...potential to double the Bandwidth of an Ethernet link segment. In my opinion using the Full-duplex transmission to connect the buildings would be the most efficient and beneficial option. The type of media I would recommend is Fibre optics. Fibre optics is used to connect buildings and is immune to electro magnets. This would be the best option for what the company is looking for however; the price of fibre optics can be quite expensive. The cheaper alternative to fibre optic cables is called coaxial cable RG-6. I chose these cables because they are very safe and have a high resistance to noise. Furthermore, these cables can carry a signal much farther than any twisted pair cables, although still not as far as fibre optics. However, the coaxial cable is still more expensive than twisted cables because of the materials needed to craft them. Because the company already needs to request four wireless routers, and a high speed internet connection, they will be required to request at least four 24-pin switches, cables and jacks. Case 3-3 In order to convince this person that a minor overlook can cause a significant issue I would first address that I noticed the Telco rooms are in terrible condition. Furthermore, I would bring up all of the errors that could be expected in these rooms. Next, I would kindly inform her of the TIA/IEA 568 recommendations and explain that the horizontal wiring spans may be exceeding those recommendations, I may also attempt to explain what...
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...transmit data only needs to be high enough for the receiver to detect it. Exercise 4.1.3 Shielded copper cables would be used where there is a possibility of more electric interference. To help prevent this interference with the cables. Exercise 4.1.4 Category | Maximum Speed | Application | 1 | - | Telephone cabling (POTS) | 2 | 4Mbps | Token Ring | 3 | 4Mbps | Can be used for telephones | 4 | 16Mbps | Fast Token Ring | 5 | 1Gbps | Desktop cabling | 5e | 1Gbps | Gigabit Ethernet | 6 | 10Gbps | Multi gigabit Ethernet | 6a | 10Gbps | Multi gigabit Ethernet | Exercise 4.1.5 Exercise 4.1.6 Coaxial cable has a copper core with an inner dielectric insulator, a woven copper shield, and an outer plastic sheath for protection. Exercise 4.1.7 Not to go over the length of 85-90 meters between any given connection. Exercise 4.1.8 Straight through cabling. Exercise 4.1.9 No, S1-S2 and S2-G. Fiber Optics should be used in these cases. Exercise 4.1.10 Multimeter – Measures voltage, current, and resistance. Tone Generator - A signal generator used to generate an audio-frequency signal suitable for signaling purposes or for testing audio-frequency equipment. Pair Scanner – An Ethernet cable tester Time Domain Reflectometer - An electronic instrument that uses time-domain reflectometry to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables Lab 4.2 Exercise 4.2.1 No it must have one fiber for transmitting and one for receiving because SMF can...
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...Copper) bounded by jacket material. Bounded media are great for LABS because they offer high speed, good security and low cast. However, some time they cannot be used due distance communication. Three common types of bounded media are used of the data transmission. These are * Coaxial Cable * Twisted Pairs Cable * Fiber Optics Cable COAXIAL CABLE: Coaxial cable is very common & widely used commutation media. For example TV wire is usually coaxial. Coaxial cable gets its name because it contains two conductors that are parallel to each other. The center conductor in the cable is usually copper. The copper can be either a solid wire or stranded martial. Outside this central Conductor is a non-conductive material. It is usually white, plastic material used to separate the inner Conductor form the outer Conductor. The other Conductor is a fine mesh made from Copper. It is used to help shield the cable form EMI. Outside the copper mesh is the final protective cover. (as shown in Fig) The actual data travels through the center conductor in the cable. EMI interference is caught by outer copper mesh. There are different types of coaxial cable vary by gauge & impedance. Gauge is the measure of the cable thickness. It is measured by the Radio grade measurement, or RG number. The high the RG number, the thinner the central conductor core, the lower the number the thicker the core. Here the most...
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...Chapter 3: Transmission Basics and networking media Transmission Basics Transmit: to issue signals along a network medium such as a cable. Transmission: Refers to either the process of transmitting or the progress of signals after they have been transmitted. * Analog and Digital Signaling: * On a data network, information can be transmitted via one of two signaling methods, analog or digital. * Voltage: the strength of an electrical signal * Analog: * One benefit to analog signals is that, because they are more variable than digital signals, they can convey greater subtleties with less energy. * One drawback to analog signals is that their voltage is varied and imprecise. Thus, analog transmission is more susceptible to transmission flaws such as noise, or any type of interference that may degrade a signal, than digital signals. * Digital: Composed of pulses of precise, positive voltages and zero voltages. A pulse of positive voltage represents a 1, a pulse of zero voltage represents a 0. * Continuous * Amplitude: Waves amplitude is a measure of its strength at any given point in time. The amplitude is the height of the wave at any point in time. * for example, the wave has an amplitude of 5 volts at .25 seconds, an amplitude of 0 volts at .5 seconds, and an amplitude of -5 volts at .75 seconds. * Frequency: the number of times that a waves amplitude cycles from its starting point, through its highest amplitude and its...
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...disadvantage is that only one computer can use the circuit at a time. When one computer is sending or receiving data, all others must wait. The advantage of multipoint circuits is that they reduce the amount of cable required and typically use the available communication circuit more efficiently. Imagine the number of circuits that would be required if the network in Figure 3.2 was designed with separate point-to-point circuits. For this reason, multipoint configurations are cheaper than point-to-point circuits. Thus, multipoint circuits typically are used when each computer does not need to continuously use the entire capacity of the circuit or when building point-to-point circuits is too expensive. Wireless circuits are almost always multipoint circuits because multiple computers use the same radio frequencies and must take turns transmitting. Question 3: Describe three types of guided media. Twisted-Pair Cable (Fitzgerald & Dennis, 2009): One of the most commonly used types of guided media is twisted-pair cable, insulated pairs of wires that can be packed quite close together (Figure 3.9). The wires usually are twisted to minimize the electromagnetic interference between one pair and any other pair in the bundle. Coaxial Cable (Fitzgerald & Dennis, 2009): Coaxial cable has a copper core (the inner conductor) with an outer cylindrical shell for insulation. The outer shield, just under the shell, is the second conductor. Because they have additional shielding provided by...
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...UTP-Defines a cable that can carry data up to 100 Mbps. The signaling frequency of this cable is up to 100 MHz. Cheapest form of cable available for networking purposes. Easy to handle and install. Highly prone to external interference like EMI and RFI. Highly prone to crosstalk. Unable to provide secured transmission of data. Coaxial (Thinnet) 185m 100 Mbps Low Uses thin cabling, low hardware costs Difficult to troubleshoot, difficult to maintain. Coaxial (Thicknet) 500m 100 Mbps directly connects computers and it costs more. Multimode cables are less expensive to operate, install and maintain than single-mode cables. However, they are much more limited in both speed and distance. For instance, the maximum speed of a multimode cable is 10GB, but only up to a distance of 300 meters. Up to 2 kilometers, it is only capable of transmitting at 100Mbit. Beyond that, its transfer speed becomes negligible. This limitation is negated by the fact that its maximum speed is sufficient for the environment that it is most often used in. Singlemode cable provides less signal attenuation, higher transmissions speeds, and up to 50 times greater transmission distance than multimode cable. Singlemode cable can transmit data at terabits per second over 100km without requiring re-amplification of the signal. http://www.imakenews.com/drs/e_article001146955.cfm?x=b11,0,w https://people.richland.edu/dkirby/142fibercable.htm Exercise 4.3.2 Rank the three main types of cable (UTP, SMF, and...
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...Table UTP – 100 m – 1 Gbps – Low – Easy to Install, Inexpensive, NIC’s are common I devices – Limited distance, subject to interference Coaxial (Thinnet) – 2 Km – 100 Mbps – High – Easy to install, Flexible, Good resistance, Inexpensive – Short length cable, Unsecure, Not good between building Coaxial (Thicknet) – 5 Km – 100 Mbps – High – Easy to install, Flexible, good resistance. Inexpensive – short length cable, unsecure, not good between buildings MMF – 2 km+ - 100 mbps – Medium- slow and does not travel as far as SMF SMF – 10 km+ - 1 GB – High – Travels fast and far 4.3.1 Htt[:/vskills.in/certification/;learning-resources/professional Ethernet=lan-media-and-cable-lengths 4.3.2 1-SMF – is the fastest and travels further distance 2- MMF – slower than SMF but not as slow as UTP and also travels far in distance 3 – UTP – the slowest but easy to install Tevis Ector 4.3.3 Clients ABCDE use CAT 3 UTP of CAT’s S1 to R1 should use CAT-5 because of speed R1 to R2 10 base 5 coaxial cable covers a distance of 500 m S2 to clients FGH use CAT-5 4.3.4 For the routers use 1000 base MMF/SMF 1 Gbps Use 10 g base 5MMF from client A through client H because the distance this cable needs is 25-82 m which is more than enough with bandwidth of 10Gbps 4.3.5 Cost plays a big role in this setting. I would use UTP cables which are non-expensive but, it will still give you the speed that will be needed to...
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...Benefits of Twisted Pair Cable Gregory M. Dowell CIS 175 Professor Blanson November 3, 2013 Benefits of Twisted Pair Cable Ocper, Inc. is a company that currently has twenty employees connected in a peer-to-peer network. Over the next two years they are looking to double in size and are looking for a solution to their computer networking needs but are weary of any drastic changes. Currently all of their computers are connected using coaxial cable. Through this paper I will show the benefits of changing their network configuration, as well as replacing the coaxial cable with twisted pair or possibly fiber optic cable. My fist suggestion is to reconfigure their network from peer-to-peer to a client/server network in a star configuration. By doing so, there will be a central computer used as a server that would facilitate communications and resource sharing between the other computers on the network. With this server clients will be able to share data, data storage space, and devices such as printers. The users will still be able run applications and save data to their own computer, but will also have the option to save it to the server (Dean, 2009). Saving the data to the server will enable better security of the data since backups to the system can be scheduled every night. In addition, each client can be authorized only the access to the applications they need. In the peer-to-peer configuration each computer can communicate with each other and...
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...7.1.1 Cost and manpower and materials would be enormous. 7.1.2 Signal lost would affect transmission by increasing distances. 7.1.3 UTP is used for LAN’s as well as phone lines. Coaxial cables are also useful for internet connection. 7.1.4 Satellite is a way of creating a network over long distances. WiMAX, is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL. HSPA+, enhances the widely used WCDMA (UMTS) based 3G network with higher speeds for the end user. 7.1 Review 1) UTP and Coaxial cables can be used if signal enhancers are placed at correct distances. 2) WLAN’s are limited to shorter distances due to signal interference from attenuation and objects between the AP and devices. 7.2.1 Dedicated lease lines are very effective in transmission, but can be costly. 7.2.2 Full mesh topologies are good for no fault networking. Creating it can be difficult to maintain and assemble. Partial mesh is good when every computer is not important in the network. 7.2.3 Star topologies are great for small LAN’s. But, they have a high level of fault error in the system. 7.2.4 T1 uses 24 DSO channels, E1 has a speed of 2048 Mbps, E3 has 16 E1 channels, T3 has 43,736 Mbps and 28 DS1 channels. 7.2 Review 1) PPP allows their frames to flow from the customer router to the ISP router. A control protocol is used to set a standard everyone can understand. 2) LAN’s tend to have more immediate clients...
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...transmit data only needs to be high enough for the receiver to detect it. Exercise 4.1.3 Shielded copper cables would be used where there is a possibility of more electric interference. To help prevent this interference with the cables. Exercise 4.1.4 Category | Maximum Speed | Application | 1 | - | Telephone cabling (POTS) | 2 | 4Mbps | Token Ring | 3 | 4Mbps | Can be used for telephones | 4 | 16Mbps | Fast Token Ring | 5 | 1Gbps | Desktop cabling | 5e | 1Gbps | Gigabit Ethernet | 6 | 10Gbps | Multi gigabit Ethernet | 6a | 10Gbps | Multi gigabit Ethernet | Exercise 4.1.5 Exercise 4.1.6 Coaxial cable has a copper core with an inner dielectric insulator, a woven copper shield, and an outer plastic sheath for protection. Exercise 4.1.7 Not to go over the length of 85-90 meters between any given connection. Exercise 4.1.8 Straight through cabling. Exercise 4.1.9 No, S1-S2 and S2-G. Fiber Optics should be used in these cases. Exercise 4.1.10 Multimeter – Measures voltage, current, and resistance. Tone Generator - A signal generator used to generate an audio-frequency signal suitable for signaling purposes or for testing audio-frequency equipment. Pair Scanner – An Ethernet cable tester Time Domain Reflectometer - An electronic instrument that uses time-domain reflectometry to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables Lab 4.2 Exercise 4.2.1 No it must have one fiber for transmitting and one for receiving because SMF can...
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...1. How many bytes are in a kilobyte (KB)? A. 1 hundred (100) B. 1 thousand (1,000) C. 1 million (1,000,000) D. 1 billion (1,000,000,000) 2. In the graphic below, where the capacitors indicate individual bits in RAM, how will the computer interpret the indicated capacitor? A. As a 1 (one) B. As a 0 (zero) C. Not readable D. Does not apply 3. Take this binary number and convert it to an decimal: 00101011. A. 43 B. 44 C. 48 D. 55 4. Reviewing the following drive graphic, what part of the drive is being pointed to? A. Sector B. File C. Cluster D. Track 6. How would you convert voice communications to a digital signal? A. They are broken into very small samples and then binary values are assigned to them. B. They are converted into an analog frequency from a digital signal then transmitted. C. They are sent directly as a digital signal; there is no conversion needed. D. They are converted to a cellular format, assigned a binary value, and then transmitted. 7. When you compress a video file it does what to it? A. It takes a standard video and stores it in an encrypted format. B. It takes an encrypted video file and formats it to a standard file. C. It takes a compressed video file and enlarges it to standard size. D. It takes a standard video and stores it as a smaller video file. 8. In this Web address, which part identifies the protocol being used? A. example.com B. page2 C. http D. :// 9. The...
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...is simple to construct and erect in locations with limited space like a ship. For VHF and UHF, it is important to elevate the antenna above close obstacles. One advantage is that, the single element vertical antennas have a multi-directional radiation design meaning they do not require re-alignment in a mobile application and are thus suitable for ships. A quarter wave aerial with a quarter-wave radials exhibits 50-ohms impedance thus uses a 50-ohm coaxial cable (Stutzman and Thiele). In summary, the quarter wave antenna is popular for its convenience and simplicity. The second type of antenna is the dipole antenna that is one of the commonly used RF antenna types. Primarily, it consists of two poles into which radio frequency current flows and together with a voltage causes radiation of a radio signal. There are several types of dipole antennas that include, half wave dipole, multi-half wave dipole, folded dipole, short dipole, and non-resonant dipole antennas. Dipole antennas exhibit 75 ohms impedance thus uses a 75-ohm coaxial cable (Stutzman and Thiele). The fourth antenna type is the yagi antenna used widely for directive antenna applications. It has a dipole as the central radiating component and three types of elements that are, the driven element, reflector and the...
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...the early stages of your company, although by using this kind of network, important data can be snatched pretty easily by someone that intends to sabotage your company. This can be easily stopped by implementing a client/server network. A client/server network will safeguard all your data from unwanted eyes. The network administrator can also set security measures such as giving certain people access to certain files. I would also like to suggest changing the wiring structure of your network. I see that you are currently using coaxial cable in your network. Though coaxial cables have their advantages the disadvantages are pretty hefty. Listed below are some disadvantages that could cause your business some trouble. * Problems with the deployment architecture—The bus topology in which coax is deployed is susceptible to congestion, noise, and security risks. * Bidirectional upgrade required—In countries that have a history of cable TV, the cable systems were designed for broadcasting, not for interactive communications. Before they can offer to the subscriber any form of two-way services, those networks have to be upgraded to bidirectional systems. * Great noise—The return path has some noise problems, and the end equipment requires added intelligence to take care of error control. * High installation costs—Installation costs in the local environment are high. * Susceptible to damage from lightning...
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...Exercise 1 specifications definitions Application- a system, the transmission method of which is supported by telecommunications cabling, such as 100Base-TX Ethernet, or digital voice. Unshielded Twisted-Pair - (UTP) a popular type of cable that consists of two unshielded wires twisted around each other. Shielded Twisted-Pair- Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted Fiber-Optic Cable- a cable made of optical fibers that can transmit large amounts of information at the speed of light. Dark Fiber- Dark fiber or unlit fiber (or fiber) is unused optical fibers, available for use in fiber-optic communications Coaxial Cable- a transmission line for high-frequency signals Plenum- A space completely filled with matter Riser- a space for indoor cables that allow cables to pass between floors, normally a vertical shaft or space Ripcord- a length of string built into optical fiber cables that is pulled to split the outer jacket of the cable without using a blade. Core- the central part of a single optical fiber in which the light signal is transmitted. Attenuation- A general term indicating a decrease in power from one point to another Noise- In a cable or circuit, any extraneous signal that interferes with the desired signal normally present in or passing through the system Headroom- the number of decibels by which a system exceeds the minimum defined requirements ANSI- (American...
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...NT1210 –week 5 Assignment Osman sulaiman Major event in networking from the 1960s to today: before or prior to 1960s, computers called mainframes were very large and expensive and use proprietary architectures that did not support cross platform communication. In 1960s, computer technology began to transform our social, economic, and governmental infrastructures. Data in paper form were being captured electronically as binary digits understandable to computers and the process is call digitization. Purpose of protocols: Is for computer and the network they use to understand and work with each other and it set the rules that determine how device communicate, Topologies Bus: in the bus topology system is connected in a line and when a packet is sent in a bus topology, there is no intermediary to determine who the packet should to, and every packet that is sent in a bus topology is receive by all system on the network. Ring: in the ring topology, the system is connected to its respective neighbor forming a ring. Star: in star topology, the system is connected to a central device, when one system goes down, it does not bring the rest of the network down. Mesh: in the mesh topology, every system is connected to every other system with a high availability. Bits and Bytes: A bit is a binary digit, the smallest increment of data on a computer. A bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1, corresponding to the electrical values of off or on, respectively. A byte is a unit of...
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