...a brief overview of evidence based psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. It addresses the following questions: • How common are anxiety disorders? • What psychological treatments have empirical support? • What recovery rates can be achieved with these treatments? • How enduring are their effects? • Is there value in combining psychological treatments with medication? Psychological treatments can be delivered in a variety of formats. This paper restricts itself to the traditional, and most extensively researched, format of face-to-face contact with a fully qualified therapist. For most anxiety disorders the therapy sessions are once weekly for 60-90 minutes spread over a period of 8-20 weeks, with homework assignments in between. However, in specific phobias, the strongest outcomes have been obtained with a single, long (3-5 hour) session with a therapist, followed by a briefer follow-up session a week or so later. 2. How common are anxiety disorders? The most recent British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey1 estimates that 16.4% of the population have a diagnosable anxiety and/or depressive disorder. The diagnostic system that was used in the survey (ICD-10) is different from the diagnostic system (DSM-IV) that has been used in most trials of psychological treatments. For this reason, it is difficult to be precise about the number of individuals in the UK who have anxiety disorders for which there is an evidence based psychological treatment...
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...General Anxiety Disorders and Treatments Thereof Blake C Blanchard Southwestern Oklahoma State University Abstract One of the most common disorders in our society today is generalized anxiety disorder. I am going to dive in to the methods of treatment and thoroughly discuss the various ways this disorder is handled. I experience anxiety when it comes to being in large bodies of water and also when I see spiders. Treatment options for anxiety disorders range from herbal remedies to prescribed medication. There are so many treatment options that I had no idea were even a possibility. The treatments I am going to talk about and describe in depth are ones that I researched and were shown to have the highest success rate. This could be great news for people with general anxiety disorders. To people without this disorder, it may seem like this should be no big deal and that people should be able to get over this with no problems. However, to people with the actual disorder, it could be life altering and even make their lives impossible to go about. I have never researched treatments for this disorder, even though I have what I think would be a mild case of anxiety. I am very interested to research and discuss these treatment options in order to discover more about myself and more about what helps other people get over their fears. The definition of a generalized anxiety disorder is excessive worrying with no specific cause. The worrying about such thing becomes uncontrollable...
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...into the underlying problem into each neurological, psychological or neurodevelopmental diseases, anxiety and depression seem to prevail over all. If anxiety and depression are not handled accordingly from the beginning of time, it may manifest into something more; this is something that we should look further into avoiding. Depression The chosen disease for this report is depression. Depression can be categorized as a psychological disease as well as a neurological, or neurodevelopmental problem. It comes in many forms and in different magnitudes. This means that depression can be short-term or it may may not be curable. In some cases, depression can follow other diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, high blood pressure, chronic lung disease, arthritis, stroke, cancer and many more. (WebMD, 2014). For a majority of cases, depression is accompanied with anxiety. There are many different forms of treatments available but the three major treatments are: cognitive treatments, pharmacological treatments, and alternative therapy treatments. Cognitive Therapy With cognitive therapy, most of the attention is given to a person’s thoughts. As human beings, we are always surrounded by multiple thoughts at any given time and thoughts are affected by one’s mood. For instance, when someone is in a bad mood, certain thoughts are going to be negative in nature. But through the help of cognitive therapy, those negative thoughts can be defused by having the patient think of good memories;...
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...Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is a psychiatric disability in which people experience severe anxiety in social settings and fear judgement or embarrassment during interactions with others. “It is the most common type of anxiety disorder and the third most common mental disorder in the population.” Social anxiety disorder affects several aspects of people’s lives including relationships with family and friends, education, and employment. Society also has an effect on the disability. Social attitudes, culture, history, and laws influence how it is viewed. It usually develops when people are teenagers and may last for several years. However, it may not last their entire life. There is treatment for social anxiety disorder...
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...Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is described as having unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, and or urges that cause extreme anxiety and interferes with day to day life. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a mental illness that is comprised of two components: obsessions and compulsions. Some individuals experience either obsessiveness or compulsions, however, most people experience both. Obsessions are involuntary, repetitive, unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that don’t stop or go away. These thoughts are not the thoughts that an individual would normally focus on and can often cause anxiety that can be extreme. Compulsions are the steps, behaviors, or rituals that an individual may take in order to try and reduce or ease the anxiety...
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...Type 3: Evaluation Summary of research and outcome: My investigation focused on exploring the effects of anxiety on the cognitive abilities and determining the most effective treatments. The topic was inspired by my interest in medicine and mental disorders that affect large proportions of the contemporary populace. Various research processes including a series of literature reviews as my secondary sources and an interview as my primary source were conducted to obtain information regarding the effects of anxiety on the cognitive functions. The results indicated that anxiety does severely impairs the cognitive functions. The research conducted also yielded in the discovery of the key factors that contribute to anxiety. These include...
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...It is believe that social phobia is one of the most common anxiety disorders. However, there are many types of treatment for this disorder. However, it is believe that most of these treatments are or haven’t been effective enough in curing this disorder. It was based on the ineffectiveness of these treatments that inspired Hans M. Nordahl’s research. His research showed how cognitive therapy is the best approach to treating social anxiety disorder, which he believes cures this anxiety disorders. INTRODUCTION: Hans M. Nordahl, a professor of behavioural medicine at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) led a project with a team of doctors and psychologists from NTNU and the University of Manchester in England to examine...
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...* A phobia is an overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object or situation that poses little real danger but provokes anxiety and avoidance. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/phobias/basics/definition/con-20023478 The common phobia- * Fear of spiders (arachnophobia) * Fear of snakes * Fear of heights * Fear of closed spaces * Fear of storms * Fear of needles and injections * Fear of public speaking * Fear of flying * Fear of germs * Fear of illness or death * http://www.helpguide.org/mental/phobia_symptoms_types_treatment.htm the uncommon http://mentalfloss.com/article/57372/be-very-afraid-25-uncommon-phobias 1 session treatment --- One hundred and ninety-six youth, ages 7–16, who fulfilled Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria for various specific phobias were randomized to a one-session exposure treatment, education support treatment, or a wait list control group. After the waiting period, the wait list participants were offered treatment and, if interested, rerandomized to 1 of the 2 active treatments. The phobias were assessed with semistructured diagnostic interviews, clinician severity ratings, and behavioral avoidance tests, whereas fears, general anxiety, depression, and behavior problems were assessed with self- and parent report measures. Assessments were completed pretreatment, posttreatment, and at 6 months following treatment. Results showed that both treatment...
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...Anxiety, Mood/Affective, Somatoform Paper University of Phoenix PSY/410 Korneshia Parker Prepare a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you analyze the biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, and behavioral components of anxiety, mood/affective, and somatoform disorders. Anxiety, mood/affective, and somatoform disorders have many different components. These disorders while all detracting from normal social interactions and the day to day living of individuals who suffer from them have definitive signs and symptoms. Some of the disorders share similar signs and or symptoms and have varying biological, emotional, behavioral and cognitive parts. The field of abnormal psychology tries to determine what these signs and symptoms are and find a way to treat individuals suffering from them therapeutically. The components of anxiety disorders are biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral. The biological components include the way the autonomic system functions in individuals with anxiety, as well as other factors that may make an individual genetically predisposition to have an anxiety disorder. The biological perspective views the activation or stimulation of the nervous system and its excesses or deficiencies. (National Institutes of Health, 2010). The emotional components of anxiety disorder address those issues an individual has not dealt with or has repressed. Many psychologists think that early childhood experiences or traumas could cause an individual too much sadness...
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...Anxiety Scores of Informal Caregivers Theresa A. Patterson Mount Aloysius College Abstract Informal caregivers, or family members who provide care to their physically or cognitively impaired relatives, are leading providers of services to elderly individuals. However, caregivers frequently experience symptoms of depression, stress and anxiety. Also, caregivers may suffer from physical or psychological distress as a result of these symptoms. The author examined the effects of depression, stress and anxiety and suggested an assessment instrument to gauge levels of anxiety. In addition, strengths and limitations of this approach were delineated. The author hypothesized that caregivers would exhibit higher anxiety scores than non-caregivers. This hypothesis was tested by comparing a group of informal caregivers to a group of non-caregivers. Furthermore, recommendations for reduction of stress and anxiety symptoms were made. Anxiety Scores of Informal Caregivers Family members of elderly, impaired individuals in the United States provide the majority of necessary daily care for their relatives (Sheehan & Nuttall, 1988). These caregivers may be described as informal: individuals who provide unpaid care to a friend or family member out of love and respect for the impaired person (George & Gwyther, 1986). Unfortunately, many caregivers reported significant stress, depression and anxiety (Sheehan & Nuttall, 1988). Research demonstrated a correlation...
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...Risks and Benefits of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) Cindy Lewis American College of Healthcare Sciences April 23, 2015 Option 3: Risk vs. Benefit Discuss the concept of risk versus benefit with respect to a specific Herb, supplement or CAM modality (see section 2 of Lewith for examples). Provide peer reviewed research papers to support your argument. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is one of the most common forms of psychotherapy. This is also considered a Complimentary and Alternative Medicine modality. This modality consists of cognitive and behavioral therapy. The point of cognitive therapy is to reveal and change false and distressing beliefs, which people will attach to things, events or situations, raising the importance...
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...experts, such as Olympic athletes, to facilitate goal-directed actions without distraction. And in terms of cognitive computation, athletes aim to develop skilled movements by accomplishing their goals at the lowest possible cost (Wilson, 2008). From a cognitive psychology perspective, anxiety is viewed as an emotion characterized by the negative affect that impairs performance (Eysenck, 1996). Several theorists have argued that the negative performance effects of anxiety...
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...Anxiety is influenced by many different factors including biological, behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic influences. Biologically anxiety is caused when an unpleasant stimulus is presented and the amygdala increases blood flow creating anxiety. Anxiety is categorized as a mood disorder that relates to ones behavior. Behavior such as emotions of fear cause fear and avoidance will create anxiety. Cognitive factors also cause anxiety by ones mind being induced with anxiety when trying to make a decision or forming an opinion. Anxiety has many influences but the increased blood flow caused by the amygdala within the brain is the psychodynamic cause of anxiety. Treatment for anxiety that is most effective is cognitive behavior therapy. This consists of recognizing the anxiety provoking situations and then changing the patient’s reactions to such situations. Biologically speaking there are medications that can be prescribed to patients with anxiety. The most effective way to treat anxiety is cognitive behavior therapy. Expectancy or set is what one believes is going to happen or occur. Human perception is effected by expectancy because one will see what they expect to see and not what is actually being seen. Psychoactive drugs can affect expectancy because they skew ones perception and mind. A student’s performance in the classroom can be affected by expectancy because the student is expected to act and work a certain way in which the student’s behavior is...
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...The Effects of Academic Clustering and Anxiety on College Athletes Performance Corey Darnell Rolling Northern Illinois University The Effects of Academic Clustering and Anxiety on College Athletes Performance Significance of Problem In the past 30 years, college athletics has grown into a big business. With sponsorships from top tier athletic brands and broadcasting deals with major television station such as American Broadcasting Company (ABC) television station. The ability to recruit the best of the best athletes has resulted in millions of dollars of revenue for the university. Universities like Arkansas, Ole Miss and LSU, are identified by their athletic programs solely. Although these universities may have top...
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...Anxiety and components. According to Onions (1996), the term anxiety is derived from the Latin word angere, meaning to choke. In sports psychology, anxiety is defined as an unpleasant emotion which is characterised by vague but persistent feelings of apprehension and dread (Cashmore, 2008). Most psychologists regard anxiety as a multidimensional constract with at least 3 components: cognitive, somatic (i.e. physical) and behavioural (Gould et al., 2002). First, cognitive anxiety involves worrying or having negative expectations about some impending situation or performance and engaging in task-irrelevant thinking as a consequence.Dunn (1999), discovered four main themes in their analysis of cognitive anxiety in ice-hockey players. These themes were a fear of performance, failure, apprehension about negative evaluation by others, concerns about physical injury or danger, and unspecified fear of the unknown. The second component of the construct of anxiety involves somatic or bodily processes. Somatic anxiety refers to the physical manifestation of anxiety and may be defined as “one’s perception of the physiological-affective elements of the anxiety experience, that is, indications of autonomic arousal and unpleasant feeling states such as nervousness and tension” (Morris et al., 1981). In sport , this component of anxiety is apparent when an athlete is afflicted by such physical markers as neuroendocrine responses (e.g., secretion of cortisol- the “stress” hormone), increases...
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