...Causes of Depression: Cognitive Behavioral vs Biological Jeanell McIver Developing a Psychology Perspective Dr. Horton Capella University October, 2014 Abstract Based on studies and research, we all have been exposed and affected by depression, whether personally or by family and friends, no matter your age, gender, economical or religious status. There are several studies that debate whether the main cause of those dealing with depression stems from a Biological or Cognitive-behavioral aspect. I will endeavor to show with supporting evidence that many develop depression based on their cognitive disposition. Many people are facing depression based on the lack of or inability to deal with life’s issues and the negative events that have or are presently taking place in their lives, and faulty thinking which include components like, pessimism and low self- esteem. Causes of Depression: Cognitive versus Biological With there being so much research evidencing the causal factors of the ongoing, the onset and the reappearance of depression which affects all nationalities, economic statuses, both male and female and religious orders, this paper will show the correlation or link and differences between the Cognitive Behavioral and Biological aspects. Even though those who are predisposed to depression based on family history are likely to deal with depression, there are many who do not develop depression because of a strong and stabilized belief system and how...
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...The behavioral method is based on behavior being a learned trait and in order to change behavior, therapists use positive and negative reinforcement to teach clients to change some of their ways (Northwestern, 2015). This is a method in play in law enforcement. An offender commits a crime, they are arrested, and they are sentenced to prison time as a punishment. Law enforcement uses some positive and negative reinforcement within the prison system. An example of positive reinforcement is when an inmate displays good behavior and follows the rules, they are given good time credit which knocks some time off their sentence. An example of negative reinforcement is when an inmate displays good behavior and follows the rules and in return they are...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Alesandra Leiman PSY/360 February 3, 2014 Dr. Dione Johnson-Williams Definition The dominant aspects of cognitive theory involve the interaction between mental components and the information that is processed through this complex network (Neisser, 1967). As individuals learn, they activity create cognitive structures which determine their concepts of self and the environment (McEntire, 1992). Interestingly, the specific process of learning is not the primary area of concern in cognitive research; instead, learning is viewed as only one of the many processes comprised by the human mind (Anderson, 1980). Some approaches deal with detailed analyses of information-processing skills, while others focus on mental models or cognitive growth and development (Mayer, 1981). Milestones in the Development of Cognitive Science Much of the history of this formulation has been told by Gardner (1985), though his chapter on psychology contains comparatively little on the recent contributions of psychology to cognitive science, focusing mainly on historical theories of perception and cognition, such as those of Wundt and the Gestaltists. The theoretical center piece of traditional cognitive science is the computer analogy, or, more accurately, the assertion that animal and human psychology occurs through computational processes in organisms involving physical symbol systems (Fodor, 1975; Newell, 1980). According to Anderson (1980), cognitive psychology...
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...Cognitive Behavior Therapy Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems. Therapists help clients to overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. A System of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy, and treatment is based on an elaborated and empirically supported theory of psychopathology and personality. It has been found to be effective in more than 400 outcome studies for a myriad of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse, among others, and it is currently being tested for personality disorders. It has also been demonstrated to be effective as an adjunctive treatment to medication for serious mental disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Cognitive therapy has been extended to and studied for adolescents and children, couples, and families. Its efficacy has also been established in the treatment of certain medical disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, hypertension, fibromyalgia, post-myocardial infarction depression, noncardiac chest pain, cancer, diabetes, migraine, and other chronic pain disorders. In the mid-1960s, Dr. Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy as a time-sensitive, structured therapy that uses an information-processing...
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...Cognitive psychology was introduced when there were flaws found in the areas of behaviorism (Galotti, 2014). The field of behaviorism began moving their concerns towards observable behaviors instead of focusing on the mind (Galotti, 2014). Since this was occurring cognitive psychology was born. This aspect of psychology began emphasizing on how the mind thinks and functions (Galotti, 2014). For instance, cognitive psychology encompasses areas of learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development, and decision making (Galotti, 2014). It is defined as the scientific study of mental processing (Galotti, 2014). Cognitive psychology concentrates on how an individual stores, processes, acquires, and interprets the world around them. And it also tries to classify certain behaviors that are presented through different characteristics (Willingham, 2007). Once this area of psychology was introduced it brought back the importance of studying the mind. In the next following sections they will cover the key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology and the importance of behavioral observation in this field. Key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology There were four key milestones that had a hand in developing cognitive psychology. The milestones were: neuroscience, information processing model, artificial intelligence, and the criticism of behaviorism (Carley, 2012). The criticism that behaviorism received was...
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...Darrell Woodfork BSHS/311- Models of Effective Helping Instructor: Michael Phillips Date: 8/5/2013 Site Visit Essay Paper Site Visit Essay Paper Cognitive behavioral techniques are used during a counseling session in a hospital or office setting by therapist. Although I was unable to do a current Site visit to a human service department of a company to write my report, I do know from my own experience some things pertaining to programs that employ behavioral or genitive intervention and or models. In this paper I will attempt to explore some areas within a cognitive intervention such as: • What population participates in the program? • Who presents the program? • How the effectiveness of the intervention is measured • How do they determine a need for the program? • Do they have plans for other programs that use behavioral models and techniques? • What other models and theories are represented in their programs. As we look into the population of participants, it ranges based on the type of behavior being addressed, intervention and motivation strategies. Last year, when I attended my counseling session, it was held in a group session with different people of all ages. This particular group session addressed issues of anxiety and depression. I quickly learned that many people have issues with anxiety and depression, yet they are hesitant to get counseling to change the behavior. Although...
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...The Theoretical Perspective of the Cognitive Personality Approach Brett Abstract What I as an author am trying to do in this essay is to grab my audiences attention and explain and appeal to them about the theoretical perspective of the Cognitive Personality approach. I provided historical statements, theories, and research to make each individual aspect of the perspective as clear as possible. This essay will consist of the Theoretical perspective of the approach, Theorists who have contributed to this approach, Compare and contrast two theorists perspectives within this approach, Identify and describe measurement and assessment instruments, and Clinical application of the approach. If you believe the saying 'Perception is everything,' then you may well be a cognitivist. Cognitive theory is focused on the individual's thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors and therefore personality (Dasen). Many cognitive theorists believe that without these thought processes, we could have no emotions and no behavior and would therefore not function. In other words, thoughts always come before any feeling and before any action. The theoretical perspective of the Cognitive approach of personality can be simply described as what personality does, but is much more complex than that. Cognitive Psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then we need to understand the internal processes of their mind (Dasen). Cognition...
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...|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Social Sciences | | |PSY/410 | | |Abnormal Psychology | Copyright © 2010, 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is designed to provide students with an introduction to theories and research concerning abnormal behavior (psychopathology). The course will address such topics as the incidence (frequency) of abnormal behavior of various types; how abnormal behaviors are classified into various diagnostic categories; the etiologies (causes) of psychological disorders; and the variety of methods employed in the treatment of abnormal behavior. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University...
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...also have an additional psychiatric disorder. Some individuals may tend to alternate between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Bulimia is also commonly accompanied with fasting over an extended period of time. These dangerous, habit-forming practices occur while the sufferer is trying to keep their weight under a self-imposed threshold. It can lead to potassium loss and health deterioration, with depressive symptoms that are often severe and lead to a high risk of suicide. Bulimia nervosa is nine times more likely to occur in women than men. The majority of those with bulimia nervosa are at normal weight. The majority, about 80 to almost 90 percent of individuals with bulimia are women. However, males do develop the disorder and some studies suggest that the prevalence among males is higher than previously believed. Among women, adolescents are the most at risk. A survey of 496 adolescent girls reported that more than 12 percent experienced some form of eating disorder by the time they were 20. Over the years the size and weight of the average woman has increased with improved nutrition, but there has also been an increased message from the media to be thin. The media projects a thin ideal rather than a healthy ideal, and this can be a cause for women and young girls working toward having a thin body even if it means purging. The term bulimia comes from Greek βουλιμία boulīmia, "ravenous hunger", a compound of βοῦς bous, "ox" and λιμός, līmos, "hunger"; literally, bulimia nervosa...
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...Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper PSY/360 July 21, 20xx xxxx Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Defining Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology focuses on the way human’s process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the person, better known as stimuli, and how this treatment leads to responses (McLeod, 2007). Cognitive psychologists study internal processes including perception, attention, language, memory and thinking. In ancient Greece, cognitive psychology created the need to understand how the mind works and what processes are involved in learning. Philosophers and early psychologists studied the mind, however the ancient Greeks knew little about the human mind and the mental process. Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology that emphasizes the study of mental processes (Galotti, 2014). These processes include thinking, language, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, judging and decision making. Cognitive psychology concluded that humans were not pushed or pulled by environmental factors. Cognitive psychology also studied how people view and understand the world. Subjects wanted to describe the patterns and irregularities during the operation of his or her mind. There were several key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology. Key Milestones in the Development of Cognitive Psychology Developmental milestones began in ancient Greek times have set a precedent in today’s views of cognitive psychology...
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...Applying an Integrated Approach to a Case Example: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Person Centered Therapy Applying an Intergraded Approach to a Case Example: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Person Centered Therapy Theory plays an important role in the process and outcome of therapy. For this reason, it is a topic that is examined in depth in human service education programs and research. Theory is used to explain client problems and to dictate what is done in the counseling process (Hackney, 1992). Theory can be used to define “the nature of the relationship between the counselor and client, to conceptualize the nature of the presenting problem(s), and to define the resulting counseling goals or desired outcomes” (p.2). In the past, much focus has been paid on delineating and accentuating the differences between the many theories of therapy (Sprenkle, 2003, p. 93). Today, there is a move towards convergence of theories within the helping practices (Hackney, 1992, p. 3; Sprenkle, 2003). Researchers and practitioners are searching for an integrated approach which emphasizes the key components within the helping process and relationship that have been linked to effective therapy (Hackney, 1992, p.2). Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) have been shown to bring about positive changes in therapy. CBT and PCT, like all single-theory approaches, have limitations. Literature suggests that...
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...with having a set of alternatives by the decision maker in his mind. Most analysts only study a limited set of alternatives that contain the important difference among the alternatives. Such behavior of analysts need attention. Sanglier, M. et al (1994) showed that when different investors received the same information they had their own interpretation of this information. These various interpretations lead to different perception of the signals and therefore created differentiated behaviors. Different behaviors affect decision making of investors and financial markets as every investor would make decision in the way as he received...
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...DSM-IV Evaluation PSY/270 University of Phoenix Case Study 1 – Schizoid Personality Disorder There are several believed causes for schizoid personality disorder. Cognitive theorists believe that individuals have a deficiency in the way they think, causing them to not relate and understand others normally, in turn making them withdrawn from others around them. Another believed cause is from the viewpoint of psychodynamic theorists. They believe people suffer from this disorder because of an unsatisfied need for human contact that they did not receive growing up (Comer, 2011). With these types of individuals being so withdrawn from the public, it can make it rather difficult to treat with therapy. There are several forms of therapy that do help assist in treatment however. Therapists try to have the individual experience more happy thoughts and better interact socially (Comer, 2011). They have individuals think about different emotions and write down memories that were happy ones. Also, they try various role paying techniques to teach individuals how to interact socially with others. Group therapy can also be beneficial in exposing individuals to social interaction (Comer, 2011). Case Study 2 - Narcissistic Personality Disorder Luis in the second case study clearly displays a narcissistic personality disorder, trying to show he is better than others regardless of his current standing in society. There are several proposed causes for this disorder. Psychodynamic theorists...
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...version. For additional information about this publication click this link. [http://hdl.handle.net/2066/19379] Please be advised that this information was generated on 2012-09-19 and may be subject to change. Buying Impulses: A Study on Impulsive Consumption Astrid Gisela Herabadi Buying Impulses: A Study on Impulsive Consumption Astrid Gisela Herabadi PrintPartners Ipskamp ISBN 90-9017360-9 Cover illustration: A part of the stone-reliefs in “Candi Borobudur” Buying Impulses: A Study on Impulsive Consumption Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van the Sociale Wetenschappen Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus Prof.dr.C.W.P.M. Blom, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbare te verdedigen op woensdag 17 december 2003, des namiddags om 1.30 uur precies door Astrid Gisela Herabadi geboren te Bogor op 30 december 1969 Promotores: Prof. dr. B. Verplanken (University of Tromsø, Norway) Prof. dr. A.F.M. van Knippenberg Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. J.A.J.P. Janssen Prof. dr. N.K. de Vries (Universiteit Maastricht) Prof. dr. M. Zeelenberg (Universiteit van Tilburg) Buying Impulses: A Study on Impulsive Consumption A scientific essay in Social Sciences Doctoral thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from the University of Nijmegen on auhority of Rector Prof.dr.C.W.P.M. Blom, according to the decision of the Council...
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...RUNNING HEAD: CASE STUDY #1 SEVERE DEPRESSION 1 Severe Depression July 20, 2014 SEVERE DEPRESSION 2 What causes severe depression? It's not known exactly what causes depression. As with many mental disorders, a variety of factors may be involved. Depression is a serious disorder that can take a terrible toll on individuals and families. Untreated depression can result in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your life. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that likely play a role in depression. When these chemicals are out of balance, it may be associated with depressive symptoms. Because traumatic events such as the death or loss of a loved one, financial problems, high stress, or childhood trauma can trigger depression in some people, depression is more common in people whose biological (blood) relatives also have this condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression, and changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. Hormone changes can result from thyroid problems, menopause or a number of other conditions. Numerous depression treatments are available. Medications and psychological counseling (psychotherapy) is very effective for most people. Psychotherapy...
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