...Cognitive Theory: An Annotated Bibliography History of Education in America Pamela Allen November 12, 2007 INTRODUCTION The study of child development has inspired many theories. Psychologists have tried to understand why there is a difference between a child’s level of intelligence, motivation, social skills, and mannerisms. The cognitive theory helps explain each step of a child’s development with different aspects of each. The study of development of children is important to help parents, teachers and caregivers’ insight in the different ways children grow and learn. Cognitive theory helps explain how senses, environment, and an individual’s brain effect how and what kind of personality develops and possibly predicting a future. If parents believe that intelligence can be strongly influenced by experience, they make special efforts to help them learn, if believed inborn and unchangeable, they are less likely to make any effort. Children have their own internal drives and needs as well as heredity endowments that influence development. The cognitive theory is only a stepladder and there may be different equations added in either direction but we are given a building block foundation. Cognitive theories emphasize the mental aspect of development like logic and memory and focus on Jean Piaget’s theory children are born with an inborn ability to adapt to their environment. STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE TO BE INVESTIGATED ...
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...Cognitive Theory Cognitive development of a child takes palace in various stages. But their styles of thinking distinguish them. Piaget first revealed that the thinking and reasoning of children occurs at different time periods as they grow. He distinguishes the four stages that occur in children’s’ lives which are very distinct and explain the development of cognition. The stages form his Piaget’s Stage theory, are preoperational stage, sensory motor stage, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage. The first stage is the sensory motor which happens from the day of birth to around the age of two. At this stage the child only knows what is given to him. The child is concerned physical objects and his motor skills as well as the results of their movements He learns of objects which exists even when such object are not visible to them. The second stage is the preoperational stage which is when a child is from two to seven years old. A child can speak and learn problem solving skills like counting and numbering. This stage is further divided to intuitive phase and preoperational phase. The child concerns himself with learning verbal skills and making sense of the world which occurs in the preoperational phase. The intuitive phase is the Childs ability to make conclusion from his experiments with concrete objects. At this stage however, children are incapable to speak clearly what they mentally mean may not be exactly what they express. The final...
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...Foundations of Cognitive Theory Elizabeth Caldwell Excelsior College Abstract Cognitive-learning theories explore the complexity of the mind from the perspective of how the mind processes information. The paper will discuss the history of cognitive-learning theories and how they shaped the way one perceives, organizes, stores, and retrieves information. The main focus will be on Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, however, it will include theorists such as Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Edward Tolman and Frederic Bartlett. It will start off with the definition of cognitive theory and move on to the history of psychological theorists, ending with the conclusion. Keywords: Defining Cognitive Theory Cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes (Fritscher, 2014). The main facet of cognitive theory involves the communications between mental components and the information that is processed through this intricate system. As individuals learn, they vigorously generate cognitive arraignments which determine their perceptions of environment and self. Concepts of Cognitive Theorists Cognitive theorists think that learning consists of the incorporation of events into an operating storage system contained within the organizational structures called schemata. This concept of schemata was introduced by Frederic C. Bartlett in the early 1930’s. We will discuss more about Frederic C. Bartlett...
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...THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT By Jean Piaget Kyzeah Coleen Tababa GJ Coleen Panaguiton Claudette Trespuentes Dr. Cynthia Dy STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTOR THOUGHT (BIRTH-2 YEARS) Babies are stuck in the HERE AND NOW world. They “know the world only in terms of their own sensory input (what they see, smell, taste, touch, and hear) and their physical or motor actions on it (e.g. sucking, reaching, grasping). (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 157) Babies lack REPRESENTATIONAL THOUGHT or ability to think through the use of symbols (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 158) Evidence of representational thought emerges from the use of language and OBJECT PERMANENCE “the fact that objects, events, or even people continue to exist when they are not in the infants direct line of sensory or motor action” (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 159) STAGE 2: PREOPERATIONAL THOUGHT (2-7 YEARS) * Intuitive Though – logic bases only on experiences * Symbols in play * Egocentrism * lack of conservation Symbols in Play * Symbolic play: use one object to stand for another * Fantasy play: pretend to be something, or pretend activities that are impossible * Make-believe play: use toys as props Egocentrism “Child’s inability to take in others perspective” (Littlefield Cook & Cook, 2005/2009, p. 163) Three Mountain Test Timmy’s egocentrism prevents him from seeing Davie’s perspective… Timmy would draw the big mountain...
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...Social Cognitive Theory Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory is the framework for learning, based on the relationship between behavior, personal factors, and factors in the environment (Institute for Dynamic Educational Advance). Factors for social cognitive theory are based on a social or physical environment. Social environments encompass friends, colleagues, and family. Physical environments could run the gamut as vast as a particular food, securing a room size, room temperature, consideration of classroom setting, or an e-learning classroom online. The social cognitive theory explains the process functions of humans and aspects of emotional behaviors. In understanding these behaviors, the process of understanding behavioral change becomes clearer. According to Burney (2008), this cognitive process provides a backdrop for humans to observe their environment and others, using the information gathered to self-regulate their functions. Bandura introduced self-efficacy as the center of social cognitive theory. As one of the most studied topics in psychology, self-efficacy is one’s own belief in their outcome on succeeding in any given situation, based on a person’s belief system of thinking, feeling, and the person’s response or behavior (University of Twente, 2010). As populations have become more diverse, the global educational area has grown to encompass more students that are technology-rich (Gunter, 2007). As institutions of higher learning seek additional...
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...Social Cognitive Theory The social cognitive theory was formed in in 1977 primarily from the work of Albert Bandura, initially developed with the purpose of explaining social behaviors. It emphasizes that “learning occurs in a social context, and that much of what is learned is gained through observation” (Anderman & Anderman, 2009, p. 834). This theory has been applied to a wide spectrum of areas of study such as human functioning as career choice, athletics, organizational behavior, and mental and physical health. It has also been used in the areas of behavior in the classroom including motivation, learning, and achievement. The social cognitive theory has five major concepts. The first concept is observational learning. This idea is also known as vicarious modeling because learning is a result of watching behaviors in the environment. According to this theory, observational learning is dependent on attention, retention, production, and motivation (Anderman & Anderman, 2009). Attention is needed because students must first be watching a behavior in order to learn it. Retention is needed in order to transform what is observed into something that can be used for later. Production is necessary in order for students to draw on stored conclusions and perform what they have learned, and motivation is needed in order for students to participate in any of these processes. The second major concept is outcome expectations. These “reflect individuals’ beliefs about what consequences...
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...Cognitive Theorist Paper There are many psychologist out there who have their theories when it comes to learning and cognition. Each one has their own thoughts and sometimes they build off one another. One of the well-known people out there is Albert Bandura. One of the theories that he is well known for is Observational Learning Theory. He also has a modeling process that address how people can learn. His theory also takes a role in today’s world and how television, radio and media plays a role in our learning in everyday life. Albert Bandura’s theory was about social learning. “Social cognitive theory states that people learn from role models who behavior they wish to emulate” (Smith, 2002). So, this basically states that people learn from the people they can identify with more. Young children really pick this up when they watch their parents or adults that are in their environments. Often, children will act this out in other environments as well. One of this studies proved that this worked well. One of Bandura’s well known study is the Bobo Study. To sum this study up they put some kids in a spot where they watched adults strike and kick the Bobo dolls around. Later on the children who saw this acted out the same violent actions. This showed that 88% of the kids followed these behaviors, as well 40% of children did this after eight months of watching this behavior. This directs us to Observational learning. There are three basic concepts to this observational learning...
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...Bandura & Social Cognitive Theory Randy Wayne Rising Liberty University Psychology of Personality 341-D06 Timothy Williams May 07, 2013 Abstract Years of research has been conducted by Albert Bandura on the Social Cognitive Theory. The practical use of Social Cognitive Theory has an interesting approach to changing or maintaining behaviors. Bandura has researched Social Cognitive Theory and the individual differences that show the flexibility that people have dealing with behavior. The Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication discusses the role that mass media plays in society in regard to influences on behavior within society. The Social Cognitive Theory of Human Agency, by Bandura, which describes the power that people posses to influence their own actions to get the deserved results the individual, desires. Social Cognitive Theory on Gender Development addresses the development of people’s lives according to the gender and the roles that are stereotypical by society in regards to personality and behavior. Health Promotion from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory deals with health promotion and disease prevention from social cognitive theory. The approach of changing health practices of social systems rather than the habits of individuals. Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context explains that people adapt to diverse conditions all over the world. Parents from impoverished environments through sacrifices want their children to have a better...
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...Introduction Over the years there have been a countless number of theorists developing their own models on Cognitive Development, with the two most recognised being the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Semenovich Vygotsky. Although it is difficult to present the title of ‘superior theory’ to either one of these theorists, the merging of certain aspects of each scheme provides teachers with an ability to devise effective learning strategies that cater for individual students. As a direct result of these Piagetian and Vygotskian concepts, students possess the ability to develop and learn at a rate more specified to their learning ability. Review of Literature Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, the assimilation-accommodation model, is composed of four stages, sensorimotor (0 - 2 years), preoperational (2 – 7 years), concrete operational (7 – 11 years) and formal operational (11 – adult). Candida Peterson (2004) claims that within Piaget’s theory, each stage must be sufficiently achieved by the individual in order to advance to the next stage, although there is debate about whether we all do reach the final stage. Piaget believes that the most significant aspect of a child's cognitive development is the interaction between peers, rather than elders, the outside environment, as illustrated by Youniss (1982). Piaget recognised that the rate of cognitive development is determined by four factors, biological maturation, activity, social interaction and equilibration, as illustrated...
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...Piaget’s Theory of Child Psychological Development There currently exists a great deal of literature based on child developmental psychology from a variety of great psychologists, notably Freud, Erikson, Bowlby, Bandura, Vygotsky, and many others. However, this paper will focus on the theories of Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget, a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896. After working with Alfred Binet in his children’s intelligence tests, Piaget developed an interest in the development of children He is widely known for his epistemological studies regarding children and formulating the Cognitive Theory of Development. Piaget self-identifies as a genetic epistemologist; “What the genetic epistemology proposes is discovering the roots of the different varieties of knowledge, since its elementary forms, following to the next levels, including also the scientific knowledge”. Jean Piaget was the first to believe that children were no less smarter than adults, they just think differently. Piaget refers to children as “little scientists” because they actively try to explore and make sense of the world around them The model Piaget designed was a model that sought to explain how humans made sense of the world around them through collecting and organizing information from experiences with people, applied to children specifically. The model itself has four main stages in children: the sensorimotor stage (birth to two years)...
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...Cognition and Development Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s Theory: The mechanisms of cognitive development – * Piaget believed that cognitive development was a result of two influences: maturation and the environment * Maturation refers to the effects of ageing * As children get older, certain mental operations become possible and at the same time, through interactions with the environment, their understanding of the world becomes more complex * Schema: * Self-constructed mental structures that can be behavioural (grasping an object) or cognitive (classifying objects) * Rather like individual computer programmes, schema are programmes that people construct for dealing with the world * When a child is born, it has few schema, but these are developed over time as a consequence of the child’s interaction with its environment * Assimilation: * A child initially tries to understand any form of new information in terms of their existing knowledge about the world * A baby who is given a new toy car to play with may grasp or suck that toy in the same way that they grasp and suck a rattle * Assimilation occurs when an existing schema (sucking) is used on a new object (car toy) * Assimilation therefore, involves the incorporation of new information into an existing schema * Accommodation: * This occurs when a child adapts existing schema in order to understand new information that doesn’t appear to fit * Learning to drive a manual car involves...
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...Cognitive Dissonance Theory I know it is bad for me. I have read about, heard of and listened to the side effects of this taboo beverage. Yet, I am always unable to resist the promise of instant gratification that can be mine simply by breaking the seal of its carbonated packaging. My eyes linger on the variety of healthier options that lay behind the sliding glass doors; however, my fingers are already tightly grasped around the silver label of a twenty ounce Diet Coke. Each refreshing sip fills my head with depressing logic that can only be drowned with more fizzy brown bubbles. The chemicals in Diet Coke have been shown to cause cancer in lab rats. The sugar substitutes found in Diet Coke increase sugar cravings negating the “diet” value. Habitual Diet Coke drinkers are significantly heavier than those who indulge in the occasional full calorie version. Diet Coke is detrimental to bone health… The warnings echo loudly in my head almost as loud as my endless self chastising. Why do I force myself to eat fresh fruits and vegetables when what I really want is Chipotle? Why do I walk to class when I’m offered a free ride? Why do I punish myself with healthy activities when I am killing my body with Diet Coke anyway? I curse the investigative reporter who first divulged Diet Coke’s dirty little secret as I hand over $1.35 for my second drink of the day. I would even feel guilty if the woman in front of me had not just bought cigarettes. Cognitive dissonance is a feeling of...
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...Social Cognitive Theory Research Presentation Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe the purpose and at least four major points of the article. Discuss the generalizability and validity of the study. For example, will findings of this study generalize to other people and/or situations, can we generalize from the study participants to the general population, and do the methods employed have validity? Evaluate the worthiness of the study. Discuss the value in systematically studying the topic, rather than relying on common sense. Determine whether it would it be appropriate to fund this research with publicly-funded grants. Suppose that you are lab assistant (or graduate student) to the researchers who wrote the article. Suggest what you would do to follow up with the study. Then, identify a logical next step. Examining the Effects of Location, Neighborhood Social Organization, and Home Literacy on Early Cognitive Skills in the United States The purpose of the article is to show the different factors that affects or influence the development of children. “This study investigated the effects of community locale, neighborhood social organization, utilization of community cognitive developmental resources, and home literacy on early childhood cognitive skills”, (Froiland, 2011). The first point of the article indicates the importance of family, social environment, school and the neighborhood in the development of children. Basically, this first point...
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...Cognitive-behavioral theories are usually brief and target medical symptoms rather than personality issues. Through the use of active techniques and psycho education, cognitive-behavioral therapy changes behaviors and cognitions. Due to cognitive-behavioral approaches relying heavily on psycho education, the role of the social worker is to educate clients on maintaining a healthy standing, mentally and behaviorally. Cognitive-behavioral theories are based on the idea that our feelings, thoughts, and behavior are all connected. Cognitive-behavioral approaches integrate both behavioral and cognitive approaches in order to change thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Behavioral approaches use classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social...
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...Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in relation to children’s developing mathematical knowledge. Introduction Jean Piaget, a psychologist, made the study of cognitive development. He contributed a lot to the theory of cognitive child development. His study, especially his quantitative concepts, has created much attention in the field of child education. He explored children’s cognitive development to quince his interest in genetic epistemology. His exploration of children’s quantitative development has established mathematical knowledge with vital insights on how children learn ideas and mathematical concepts (Huitt & Hummel, 2003). This essay demonstrates the study of cognitive development of the mathematical knowledge in context of the Australian Curriculum. For that, I have chosen the age level 2. The approach of this essay will provide a discussion of Piaget’s theory in relation to Australian Curriculum, a brief difference of Piaget’s theory with Vygotsky theory, and summary of the study. Justification of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget believed that, child development occurs through an unswerving transformation of the thinking process. When certain development takes place, the cognitive development stage requires a period of months or years. He also described that the development of children learning is steady and gradual varying the stage. It depends on culture, experience, maturity level, ability, etc. All children have to pass through each...
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