...Dr. E. F. Codd's 12 rules for defining a fully relational database Note that based on these rules there is no fully relational database management system available today. In particular, rules 6, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are difficult to satisfy. 1. Information Rule All information in the database should be represented in one and only one way - as values in a table. 2. Guaranteed Access Rule All data should be accessible without ambiguity. This can be accomplished through the combination of table name, primary key value and column name. 3. Systematic Treatment of Null Values Null values (distinct from empty character string or a string of blank characters and distinct from zero or any other number) are supported in the fully relational DBMS for representing missing information in a systematic way, independent of data type. 4. Dynamic On-line Catalog Based on the Relational Model The database description is represented at the logical level in the same way as ordinary data, so authorized users can apply the same relational language to its interrogation as they apply to regular data. 5. Comprehensive Data Sublanguage Rule A relational system may support several languages and various modes of terminal use. However, there must be at least one language whose statements are expressible, per some well-defined syntax, as character strings and whose ability to support all of the following is comprehensible: a. data definition b. view definition c. data manipulation (interactive...
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...Topic : Name : Course : Date : Word Count : Abstract NoSQL databases offer a noteworthy change to how venture applications are manufactured, testing to two-decade authority of social databases. The inquiry individuals face is whether NoSQL databases are a fitting decision, either for new extends or to acquaint with existing undertakings. Where they originated from, the nature of the information models they utilize, and the diverse way you need ought to consider utilizing them, why they won't make social databases old, and the essential outcome of bilingual ingenuity. Versatile Search consolidates the force of Apache Lucene (NoSQL since 2001) and the simple to utilize composition free web index that can serve full-content hunt appeal, key-esteem lookups, pattern free investigation demands. The key highlights of Elastic Search with live cases. The discussion won't be a thorough highlight presentation yet rather a review of what and how Elastic Search can accomplish for you. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. What is Nosql Database Systems? 3. Relational Database Systems 4. Comparison 5. Conclusions 6. REFERENCES 1. Introduction NoSQL stays for Not Only SQL in like manner declared as noseequel. NoSQL is used for securing epic measure of data made by various source, for instance, facebook(audio, highlight and consistently posts). NoSQL is a non-social database organization structure and speedy information recuperation...
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...database? Describe the 3 main types discussed in the book. * Is a collection of related data. * Doesn’t have to be electronic; example : card catalog’s in libraries ; spiral notebook ; phone or address book * Usually mean electronic database that run on computers 2. Why is the relational database model most commonly used today? What impact does it have on data integrity? * The idea came from Edgar F Codd in 1970 he worked for IBM at the time * Advantage is the tables define the relationships among themselves by mean of repeating an attribute or column from one table in another table “called Keys” * One of the problems was data redundancy; means to store the same data in more than place in the database * Codd’s theoretical design minimized redundancy * The impact is; the complexity of the design, its easy to create a hard to use database, or hard to fine the data you entered into the database. So a well-designed database = data integrity and flexibility. 3. Distinguish between data integrity and redundancy. * Data integrity = to the accuracy and quality of the data * Redundancy = refers to data that is repeated in multiple places in a database. 4. What is an entity? * An object of concern to a database, such as a customer or sale. Used in the logical design phase of a database. The main key that starts the gathering of data into one place. 5. What are attributes? * A quality that describes or defines some...
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...Review Guide Table of Contents OOPS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 JAVA .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 C#....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Database/SQL ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Web Development............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 SDLC................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 UML ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 1 Review Guide OOPS Resources: http://en.wikipedia...
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...Authorization measures. Ans: (A) Q.5 Tree structures are used to store data in (A) Network model. (B) Relational model. (C) Hierarchical model. (D) File based system. Ans: (C ) Q.6 The language that requires a user to specify the data to be retrieved without specifying exactly how to get it is (A) Procedural DML. (B) Non-Procedural DML. (C) Procedural DDL. (D) Non-Procedural DDL. Ans: (B) Q.7 Precedence graphs help to find a 1 AC14/AT11 Database Management Systems (A) Serializable schedule. (C) Deadlock free schedule. (B) Recoverable schedule. (D) Cascadeless schedule. Ans: (A) Q.8 The rule that a value of a foreign key must appear as a value of some specific table is called a (A) Referential constraint. (B) Index. (C) Integrity constraint. (D) Functional dependency. Ans: (A) The rule that a value of a foreign key must appear as a value of some specific table is called a referential constraint. (Referential integrity constraint is concerned with foreign key) Q.9 The clause in SQL that specifies that the...
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...CHAPTER 1 1 The word ________ indicates that the facts have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning. a. data b. dictionary c. raw d. information correct: c 2 Processed data, or ________, can be used as the foundation for decision making. a. information b. DP c. raw data d. queries correct: a 3 Raw data must be properly ________ for storage, processing, and presentation. a. sorted b. grouped c. formatted d. arranged correct: c 4 What is a key characteristic of knowledge? a. "new" Knowledge can be derived from "old" knowledge. b. It is assembled from raw data. c. It cannot be duplicated. d. It exists in a vacuum. correct: a 5 Accurate, relevant, and timely ________ is the key to good decision making. a. relationships b. data c. processing d. information correct: d 6 What is the name for data about data? a. unique data b. superdata c. metadata d. raw data correct: c 7 Data management is a discipline that focuses on ________. a. the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of data b. the help items to be used by end users c. the management of end users d. the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of information correct: a 8 What is a benefit of using a DBMS? a. It provides seamless Internet access to database data. b. It creates automatic backups. c. It helps create an environment for end users to have access to more data. d. It provides full security to data using private/public key encryption. correct: c 9 The ________ manages interaction between the end...
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...2 4 Advanced Java Programming with Database Application Centre for Information Technology and Engineering, Manonaniam Sundaranar University CONTENTS Lecture 1 1 Data Base Management Systems Introduction Summary of DBMS Functions CODD's Rules Lecture 2 17 Structured Query Language Structured Query Language Using SQL as a Data Definition Language Using SQL as a Data Manipulation Language Using SQL as a Data Query Language Functions Lecture 3 33 JDBC Architecture Remote Database Access Lecture 4 40 JDBC Introduction Connecting to an ODBC Data Source JDBC Connection JDBC Implementation Resultset Processing: Retrieving Results Lecture 5 67 Prepared Statement Callable Statement Other JDBC Classes Moving the Cursor in Scrollable Result Sets Making Updates to Updatable Result Sets Updating a Result Set Programmatically Lecture 6 94 Introduction To Software Components Software Component Model Features of Software Component Javabean Importance of Java Component Model4 Bean Development Kit Starting the BeanBox Using The BDK Beanbox and The Demo Javabeans Centre for Information Technology and Engineering, Manonaniam Sundaranar University Lecture 7 107 Building Simple Bean Building the First Bean Event Handling Lecture 8 117 Bean Persistence Serialization and Deserialization Serializable Bean Lecture 9 130 Introspection Introspector Bean Info Simple Bean Info Feature Descriptor Bean...
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...The REA Accounting Model: Intellectual Heritage and Prospects for Progress Cheryl L. Dunn Florida State University William E. McCarthy Michigan State University Send page proofs to: William E. McCarthy Department of Accounting N270 North Business Complex Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the helpful comments of three anonymous referees and the editor on two earlier versions of this paper. Helpful pointers into the literature were provided by William Schrader and Stephen Zeff. We would also like to acknowledge comments received at the Michigan State University 1995 Summer AIS Colloquium and at the 1995 Workshop on Semantic Modeling of Accounting Phenomena. Financial support was received from Arthur Andersen LLP and from the Departments of Accounting at Grand Valley State University and Michigan State University. The REA Accounting Model: Intellectual Heritage and Prospects for Progress ABSTRACT: Researchers often equate database accounting models in general and the Resources-Events-Agents (REA) accounting model in particular with events accounting as proposed by Sorter (1969). In fact, REA accounting, database accounting, and events accounting are very different. Because REA accounting has become a popular topic in AIS research, it is important to agree on exactly what is meant by certain ideas, both in concept and in historical origin. This article clarifies the intellectual...
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...Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Jelena Mamčenko Lecture Notes on INFORMATION RESOURCES Part I Introduction to Dta Modeling and MSAccess Code FMITB02004 Course title Information Resourses Course volume 3,0 cr. (4,50 ECTS cr.) Teaching methods (Full-time, daytime studies): Lectures - 16 h per semestre Laboratory works - 32 h per semestre Individual work - 72 h per semester Course aim Understandig of models and system of information resourses. Jelena Mamčenko Introduction to Data Modeling and MSAccess CONTENT 1 Introduction to Data Modeling ............................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Data Modeling Overview ............................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Data Modeling In the Context of Database Design................................................................ 6 1.1.3 Components of A Data Model................................................................................................ 6 1.1.4 Why is Data Modeling Important? ......................................................................................... 6 1.1.5 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 The...
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...Why Normalization Failed to Become the Ultimate Guide for Database Designers? Marin Fotache Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Dept. of Business Information Systems Blvd. Carol I, nr. 22, Iasi, 700505, Romania Tel: + 40 744 497 654, Fax: + 40 232 217 000 fotache@uaic.ro ABSTRACT With an impressive theoretical foundation, normalization was supposed to bring rigor and relevance into such a slippery domain as database design is. Almost every database textbook treats normalization in a certain extent, usually suggesting that the topic is so clear and consolidated that it does not deserve deeper discussions. But the reality is completely different. After more than three decades, normalization not only has lost much of its interest in the research papers, but also is still looking for practitioners to apply it effectively. Despite the vast amount of database literature, comprehensive books illustrating the application of normalization to effective real-world applications are still waited. This paper reflects the point of 1 view of an Information Systems academic who incidentally has been for almost twenty years a practitioner in developing database applications. It outlines the main weaknesses of normalization and offers some explanations about the failure of a generous framework in becoming the so much needed universal guide for database designers. Practitioners might be interested in finding out (or confirming)...
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...RULES AND REGULATIONS OF M.B.A. PROGRAMME – 2010 The Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) is a Post-Graduate course offered as: I. II. Two-year i.e., four semester Full time Day programme Three year, i.e., six semester Part-time programme offered to Working Executives and employees. 1. ELIGIBILITY CONDITIONS 1.1 M.B.A. (Day) Candidate seeking admission into Full Time M.B.A. (Day) programme must be: 1. Bachelor degree holder of Osmania University or a degree recognized by the university as equivalent thereto and /(or) as per the rules laid down by the University; 2. The candidate seeking admission must qualify in the Entrance Examination, conducted by the appropriate authority in the year of admission as per the norms prescribed by the University. 3. The admission of Non-resident Indians and candidates admitted in lieu of them will be as per the University Rules in force on the date of the admission. 4. Foreign candidates’ admission is based on the Screening Process of the University currently in vogue. 1.2 M.B.A. (Evening) Candidate seeking admission into Part-Time M.B.A. (Evening) Programme has to satisfy the following Conditions: 1. Must be a Bachelor Degree holder of Osmania University or a Degree recognized by the university as equivalent thereto and/ (or) as per the Rules laid down by the University. 2. The candidate seeking admission must qualify in the entrance examination conducted by the appropriate authority in the year of admission as per the norms prescribed...
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...for them. Hands on Database: an Introduction to Database Design and Development focuses on the process of creating a database. It guides the student through the initial conception of the database. It covers gathering of requirements and business rules, the logical and physical design and the testing of the database. It does this through a continuous narrative that follows a student, Sharon, as she designs and constructs a database to track the tutoring program at her school. It shows some of her missteps as well as her successes. Students get hands-on experience by doing practices and developing scenarios that parallel the narrative. After completing this book students will have a good sense of what is involved in developing and creating a database. Below is a list of the book outcomes. A student who has completed this book will be able to give a general definition of a relational database to identify a variety of ways to gather database requirements to define business rules for a database to create an Entity design for a database 2 Hands ON Database to normalize a design up to third normal form to develop a database in a given DBMS to run SQL Queries against sample data to test requirements and business rules to define the general security context of a database and its users to document the process of database design and development The Scenario Approach The scenario...
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...HANDS-ON DATABASE AN INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Steve Conger Seattle Central Community College Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen Executive Editor: Bob Horan Product Development Manager: Ashley Santora Editorial Project Manager: Kelly Loftus Editorial Assistant: Jason Calcaño Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Anne Fahlgren Marketing Assistant: Melinda Jensen Production Project Manager: Renata Butera Creative Art Director: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Suzanne Behnke Cover Art: Kheng Guan Toh/Fotolia, Inc Media Editor: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Chitra Sundarajan/Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Text Font: Palatino Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle...
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...DATABASE S YSTEMS DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, AND MANAGEMENT CARLOS CORONEL • STEVEN MORRIS • PETER ROB Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, Ninth Edition Carlos Coronel, Steven Morris, and Peter Rob Vice President of Editorial, Business: Jack W. Calhoun Publisher: Joe Sabatino Senior Acquisitions Editor: Charles McCormick, Jr. Senior Product Manager: Kate Mason Development Editor: Deb Kaufmann Editorial Assistant: Nora Heink Senior Marketing Communications Manager: Libby Shipp Marketing Coordinator: Suellen Ruttkay Content Product Manager: Matthew Hutchinson Senior Art Director: Stacy Jenkins Shirley Cover Designer: Itzhack Shelomi Cover Image: iStock Images Media Editor: Chris Valentine Manufacturing Coordinator: Julio Esperas Copyeditor: Andrea Schein Proofreader: Foxxe Editorial Indexer: Elizabeth Cunningham Composition: GEX Publishing Services © 2011 Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted...
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...SQL Tutorial SQL TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i ABOUT THE TUTORIAL SQL Tutorial SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database. SQL stands for Structured Query Language. This tutorial will give you quick start with SQL. Audience This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts related to SQL languages. Prerequisites Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this reference, I'm making an assumption that you are already aware about what is database, especially RDBMS and what is a computer programming language. Copyright & Disclaimer Notice All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of tutorialspoint.com. Any content from tutorialspoint.com or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of tutorialspoint.com. Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the tutorialspoint.com site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at webmaster@tutorialspoint.com TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Table of Content SQL Tutorial .................................................................
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