...Examining the Change Process in a Vocational College in Chicago Though organizations most often do not adopt formal change models in their organizational cultures, change models manifest themselves in modified versions consistent with those that have already been researched. A vocational college in downtown Chicago, Illinois has a change model process which resembles the complexity model. The complexity model of organizational fits closely with the culture of the vocational college. The outcomes resulting from this change model vary. Inhibitors to the change process have stifled change progression in this organization. Change agents in the organization are not readily identifiable making it tough to determining who leads change in the vocational college. This composition will examine the aforementioned aspects of the change process as it relates to the vocational college in detail. Conclusions drawn from this analysis will be based on how it compares to using other change models found in research. A more stable and formal change model might be more effective in this vocational college. If the organization sticks to its current change model, success can be realized if all essential steps are complete. Background on the Change Process The vocational college has recently faced mandatory new construction in the English as a Second Language department of the college. The new construction has forced the college to become denser concerning classroom space. This has caused the other...
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...Assignment 1 Critically evaluate some of the central themes within psychology Behaviourism VS Cognitive This assignment will critically analyse two of the core approaches in psychology- Behaviourism versus the Cognitive approach. Behaviourists believe that all behaviours are gained through conditioning; conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviourists say our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviour. If the environment surrounding us is altered- our thoughts, behaviour and feelings are also altered. Cognitive psychologists study the ways in which humans mentally process information. They study internal thought processes such as thinking, perception, language, memory and attention. The cognitive approach also looks at how we treat the information that we gain and what responses this leads us to have. Behaviourists say we are a product of our environment. They believe that we are born a blank slate and we can be manipulated whereas Cognitive psychologists believe we were born with cognitive functions like memory or perception. Behaviourists believe we all learn in the same way, therefore it is acceptable to associate results from experiments that are carried out on animals; with humans. This could also be seen as a downfall for the behaviourist approach as they do not anticipate any difference between animals and humans behaviour. Cognitive psychologists believe if they want to know how people think then they need to gain knowledge...
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...Self control procedures used in therapeutic psychology Self control procedures are cognitive and behavioural skills used by individuals to maintain self motivation and achieve personal goals. They are defined by Ruch (1984) as “procedures that involve the growing emphasis on asking people to set up personal systems of rewards and punishments to shape their own thoughts and actions.” The goal of self control procedures is to reduce behavioural deficiencies or behavioural excesses. They help individuals become aware of their own patterns of behaviour and to alter those patterns so that the behaviour will be more or less likely to occur. They are used by people who are dissatisfied with certain aspects of their lives for instance one may feel they smoke too much, exercise to little, or have difficulty controlling anger. Self control procedures include aspects like self monitoring and stimulus control and follow a particular process. Self control procedures are based primarily on the social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura. According to Bandura, ones behaviour is influenced by a variety of factors including one’s own thoughts and beliefs and elements in the environment. Self control procedures are useful for a wide range of concerns including medical, addictions, occupational and psychological. However self control procedures when used in situations where symptoms are severe, should be used in conjunction with other therapies. The self control procedures follow certain step...
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...Literature review of Piaget’s theory of developmental psychology (1954), object permanence and a critical evaluation of Piaget’s theory in relation to recent studies that show different results to that which Piaget originally gathered and based his stage theory on. Introduction The work of Jean Piaget (1896-1980), has made him go down in history as one of the most instrumental and influential figures in the history of psychology to date. His contribution to the world of psychology is based around the field of developmental psychology. He transformed this area of psychology and laid the foundations upon which subsequent research can be based around and undercover more of the truth behind the cognitive development of infants. Piaget believed that the key to understanding children’s thought processes is not whether they get the answer right, rather the key lies within how they arrived at the answer (Holt et. al, 2012). Piaget stated that our brains hold schemas, which are responsible for organising our patterns of thoughts and actions (Holt et al., 2012). Building on this mental framework he introduced the concepts of assimilation and accommodation which helped lay down the foundation upon which he could build his work on. Piaget committed 50 years of his life to study the intellectual development that occurs in children which ultimately led to the development of his well-acclaimed staged theory of cognitive development (Hock, 2009). His theory is based on the idea that four...
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...P1 The behaviourist perspective focuses solely on observing human behaviour; behaviourist psychologists believe that new born babies are born with a ‘clean slate’ – that we adopt our means for behaviour by learning. Pavlov was a behavioural psychologist and he was conducting an experiment on how the production of saliva helps dogs to digest food. However, Pavlov found that his dog would sometimes salivate before his food arrived. This lead him to realise that the dog had learnt to associate his food with other stimulus; for example reaching for the dog food or picking up his bowl. Pavlov then began to ring a bell whenever the dog would receive food, and eventually found that the dog would produce saliva whenever the bell was rung. This is known as classical conditioning, which Pavlov applied to humans. This is when a stimulus creates a new response which is learned by association. To begin with, Pavlov’s dog innately reacted to receiving food by producing saliva; here, the food is an unconditioned stimuli and the saliva produced is an unconditioned response. However, when another stimulus (the neutral stimuli) such as the bell, is added to the unconditioned stimuli, this also creates the unconditioned response. With consistency the new stimulus will create the conditioned response; therefore producing saliva when the bell is rung. Here, the bell has become a conditioned stimuli and the salivating has become a conditioned response. American psychologist Watson conducted an experiment...
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...Vygotsky, and certainly not Vygotsky as alternative to Piaget Michael Shayer ∗ King’s College, University of London, 16 Fen End, Over, Cambridge CB4 5NE, UK Abstract There have been many interpretations published on the relative importance of the work of both Vygotsky and Piaget: often to the detriment of the latter. This article represents an attempt to discover the meaning and intention of the former by going back to the specifics of what he said and wrote. By reference to what they said of each other it is argued that by the early 30s they had reached almost identical positions regarding child development, and that the work of each is complementary to that of the other. The implications of this position for a theory of intervention for cognitive acceleration are then discussed. 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction As we know from investigations of the process of concept formation, a concept is more than the sum of certain associative bonds formed by memory, more than a mere mental habit; it is a complex and genuine act of thought that cannot be taught by drilling, but can be accomplished only when the child’s mental development has itself reached the requisite level. (1) Throughout the history of the child’s development runs a ‘warfare’ between spontaneous and non-spontaneous, systematically learned, concepts. (cf. the Alternative Conceptions movement). (2) ∗ Tel.: +44-1954-231814. E-mail address: m.shayer@ukonline.co...
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...Cognition and Development Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s Theory: The mechanisms of cognitive development – * Piaget believed that cognitive development was a result of two influences: maturation and the environment * Maturation refers to the effects of ageing * As children get older, certain mental operations become possible and at the same time, through interactions with the environment, their understanding of the world becomes more complex * Schema: * Self-constructed mental structures that can be behavioural (grasping an object) or cognitive (classifying objects) * Rather like individual computer programmes, schema are programmes that people construct for dealing with the world * When a child is born, it has few schema, but these are developed over time as a consequence of the child’s interaction with its environment * Assimilation: * A child initially tries to understand any form of new information in terms of their existing knowledge about the world * A baby who is given a new toy car to play with may grasp or suck that toy in the same way that they grasp and suck a rattle * Assimilation occurs when an existing schema (sucking) is used on a new object (car toy) * Assimilation therefore, involves the incorporation of new information into an existing schema * Accommodation: * This occurs when a child adapts existing schema in order to understand new information that doesn’t appear to fit * Learning to drive a manual car involves...
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...Tue, Apr 9, 2013 8:40 PM PDT View full HTML message Page 2 of 2 Prev Next d tasks. Mental representations are a critical part of the sensorimotor phase and are later the foundation for all other mental representations. Children holding mental representations of ideas and objects within their heads and can serve as the basis of later complex mental representations. With such an idea, it is an important idea that children and infants develop a schema related to games, and play. For example, as children develop more sophisticated schemes, or cognitive structures, they become increasingly able to adapt to their environments(Pg. 211). This basketball-oriented toy, does allow children to develop their definition of play, before Piaget thought it was possible. Furthermore, the basketball hoop can serve as a golden ring in which giants used to wear, while enacting make believe play. In fact, the one definite positive of this toy is that it inspires play, and for children to act on their environment an see how gravity works and furthermore for parents to play alongside of children. Semantic development takes place across a lifetime, though it is active very early on in development. Children develop the meanings of words from before they are even able to pronounce them, in fact there is often a lag in ability to pronounce the words that the child understands. In fact with in the toy’s age range, a child begins to speak, and progressively becomes better at speaking and properly labeling...
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...Learning from B.F Skinner and Jean Piaget The psychological studies of B.F Skinner and Jean Piaget in the field of learning revolutionized the understanding of learning processes, and undoubtedly paved the way for future psychologists. The findings of B.F Skinner and his theory on operant learning expanded the horizons of his generation. Jean Piaget also constructed the basis by which we evaluate the logical capabilities of youth, and he developed a theory of schemas. Both of these eminent psychologists have left a mark on the field of learning, and while both are dissimilar, they have common themes and continuities that cannot be overlooked. Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904, to William Arthur Skinner (a lawyer) and Grace Madge Burrhus, born with an aptitude for mechanical toys and gadgets. In his adolescence he showed interest in works by Charles Darwin and Francis Bacon. In his early adult life he attended Hamilton College in Clinton, New York where he studied English language and Literature, during his time at University he was heavily engaged in the campus magazine, and was known for his hand in pranks. After graduation he was exposed to Behaviorism by the literary magazine Dial, and read further into Conditioned Reflexes by Ivan Pavlov, he soon realized that he was interested in human behavior and was convinced by a close friend that science was the next big thing, he decided to engage in work in psychology. He enrolled at Harvard in 1928, and began...
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...The secret world that lies in the mind of adolescence is one that many adults may not understand. The brief glimpses that adults receive are so minute that they often misread what they see. In order to truly get to know and help those in this stage, adults need to wade through the rude comments, the unpredictable behavior, and secrecy to really see their world. This world that they live in is cluttered with identity crisis and moral conflict. Silence, conformity, and submission also pollute this world of adolescence. The goal of this stage is to achieve some level of selfhood, if their world becomes too encumbered it will lead them to over-identification with the peer group, identity confusion, and excessive rebellion (Steinberg, 1993). This does not have to be the case. Through guided independence, close family relations and positive peer interactions their world will become less mysterious and positive goals will be met. The Franklin Starbucks provides one with excellent view of adolescence who is navigating their world successfully and those who are desperately fighting to find their selfhood. As one began to watch three girls walked into the coffee shop, they had to be around 14 or 15(hard to tell these days). There were no adults with them and they all ordered the same drink. Soon after they ordered they were joined by taller girl with black hair, she appeared to be the oldest among them. The oldest girl did most of the talking and the other three just responded...
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...Information Processing Theory Selicia Whidbee-Denmon AED202 April 1, 2012 Tracey Morgado Abstract Information Processing Theory The information processing theory is a group of theoretical frame works that address how the human beings receive, think about, mentally, modify and remember information and how such cognitive processes change over the course of development. (Child development pg.186) Information processing theory emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s and has continued to evolve in the decades that have followed. (Child development pg.186) The five key components in the information process theory are sensation, perception, sensory register, working memory, and long-term memory. Sensation is the physiological detection of stimuli in the environment. (Child development pg.187) Perception is how your mind uses sensory input to make sense of the world around you. The mind takes sensory impulses from the eyes, nose, skin and ears. These details are used to form an idea of the surrounding environment. (askkids.com) then there’s sensory register, which are the memories that last no more than about a second or two. There are two different kinds of memory when it comes to sensory register, Iconic memory and Echoic memory. (audiblox2000) Working memory is a system if domain-specific stores or formats for temporarily representing information along with a domain-general supervisor or executive attention mechanism. (Randall W. Engle, 2010) Long-term memory is the...
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...1. In general, what are the unique characteristics of young adolescents? Please list them under each category. Physical different growth rates growth spurts awkward and uncoordinated hormones cause restlessness and fatigue In need of physical activity sudden outbursts of activity risky diets causing weight change vulnerable Kids in this stage are exploring their own bodies, which are all growing at different rates. Because they are unsure why they are growing the way they are, they may have sudden outbursts of energy, or solicit themselves to risky health behaviors that could result in unintended consequences. Cognitive - Intellectual different cognitive development rates some moving towards formal operational thinking facing situations that require advancement of cognition wide range of intellectual interests; few need sustaining Prefer active learning and interaction to passive learning and seclusion curious about world and self, not with academic subjects respond positively to opportunities to connect learning to real world develop understanding of current abilities Kids in this stage are exploring their own minds, which are all growing at different rates. Some kids are still only thinking about problems in a concrete fashion. A larger majority of kids are able to think about problems in a formal way, trying to connect the questions being answered to their real life. Research have shown this may be particularly valuable to low-income students to become...
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...Lifespan and Personality Development Adolescence There are many factors that affect the physical, cognitive, social, moral and personality development in an adolescent. Adolescence as defined in the dictionary, is the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development extending mainly over the teen years (RHCD, 1980). Adolescence is the time that can bring various changes physical, social and emotional. Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty. This usually occurs during the ages of twelve to twenty years old. Puberty is the period during which the reproductive system matures. This process is characterized by the increase in sex hormones (RHCD, 1980). Heredity and the environment both plays a significant role in the development of various human traits. Genes are determinants of heredity, and each individual carries genes from the mother and father. Characteristics such as height, weight, skin color, eye and hair color are all determined through the balance of genes in the body. Genes are responsible for cognitive and mental processes as well as physical features (ehow.com). Adolescents undergo a wide range of physical changes in a very short time, which is a result of biological and hereditary factors, but environmental influences are also significant. There are rapid height and weight gains, which generally takes place earlier in girls, more body fat is generated in girls where muscles are developed in boys. Changes in hormone levels trigger...
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...Lenora A. Mayne American Intercontinental University May 2013 EDU 622: Applying Learning Theories Identifying The Components of Cognitivist Theories used in, "Kermit and The Keyboard." Abstract Cognitivism emphasizes on the explanation of cognitive structures and process, and the intervention of these structures and processes between instruction and learning (Glaserfeld, 1989). The study of cognitivism has allowed for educators, theorist and psychologist to understand the concepts of knowing, thinking and formulating feedback. In reviewing the sample texture, "Kermit and the Keyboard," has allowed for philosophers and psychologist to review the interactional theories of learning process. Within this paper, will identify, compare and contrast the views of congnitivist theories, Cognitive Information Processing (CIP), Piaget's Theory and Perspective of Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development as it relates to the sample text. The essence of utilizing cognitivist learning theories allows for educators such as myself to capture the meaning of cognitive and knowledge development within the classroom setting. Identifying The Components of Cognitivist Theories used in, "Kermit and The Keyboard." The developmental concept of learning theories allows for people to inquire the fundamentals of human engagement. The core concepts of learning has allowed for philosophers and psychologist to examine the nature of learning in applying those concepts in expanding...
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...Bandura & Social Cognitive Theory Randy Wayne Rising Liberty University Psychology of Personality 341-D06 Timothy Williams May 07, 2013 Abstract Years of research has been conducted by Albert Bandura on the Social Cognitive Theory. The practical use of Social Cognitive Theory has an interesting approach to changing or maintaining behaviors. Bandura has researched Social Cognitive Theory and the individual differences that show the flexibility that people have dealing with behavior. The Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication discusses the role that mass media plays in society in regard to influences on behavior within society. The Social Cognitive Theory of Human Agency, by Bandura, which describes the power that people posses to influence their own actions to get the deserved results the individual, desires. Social Cognitive Theory on Gender Development addresses the development of people’s lives according to the gender and the roles that are stereotypical by society in regards to personality and behavior. Health Promotion from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory deals with health promotion and disease prevention from social cognitive theory. The approach of changing health practices of social systems rather than the habits of individuals. Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context explains that people adapt to diverse conditions all over the world. Parents from impoverished environments through sacrifices want their children to have a better...
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