of that of diesel fuel.[1] This makes LNG cost efficient to...
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...Alternative Fuel Company Case Cristin Johnson BUS632: Advanced Logistics Ashford University Instructor: Matthew Keogh July 12, 2016 Alternative Fuel Company Case For this assignment I will refer to the Barwood Cab Fleet Study of alternative fuel. Barwood based in Kensington, Maryland incorporated the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles with a limited number in 1996. As one of the reasons to use the CNG vehicles was incentives which the local gas utility offered. This company has been in operation for over 30 years, being a family owned business with a fleet of some 400 vehicles which serves more than 5,000 customers on a daily basis. Like most cab companies the cabs are assigned to individual drivers as independent contractors, paying a daily rent in order to use Barwoods vehicles. “Of course, cost is still an issue with many alternative sources of fuel, according to Chuck Combs, who is the program lead for alternative energy at China Lake and provides the Navy and Marine Corps with technical expertise in solar and fuel cell efforts”. (Hillburn, 2007) Here will be discussed how the alternative fuel automobile company has a first year market forecast of 1000 units by identifying the forecasting model with an explanation of why it is the obvious choice, while during the first three years of operation the automobile company had actual sales of: year one 800 units, year two 1200 units, year three 2000 units and by using...
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...1 PETROL PUMPS (RETAIL OUTLETS) • What are Retail Outlets / Petrol Pumps ? • What is available at Retail Outlets ? • What are Petrol / Diesel / CNG / Branded Fuels ? • What are the mandatory facilities / services available at Retail Outlets ? • How Quality / Quantity are maintained at Retail Outlets ? • How to lodge a complaint ? The answers to the above queries are given below : 1. What is Petrol Pump ? • The most common point of contact of customers with Oil Industry is the Petrol Pump. In Oil Industry parlance, Petrol Pumps are referred to as Retail Outlets (ROs). • As per the existing Government policy, Petrol Pumps can be set up by Public Sector Oil Companies as well as Private Sector Oil Companies dealing in storage and distribution of petroleum products as per guidelines. Presently, the Oil Companies engaged in retail business of automotive fuels are IOC, HPC, BPC, NRL, MRPL, ONGC, RIL, Essar and Shell. 2. Products Marketed at Retail Outlets : • Petrol, in technical language is called “Motor Spirit” (MS). It is mainly used in passenger vehicles such as 2 / 3 wheelers and cars. At present, HPCL markets two types of Petrol across the country, i.e. normal Petrol and branded Petrol. 9 ú Normal Petrol: Normally used as a fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines such as passenger cars, two wheelers, three wheelers, etc. ú Branded Petrol: This is preferred...
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...financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures: Profitability, Asset Utilization, Capital Structure on a specific tab, Financial Ratios. Financial analysis allows for comparisons between companies, between industries and also between a single company and its industry average or peer group average. My work concentrates on financial and physical result of the company for a decade. They have been analyze to review its performance over the years and to find the areas in which it is lacking in comparison to other major players in same field. Gail (India) Ltd. Is best positioned to benefit from the activities in gas sector, and is likely to grow symbiotically over next 3-5 years Gail (India) Ltd. Planning to spend Rs. 300 billions to double its gas transportation capacity by adding five new approved pipelines. Gail’s Major revenue comes from Natural Gas transmission of which revenues HVJ pipelines form a major chunk. As per new regulation there would be...
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...DESCRIPTION- GAS SERVICE DELIVERY We are providing durable, reliable and affordable to users of gas. Our service delivery would want to make gas readily available to these users for domestic, transport (like some taxi drivers) and commercial activities. This service creates an environment for taxi drivers to switch to gas instead of relying on petrol, hence, bringing change to the transport system. Product concept Concept A We provide the fastest –gas delivery service to your door step. You make the call, we get to you door step in seconds. You are concern about time; we make way for you to focus on your most pressing needs while we focus on providing clean and long lasting gas supply to you for various activities. Our 24/7 guaranteed services (with holiday inclusive) will lead to readily available service to customers, thus, constant supply of gas. We exchange our fully filled gas for your unfilled gas cylinder, so that there’ll be gas always available to use at the workplace, homes and other places. Concept B We provide the fastest –gas delivery service to your door step. You make the call, we get to you door step in seconds. We fill your gas cylinders to the brim and have a long last usage of the gas, all at an affordable price. Taxi drivers using gas are no exceptions. Our 24/7 guaranteed services (with holiday inclusive) will lead to readily available service to customers, thus, constant supply of gas. We exchange our fully filled gas for your unfilled gas cylinder...
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...development and the GRP amounts to $22 million. The expansion and modernization of the city is a source of job creation and the set up of the University 50 years age, is contributing in the high standard of living of the population. INPEX LNG With the INPEXLNG processing plant, Darwin is positioning itself as a strategic international hub for Liquid Natural Gas (LNG). With a population of around 245,000, the development of this industry is an economic and social challenge for Darwin. It is expected that there will be a mix of positive and negative impact. In 2008, INPEX Corp showed interest in building and operating an LNG plant near Darwin and this will involve the extraction of natural gas from the offshore of North West of Australia and piping it sub sea to be redirected to a processing plant that will be located in Darwin. In 2012, the necessary infrastructures and the plant was set up in Darwin. The Government welcomed this project and described it as a driver of economic prosperity for Darwin. The plant production capacity was estimated to be more than 3 million tonnes per year and LNG will be sold to Tokyo electric and Tokyo Gas based on a long term deal. The Economic Impact The high...
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...Making sure customers details are up to date. Day to day actions – Account payments, order processing, setting up new accounts and general customer enquiries. Conduct an environmental scan of the business environment in which your organisation operates. 1.1 Political Predominately Flogas is a gas company (all in the name) which started off in 1984 then expanding with the acquisition of Alta Gas in 2001, British Gas in 2002 (bottled gas only) then BP LPG in 2013. Flogas has a number of sites throughout the UK, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands and Ireland. Flogas has a number of competitors throughout the UK. As for me being site manager of St Austell covering the whole of Cornwall with deliveries, Calor is my main competitor. They are very similar to Flogas, having 1 main depot based in Truro and having a number of small stockiest/dealers throughout Cornwall. Flogas as a company has a 33 percentage of the market, where as Calor have 52 percent. There are other companies in this which make up the other 15 percent. As a rule, 1 company is not allowed to own more than 60 percent of the market due to certain laws and regulations. Basically if Flogas or any other gas supplier has majority of the market it would be looked at as unfair, could charge what they wanted etc as there would be no computation to drive the prices and the service that their customers would receive. As a logistics point of view Flogas needs to comply with all the transport laws and regulations...
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...Will CNG Power Your Next Car? The natural gas market will go down because there are not to many cars made that can handle CNG and also there are almost know CNG gas stations when they start to rise because gas prices sky rocket. You will only see the supply curve increase when gas stations start to build CNG tanks. The effects of increased alternative fuel will shift the demand curve because more people will be buying cars and using CNG this will make the gas more conventional and the supply will go up because the consumers will need it. Conventional gas demand will go down because less people will have cars that still run on gas it will be too expensive so you will start to see that people supply and demand will go down. The long-term effectives of CNG will be very successful but I think it will eventually even out. It will be effective at first due to everyone getting into the craze making new tankers to contain the CNG new cars Etc. But it will even out because just like gas it starts out cheap but eventually rises and gets taxed. Short term effectiveness will not be too effective because CNG will be on the beginning stages of growth there are not enough CNG cars out yet so if this idea was introduces to Boston Ma gas stations they would not even entertain the idea. I believe that CNG is up and coming but we need to start with the smaller cities to show that it can happen to the larger ones once this happens you will see a positive reaction to the cities around it...
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...SERRES CASSANDRA ANGLAIS ACG ALTERNANCE GDF SUEZ is a multinational company, located in Paris and which operates in the fields of electricity generation and distribution, natural gas and renewable energy. The company was created in 2008 by the merger of Gaz de France and Suez. It takes its origins to the Universal Suez Canal Company founded in 1858 to construct the Suez Canal. GDF SUEZ employs 236,000 people worldwide, including 1,200 researchers and experts at 9 Research & Development centers. GDF SUEZ is organized in six business departments: * Energy France which supplies natural gas and electricity throughout France. * Energy Europe and International, engaged in the production of electricity and distribution and supplying of gas through the world. * Global Gas and Liquid Natural Gas, which includes production, supply and sales of liquid & natural gas. * Infrastructures which operates the transport, supply and storage of natural gas. * Energy Services, which provides consulting services for the construction of electrical, nuclear, gas and industrial facilities. I started my job at GDF in September 2013 and I joined the “Partners Department”. There are 170 people who are working in this department. Most of them are salesmen and they are in charge of selling Gas or Electric contracts thanks to our partners. The partners can be famous stores like Darty or Internity or little independent plumbers. When a partner sells a contract, he gets...
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...Natural Gas Conversion Pocketbook 1 2 Contents Conversion Tables Standard 4 - 15 Key Assumptions 16 - 17 Natural Gas (NG) 18 - 21 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 22 - 23 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 24 - 25 Inter-Fuel 26 - 37 References/Links 38 Copyright © 2012 International Gas Union (IGU). The entire content of this publication is protected by copyrights, full details of which are available from the publisher. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of the copyright owner. 3 Standard Conversion Tables Conversion factors are rounded up to at most four decimal places for approximation purpose. (1) Length multiply by centimetre (cm) kilometre (km) inch (in) foot (ft) yard (yd) mile 0.01 cm metre (m) 1.0 x 10-5 0.3937 0.0328 0.0109 6.214 x 10-6 0.001 39.37 3.281 1.094 6.214 x 10-4 m km 100,000 1,000 in 2.54 0.0254 2.540 x 10-5 ft 30.48 0.3048 3.048 x 10-4 12 yd 91.44 0.9144 9.144 x 10 -4 36 3 mile 4 100 160,934 1,609 1.609 63,360 5,280 39,370 3,281 1,094 0.6214 0.0833 0.0278 1.578 x 10-5 0.3333 1.894 x 10-4 5.682 x 10-4 1,760 Example: To convert...
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...benefits that aid programs in a developing country context could gain from social marketing are a tool to set SMART objectives and also as a strategic tool to analyze, plan and implement successful social change project. The conclusion is that the hypothesis is true “Social Marketing is a useful tool for social change in aid programs in developing countries.” With the conditions that they are given the appropriate resources and that the methods are applied correctly. HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF PROGRAMS TAKEN UP AND CONDUCTED BY GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS. •Proctor & Gamble has introduced the brand of fat free oil to prevent the growing ratio of heart disease. •Various automobile manufacturers are focusing more on producing CNG cars that is not only environmental friendly but it is also very...
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...Natural gas is a vital energy source for Pakistan. In FY2010, Pakistan consumed about 1.3 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of gas,all domestically produced and representing about half of primary energy consumption. Natural gas is transmitted and distributed by two companies: Sui Southern Gas Company Ltd. (SSGC) the sub borrower in this Project supplying Sindh and Balochistan, Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Ltd.(SNGPL) supplying Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Many large gas fields are in decline, and at current production forecasts, the country is at or near its peak production. Proven remaining reserves were estimated at 27.6 tcf in 2010. By international standards, and compared to oil products, natural gas is inexpensive in Pakistan, which lead to inefficient use. A critical challenge is The high level of unaccounted for gas (UFG). Pakistan has UFG in the gas pipeline system of more than 9 percent in SSGC's network and more than 11 percent in SNGPL's system. This compares to 1 2 percent in well run gas networks. Most of the UFG is caused by leakages from a corroded and under ‐ maintained pipeline system, but a significant part also stems from gas theft Fertilizer industry uses around 17% (which is equal to total household consumption in Pakistan so if they stop giving gas to these industries, household gas problem will be solved) of gas in Pakistan and Government has written agreement with them that no gas will be provided to them during three months i.e. Dec...
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