...associated illness in which a person is hooked to alcohol either mentally or physically, and persists in utilizing alcohol regardless of considerable parts of dysfunction, proof of physical dependence, and an associated difficulty. The word alcohol dependence has substituted alcoholism as a word in turn that people do not suppress the thought of cure and illness, but could consider alcohol as a chemical they might be contingent upon deal with environmental stresses. In order to comprehend this disorder one must first understand just what alcohol dependence is. Then one needs to theorize alcohol dependence employing the biopsychosocial model. And finally it is important to talk about the treatments or interventions that are known to be the most successful for alcohol dependence and why. Once all of this is understood then alcohol dependence can be a little clearer. Alcohol dependence is a growing problem in world and further research is being done to hopefully get this problem under control (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2013). Description of Alcohol Dependence Around twelve percent of American grown-ups have had an alcohol dependence issue during their lifetime. The word alcohol dependence has substituted alcoholism as a word in turn that people do not suppress the thought of cure and illness, but could consider alcohol as a chemical they might be contingent upon deal with environmental stresses. The modern description of alcohol dependence is still founded upon prior studies. There...
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...COCAINE IN THE MID-1980S AND WAS ADDICTED UNTIL 2004, IN ADDITION TO SUFFERING FROM ALCOHOLISM. DURING THAT TIME, HE HAD SEVERAL VERY PUBLIC HOSPITAL STINTS DUE TO HIS HEALTH FAILING FROM FREQUENT DRUG USE. HE OVERDOSED IN 2000 AND 2004, AND WAS ADMITTED TO A HOSPITAL IN 2007 FOR HEPATITIS AND THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ABUSE. MARADONA ALSO UNDERWENT GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY IN 2005. COCAINE ADDICTION COCAINE IS A POWERFUL AND ADDICTIVE DRUG, CLASSIFIED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AS A HIGH ABUSE, HIGH DEPENDENCY RISK STIMULANT. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF COCAINE ABUSE VARY BASED ON THE METHOD OF INGESTION. COMMON SIGNS OF SNORTING COCAINE, THE MOST POPULAR METHOD OF INGESTION, INCLUDE: LOSS OF THE SENSE OF SMELL NOSEBLEEDS DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING HOARSENESS A CHRONICALLY RUNNY NOSE COCAINE ADDICTION MAY ALSO PRODUCE NOTICEABLE BEHAVIORAL OR PERSONALITY CHANGES, WHICH ARE OFTEN SIGNS OF INCREASES IN THE AMOUNT OR FREQUENCY OF USE: IRRITABILITY RESTLESSNESS ANXIETY PARANOIA THOSE WHO SUFFER FROM COCAINE ABUSE AND ADDICTION CAN EXPERIENCE A CONDITION KNOWN AS SEVERE PARANOIA, WHICH IS A TEMPORARY STATE OF EXTREME PARANOID PSYCHOSIS. COMMON SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM COCAINE DEPENDENCY INCLUDE: HEART PROBLEMS, INCLUDING HEART ATTACK RESPIRATORY EFFECTS, INCLUDING RESPIRATORY WHAT TREATMENT OPTIONS EXIST? BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS -- PARTICULARLY, COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY -- HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EFFECTIVE FOR DECREASING COCAINE USE AND PREVENTING RELAPSE...
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...Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Jessica King, Galen Gill, Nathan Ferrell PSY January 6, 2015 Wanda Meneese Abnormal Psychology and Therapy Psychology is defined as the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). There are two types of psychology that will be compared and contrasted within this paper; normal and abnormal. What is considered normal? What is considered abnormal? What distinguishes one from the other? How are both types alike? Abnormal Psychology is associated with diagnosis and therapy, while normal psychology focuses on understanding the cognition and behavior of those who are not. Both types of therapy can enlist many different types of approaches such as psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, biological, and humanistic. There is no clear and concise way to define abnormal behaviors that are studied within psychology. Abnormal behaviors are considered those behaviors within a certain society or group that are atypical. Determining a way to define abnormal behavior has been a work in progress for centuries. Social behaviors that are typically not considered acceptable within a group may classify someone as abnormal while in another group these behaviors may be acceptable and thus the person would be considered normal. Individuals that are considered abnormal have a difficult time functioning and adapting to specified conditions. Abnormal behavior studies include mental processes and psychopathology...
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...Kendra Alcoholism Overview: Alcoholism is a medically diagnosed disease which manifests itself in the frequent use of alcohol, despite the negative consequences it has on a person’s life. Genetic predisposition, environment, and mental health are the leading risk factors for developing alcoholism. Alcohol problems are severe and involve substantial consumption of alcohol, which results in multiple physical and psychosocial problems. Symptoms: Signs and symptoms of alcoholism include significant hangovers, which increase in time needed to recover, increased amount of alcohol consumed because of increased tolerance, lowered self ambition, irreversible damage to critical organs such as the liver, nervous system, heart, stomach, and brain. Common medical side effects include high blood pressure, sexual problems, cancer, osteoporosis, and depression. Treatment: There is no cure for alcoholism but treatment can help. Treatment can only begin once the addict accepts the problem exists, is motivated to change and agrees to stop drinking. The most common treatment is done in 3 stages; Detoxification, rehabilitation, and maintained of sobriety. Detoxification is needed immediately after discounting alcohol. This should be done at a hospital because detox can result in withdrawal seizures, hallucinations, delirium tremens, and in some cases death. Rehabilitation involves counseling and medication to give the alcoholic the skills need to maintain sobriety. Therapy might include counseling...
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...ALCOHOLISM IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. 1 Alcoholism in Human Development Travis Ortiz University of Phoenix BSHS/325 Instructor: Merianne Bernaldo Alcoholism in Human Development. 2 Introduction Alcoholism plays a huge part in our society; this paper will discuss the links that alcohol has on the brain as well as the biological, psychological and social development in alcoholics. Where they may fit in and to what groups. Cultural differences and the expectation those cultures may see the alcoholic and their choice to receive help. How the social worker knowing and understanding cultural differences will help to supply the alcoholic with the proper treatment. I will discuss how the environment with witch the alcoholic lives has a direct affect on them becoming alcoholics. How a general system theory can help the alcoholic to achieve sobriety and accepted back into the social order. A good example of this will be discussed through the program of Alcoholics Anonymous. Background When trying to understand how an alcoholic thinks we first discuss the affects it has on the human brain. The prefrontal cortex, considered...
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...phenelzine, a MAOI, responded better than people who are treated using cognitive-behavioral group treatment, educational-supportive group therapy, or a placebo pill (Barlow 2002). Using medications to treat mental illness has several issues. Many drugs have side effects. MAOIs have side effects like fatigue or hypotension. “95 % of the patients who were taking phenelzine experienced at least one side effect.” (Barlow 2002). These side effects could possibly increase anxiety. Another issues with medications is that people may become dependent on them. Some drugs can be addicting. Also the symptoms may return if the patient stops taking the drug. For example, patients who took alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, had social anxiety symptoms return after stopping the medication (Barlow 2002). Other medications are have little or no affect at treating social anxiety, like imipramine or clomipramine. It is believed that beta-blockers help improve symptoms. Although musicians have used them to help with performance anxiety, studies have shown that beta-blockers have only a small effect on social anxiety disorder (Barlow 2002). Therapy is another method to treat social anxiety disorder. There are several treatments to reduce social anxiety disorder including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CGBT), exposure treatment, and social skills training (Barlow 2002). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy has been very...
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...What causes addiction, and what is the best approach to counteract it? One contemporary view on the main causes of addiction is positive reinforcement. While there are many factors that contribute to both chemical and physical addiction, including psychosis, a disruptive childhood, or cognitive impairment, positive reinforcement is the major underlying characteristic that envelops an individual’s substance addiction (Osher, 1989). Though the reasons for compulsive drug self-administration varies widely, most, if not all users of drugs do so to avoid negative feelings including anxiety, depression, angst and fear (Goldsmith, Holzer & Manderscheid, 1998). Positive reinforcement is a concept first described by psychologist B. F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. Skinner introduced reinforcement to the law of effect (Thorndike, 1905) in psychology, stating that behaviour that is reinforced is likely to be repeated and strengthened, while behaviour that is not reinforced will likely be extinguished (McLeod, 2007). Positive reinforcement refers to the rewarding and confident emotions that drug users experience when self-administering drugs or other substances. This theory highlights that the common denominator of a wide range of addictive substances is their ability to cause psychomotor activation (Wise & Bozarth, 1987). This view is related to the belief that all positive reinforcers activate a common biological mechanism, with one of the most common components...
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...Biological, psychological and social factors in Betty Ford case PSY/480 October 14, 2013 According to the coalition of drug and alcohol centers there are ten million drinkers in the world and of those two million are alcoholics; also the abuse of prescription medication has risen five hundred percent since 1990. Addiction and drug abuse have been focal points of politicians such as Nancy Reagan and the D.A.R.E to say no campaign. However, it was another first lady that began a spearhead campaign for the treatment of such an illness. Betty Ford and the Betty Ford center catered to the therapeutic treatment of addicts. Group C will give a brief description of the Betty Ford case study. The biological, psychological, and social factors involved will be discussed. Finally an example of a clinical intervention will be illustrated. This case concerns Betty Ford who is the widow of former president Gerald Rudolph Ford. In the period of time she spent as First Lady, she had a strong influence in the United States as a spokeswoman for breast cancer and the women’s movement. Her most important influence came about after her husband lost the presidential election in 1976 (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). A couple of years later, Betty Ford revealed to family that she had an addiction to drugs and alcohol. She started treatment at a hospital about one week later. The treatment program lasted a month and played a huge role in creating a passion in her to do something...
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...it is also a growing problem in Americas teenagers. I will be discussing several point in this paper from various studies to what exactly alcoholism is and the different dangers of this disease. This is a very personal topic to me so I hope you enjoy my research paper. The first point being addressed is what exactly alcoholism is. According to The Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary, alcoholism “is a diseased condition resulting from the excessive use or persistent use of alcoholic beverages.” Alcoholism has divided into two major forms--alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence (Goodwin 1998). Alcohol abuse is the excessive consumption of alcohol which has detrimental effects on the people and situations surrounding an individual; whereas, alcohol dependence is a physical attachment to the alcohol. Alcohol abuse leads to hazardous behavior, such as drunken driving and continued drinking despite negative consequences on family, work, or social functioning. Alcohol dependence involves withdrawal symptoms when alcohol is not used, and lack of control over drinking despite serious social and medical problems (Goodwin 1998). Various studies have been performed to show the relationship between alcoholism and genetics. New research on male twins show that genes play a critical role in the development of milder forms of alcoholism, such as, occasional abuse that can land the drinker in dangerous circumstances, particularly while driving (Goodwin 1998). The genetic similarity...
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...Conceptualizing Addiction Conceptualizing Addiction McNeece and DiNitto (2010) agree that defining addiction is not an easy task. Jaffe (1980) defines addiction as "a behavioral pattern of drug use, characterized by overwhelming involvement with the use of a drug (compulsive use), the securing of its supply and a high tendency to relapse after withdrawal. In addition, it is characterized by craving, withdrawal and tolerance." Schuckit (1992, p. 182) believes addiction involves the “continued, self-administered use of a substance despite substance-related problems, and it results in tolerance for the substance, withdrawal from the substance, and compulsive drug-taking behavior due to cravings.” The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V), combined the DSM-IV categories of Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence into a single category of Substance Use Disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). The DSM-V covers 11 criteria for Substance Use Disorder: 1) taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than the you meant to; 2) wanting to cut down or stop using the substance but not managing to; 3) spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance; 4) cravings and urges to use the substance; 5) not managing to do what you should at work, home or school, because of substance use; 6) continuing to use, even when it causes problems in relationships; 7) giving up important social, occupational or recreational...
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...Application of Clinical Psychology: Betty Ford Courtney Bowers, Tina Colbert, Janell Thomas, Mervin Waldron PSY/480 March 30, 2015 Tara Thompson Application of Clinical Psychology: Betty Ford Substance abuse can stem from a variety of biological, psychological, and social factors. These factors may vary from addict to addict, and it is the role of clinical psychology to examine the roots of addiction, and what type of treatment, such as interventions, would apply to and possibly work best for each individual. Interventions have to be rational as they apply to a patient, and the clinical psychology professional would have to have a plan as to who is involved, where will it be, what should happen, and what specific areas the intervention will focus on. We will examine the case study of Betty Ford, and uncover the possible reason for addiction as well as what type of interventions may work best and why. The Case of Betty Ford Many have heard of the Betty Ford Clinic, but most think Betty Ford, former first lady opened the clinic up because she wanted to help substance abuse addicts. In fact, that is precisely what she wished to accomplish, but for reasons other than just helping. Betty Ford was an addict herself. In 1978, Ford admitted that she was an addict, and a week later went into a treatment program. Inspired by the ability to overcome drugs and alcohol through treatment, in 1982, the Betty Ford Clinic was opened. Substance abuse doesn't lend itself to...
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...Alcoholism; A Biological and Psychological Look Inside PSY350 Prof. Marion Burke March 30, 2014 Abstract The following article is a detailed look at alcohol use disorders and alcoholism. The pages that follow give an inside look at the biological and neurological effects these disorders have on a person. There is also some explanation of treatments and some new research that is being worked on in order to help predict who may be at risk. Alcoholism; A Biological and Psychological Look Inside Alcoholism is a growing problem in today’s society. Every day there are more and more people who are having problems with controlling their drinking or who are admitted to hospitals because of extreme illness caused by alcoholism. There is approximately 15 % of male drinkers and 6% of female drinkers in the United States who will have an alcoholism problem (Sullivan, 2009). Each of these groups has family and friends who are affected by their alcoholism. The link between biology and psychology in relation to alcoholism is a vastly growing interest of study. Neurological research is being done to try and explain the connection and to help create effective treatments. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.;DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) gives clinical descriptions of different types of alcohol related disorders. One such description is that of Alcohol use disorder. This is described in the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association...
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...Question 1a WRITE NOTES ON Eating disorder Introduction Eating disorders (EDs) are psychiatric disorders with diagnostic criteria based on psychologic, behavior, and physiologic characteristics. Eating disorders is a broad name for a number of problems faced by human beings with food in our society. While majority slip into overeating or comfort eating at some point, for some the problem goes to life-threatening extremes. For instance a common type of eating disorder is the anorexia nervosa and bulimia; there is a deep fear of being overweight that leads to an obsession about restricting the number of calories the person is taking in. This leads to an extreme state of starvation, which in turn has a number of effects on the way that the body functions and how hormones are produced. The common symptom of someone affected by an eating disorder includes: a. Mentally keeping a balance between calories taken in and calories used up b. Deep-seated feelings of anxiety if they consume a few calories too many c. Self-loathing, depression or panic if they haven’t lost any weight or put a little on, despite their best efforts Many scholars have researched the issue of diet quite deeply and know the damage they are doing to themselves but are still unable to stop. This just makes the feelings of despair and self-loathing even worse, causing their condition to continue. Common types of eating Disorders Research has given support to the existence...
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...Alcoholism in Adult Magoha Mayagila Research Paper, Psych 2301 Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a non-curable mental disorder that’s affects millions of people worldwide. According to national institute on alcohol and alcoholism, 1 in 12 adults in U.S is suffering from AUD. If not diagnosed early, AUD can effects a person life psychologically, socially and economically. Despite affecting the general population, studies have shown men are two to three times more likely to develop AUD than women due to generic differences (Mettmann D 2014). The androgen receptor (AR) gene, located on X chromosome contains a common polymorphism involving cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats, which impacts disease and could contribute the unequal sex ratio in alcoholism (Mettman D 2014). Even though men are more susceptible to AUD, the effects of AUD on women health is enormous compared to men. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a psychological tool that have been used to collect mental disorder statistics since 1840. By 1952 American Psychiatric Association developed DMS-I to diagnose mental disorders. Prior to 2013, DMS-IV was the tool of choice for clinical diagnosis for alcoholism. DMS-IV categorized alcoholism into two distinct disorders, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependency; and two distinct criteria, abuse and dependency based on 11 symptoms. Alcohol abuse is defined as a behavior at which a person drinking pattern leads to undesirable acts and behavior...
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...performances. The greater the prior cognitive processes (e.g., cognitive units, and visual attentional breadth) utili[z]ed during the processes of gaming, the better the performances in the subsequent creativity performances. (Yeh 405) This shows that videogames, like drugs, can positively benefit a person if they are not used in excess. These findings are useful to classroom learning, where children may benefit from learning through videogames that they enjoy. It is important to note that the children in this study only played videogames for ten minutes, which shows that playing videogames for a short period of time can be beneficial (405). The study does not discuss the implications of playing videogames for longer periods of time, but it is clear there is a line at which playing videogames is excessive. It is unclear “whether playing video games a lot can be considered an addiction in terms of pathological behavior, or whether these are unrelated and playing a lot should just be considered high enthusiasm for playing games” (Spekman et al. 2153). Further confusion is caused by the fact that there has been relatively little research done on videogame addiction (“Videogame Addiction and its Treatment” 248). Videogame popularity has soared in recent decades, and the problem of excessively playing them is fairly new. Therefore, there has not yet been as much opportunity for researching them as there has been with gambling addiction or alcoholism. Despite this, the current research...
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