...Sample Essay on Financial Planning It is vitally important for the individual to set up a personal financial plan in order not to experience hardships and financial difficulties in the future. Financial plan assure financial stability and financial freedom that one wants to possess till the end of his/her life. The following essay will speak about the role of the financial planning for the retirement years and will state that people without financial plans face substantial pain/suffering/unhappiness in their retirement years. The process of developing a sound financial plan is a routine process that indeed involves not only careful financial analysis of the person’s current situation and long-term commitment to implement and monitor that plan throughout his/her life, but also requires careful thinking for the future. In order to properly achieve the financial planning goals, one has to monitor the performance of the financial plan as well as make proper changes when necessary. Thus, in order for the plan to remain of use for the person and not a fortune for financial advisors, one has to make it user-friendly and elaborate. For example an article How to manage your money, noted that one is not able to compete well without the resources and thus has to read a lot about the market (Macklem, Katherine, 2004). One should weigh all the pros and cons of mutual funds namely, criteria for selecting stocks, the fund managers, and track record. Katherine Maclem (2004) states...
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...universities and colleges. Since the students debt is higher than ever and graduates can’t find a good paying jobs in the market. Why do higher education such as colleges becoming expensive for students? Some students in college or university are facing financial woes including myself because of limited funds for the school year. We as students are facing some tough difficulties when it comes to pursuing the degree we want to get. Colleges and universities are becoming expensive and more students are going to the third options because of finance problems and we should try to work something out about these higher tuition rates cause some drop outs and low enrollments for some colleges and universities. According to a search done by Peter Cohen, “The lack of difference in value between state schools and the more prestigious private colleges is compelling. A private college - including tuition, room and board - costs about $50,000 a year, compared to half that price for a state school. But according to a study cited by The New York Times, the average lifetime incomes of comparably talented graduates of public and private institutions are about the same for most students - in terms of financial value, it's hard to justify the tuition difference” (Cohan). This means that private or prestigious colleges are even more expensive than a regular private or public university and this leaves a questions in the mind of a high school graduate who had high hopes of going to a certain college or university...
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...Public Disclosure Authorized WPS6107 Policy Research Working Paper 6107 Public Disclosure Authorized Financial Literacy around the World An Overview of the Evidence with Practical Suggestions for the Way Forward Lisa Xu Bilal Zia Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Development Research Group Finance and Private Sector Development Team June 2012 Policy Research Working Paper 6107 Abstract Financial literacy programs are fast becoming a key ingredient in financial policy reform worldwide. Yet, what is financial literacy exactly and what do we know of its effectiveness? This paper collects insights from the literature thus far and summarizes global evidence on financial literacy, its correlates, and existing and upcoming causal investigations. The authors conclude with a synthesis of policy advice and practical suggestions for the way forward in this fast growing area of research. This paper is a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Team, Development Research Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at bzia@worldbank.org. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development...
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...CONTROLLING HEALTH CARE COSTS WHILE PROMOTING THE BEST POSSIBLE HEALTH OUTCOMES American College of Physicians A White Paper 2009 Controlling Health Care Costs While Promoting the Best Possible Health Outcomes Summary of Position Paper Approved by the ACP Board of Regents, September 2009 What are the Major Drivers of Health Care Costs? Major drivers of health care costs include: inappropriate utilization especially of advanced medical technology, lack of patient involvement in decision-making, payment system distortions that encourage over-use, high prices for health care services, a health care workforce that is not aligned with national needs, excessive administrative costs, medical liability and defensive medicine, more Americans with declining health status and chronic disease, and demographic changes including an increase in elderly persons. This paper addresses each of these drivers of health care costs and provides recommendations for controlling them. Why Do We Need to Control Health Care Costs? Improvements in health care have the ability to provide opportunities for all people to live better, healthier lives. However, the rate of increase in U.S. spending on health care continues to exceed economic growth at an unsustainable pace. The rate of growth in health care spending is the single most important factor undermining the nation’s long-term fiscal condition. Why Should Controlling Health Care Costs be Linked to Promoting Good Health Outcomes? Increasing pressure...
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...Franco Modigliani Paper assignment Franko Modigliani was born in 1918 in Rome. He spent his childhood in Italy and finished Rome University with the degree of Doctor of Laws, in the same year he left Italy because of his Jewish origins and Antifascistic views. Firstly, he moved to France with his wives family and then moved to USA. He was an instructor of economics and statistics At Columbia University and Bard College from 1942 to 1944. In 1944 he also got degree of Doctor of social sciences at New School for Social Research. He defended his thesis for Doctor degree on the topic of “Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money”, and was teaching there for a three years. This work was the first publication of Modigliani in English and, in his opinion, it was one of his main achievements. In 1946, he became a naturalized citizen of United states of America. After 1948 he joined University of Illinois, then Carnegie University (1950-1960), and North-Eastern University (1960-1962) afterwards. Since 1962, as a professor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he continued he continued his researches in the field of Macroeconomics that he started before, especially Theory of Cash cylces. During these years, he begins study international financial and billing systems, consequences and methods of fighting with inflation, stabilization policy in open economies. Most widely known works of Modigliani was his works in various areas of finance. 1) Personal Finance ...
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...May 2014 Student Loans Rising An Overview of Causes, Consequences, and Policy Options William Gale, Director, Retirement Security Project, The Brookings Institution, and Co-Director, Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center Benjamin Harris, Deputy Director, Retirement Security, The Brookings Institution, and Fellow, Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center Bryant Renaud, Research Assistant, Economic Studies, The Brookings Institution Katherine Rodihan, Claremont McKenna College The authors thank Elizabeth Akers, Matthew Chingos, Donald Marron, and Russ Whitehurst for helpful comments. The authors also acknowledge generous research support from the Ford Foundation. Introduction As of 2013, outstanding student loan balances in the US exceeded $1.2 trillion, more than any other type of household debt with the exception of mortgages.1 Following several years of rapid growth in outstanding loan volumes, student debt burdens have attracted increased attention in recent years. This policy brief reviews trends, issues, and policy options related to student loans. Federal student loans offer several important benefits. They help students attend institutions of higher education and help families cover or defer the costs of attendance. However, like other loans, student loans need to be repaid, which can strain borrowers’ income and affect other economic choices. From the outset, we note that isolating the impacts of student loan debt is a difficult exercise. Student loan debt represents debt undertaken...
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...The Rubrics of Business Writing How to Improve Your Research Papers in All Courses How will you be evaluated on your business, accounting, and economics research papers? Every draft of any research paper should meet the following normal expectations for college level papers: Style will be business like, and to the point. Don't puff to meet artificial page count. Instead, after you have the appropriate number of pages, edit 10-30% of text to make a streamlined marvel of business writing. Document the reduction if it is substantial, showing your teacher that you wrote a longer paper and then took time to edit it! The more substantial, the better. Why edit? Save paper; save ink; and save the reader's time The criterion for good style can be summarized in the following six commands to the writer: Reduce word count. (E.g., The fact is, you don't need phrases like "the fact is".) Make parallel lists of two or more ideas ("instant style", as Strunk and White wrote in Elements of Style). Activate your writing, eliminating passive voice (except in committee reports or diplomatic writing). Specify your thoughts, substituting precise wording for vague phrases and statements. Illustrate your ideas, with examples, charts, statsitics, quotes of expert opinion, cases, and so on. Organize your ideas in good paragraph and section structure. (More on this follows...
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...The Rubrics of Business Writing How to Improve Your Research Papers in All Courses How will you be evaluated on your business, accounting, and economics research papers? Every draft of any research paper should meet the following normal expectations for college level papers: Style will be business like, and to the point. Don't puff to meet artificial page count. Instead, after you have the appropriate number of pages, edit 10-30% of text to make a streamlined marvel of business writing. Document the reduction if it is substantial, showing your teacher that you wrote a longer paper and then took time to edit it! The more substantial, the better. Why edit? Save paper; save ink; and save the reader's time The criterion for good style can be summarized in the following six commands to the writer: Reduce word count. (E.g., The fact is, you don't need phrases like "the fact is".) Make parallel lists of two or more ideas ("instant style", as Strunk and White wrote in Elements of Style). Activate your writing, eliminating passive voice (except in committee reports or diplomatic writing). Specify your thoughts, substituting precise wording for vague phrases and statements. Illustrate your ideas, with examples, charts, statsitics, quotes of expert opinion, cases, and so on. Organize your ideas in good paragraph and section structure. (More on this follows...
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...Create a Business Letter 5 Unit 5 Presentation 1: Small Group Presentation: Leadership, Conflict Resolution, and Teamwork 7 Unit 5 Assignment 1: Compare and Contrast Effective and Ineffective Leaders 8 Unit 6 Assignment 1: Create a Long-Term Financial Plan 10 Unit 7 Assignment 1: Calculating Credit Scores 11 Unit 8 Assignment 1: Writing a Prospective Schedule 12 Unit 9 Assignment 1: Using Social Media for Job Searches 14 Unit 10 Assignment 1: Putting the Finishing Touches on Your ePortfolio 15 Laboratory Assignments 17 Unit 1 Lab 1: Personal Persistence Narrative 17 Unit 1 Lab 2: Grit Test 21 Unit 2 Lab 1: Optimism 24 Unit 2 Lab 2: Self-Control 25 Unit 3 Lab 1: Curiosity in Modern Times 27 Unit 3 Lab 2: Integrity Matters 28 Unit 4 Lab 1: Create a Research Summary Memorandum 29 Unit 5 Lab 1: Resolving Systemic Conflict: Scenario Analysis 31 Unit 6 Lab 1: Time Value of Money 32 Unit 6 Lab 2: Budget Exercise 33 Unit 7 Lab 1: Calculating House Cost 35 Unit 7 Lab 2: Delayed Gratification 37 Unit 8 Lab 1: Initiative Reflection 39 Unit 8 Lab 2: Time Management Reflection 40 Unit 9 Lab 1: Creating a Professional Profile 41 Unit 10 Lab 1: Creating a Personal and Professional Development Plan 43 Graded Assignments Unit 1 Assignment 1: It Takes Courage Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes Apply tools for overcoming obstacles and tools of connection to various business and personal scenarios. Evaluate choices for overcoming obstacles...
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...The Impact of Financial Education in High School and College On Financial Literacy and Subsequent Financial Decision Making by Lewis Mandell Kermit O. Hanson Visiting Professor of Finance and Business Economics Foster School of Business, University of Washington Senior Fellow, Initiative on Financial Security, Aspen Institute Presented at the American Economic Association Meetings San Francisco, CA January 4, 2009 The Impact of Financial Education in High School and College On Financial Literacy and Subsequent Financial Decision Making Abstract: Many consumers appear to lack the financial literacy needed to make financial decisions in their self-interest. A growing number of analysts and politicians are blaming the intersection of low levels of financial literacy with complex, financially-engineered products for the current economic meltdown and have proposed a number of solutions to this problem. These solutions range from mandatory education in personal finance to required simplification of financial products and greatly increased regulation. This paper examines evidence on the effectiveness of personal finance education on both financial literacy and financial behavior. If the problem can be solved through education, it is likely to reduce the perceived need to limit choice in the marketplace for retail financial products. If education is shown to be ineffective, the future of financial product innovation and financial engineering may be greatly limited. Supporting...
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...identify these major points. When you have finished with your brain storming lists, put checkmarks next to the two to five most important issues on which you disagree with the other sides. 3. Why is it important to know the stance of your opposition? So you know what topic or idea you can argue about. It is more like Guide lines to what you are going to talk or write about in your paper. 4. What is the difference between an argument and research writing? They are: an argument is the purpose of an argument is to explore two or more sides of a controversial topic and then to argue fairly and reasonable for one side over the others. And research writing means: They are also called a term paper,’’ are typically assigned in the last month of a college course. They involve doing substantial research at the library and on the internet. They are used to explain a historical period or event, study a social trend or natural phenomenon, or argue for a position about culture, art, science, technology, or religion. Chapter 24 1. What is a good way to start the research process? Define a research question and sharpen it, develop a working thesis or a hypothesis that offers your best guess about how you...
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...you are prepared to counter them. 3. Why is it important to know the stance of your opposition? By knowing your opposition, you can identify the weaknesses in your stance and how to remedy them. 4. What is the difference between argument and research paper? In an argument you pick a topic that is controversial and debatable, whereas in a research paper, you do your research and only report what you find, while not trying to sway in either direction. Chapter 24 1. What is a good way to start the research process? Define your research question and sharpen it/ develop a working thesis that offers your best guess about how you will answer the research question/ devise a research plan to systematically collect the information needed to answer your research question and determine whether you’re working thesis is verifiable. 2. Why is it important to have a sharp research question? Sharper research questions will help you narrow the scope of your research, saving you time and effort by allowing you to target the best of sources and information. 3. What is a working thesis? How is it used in research? You’re working thesis is your best guess about how you will answer your research question. As you do your research, it is likely that you’re working thesis will change,...
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...1.1 Marketing process is the process where the company start analyzing and identifying the potential opportunities of the company selecting the target market, and managing the marketing effort. Marketing process is a series of actions and reactions between the customers and the company. The steps of the marketing process are: Analyzing marketing opportunities It is the first step of the marketing process, and the main goal here is to analyse what kind of opportunities can you have is the market and to identify the customer’s needs and wants and try to satisfy them. This step is useful to understand the environment in which the company is operating and to analyse the long- run opportunities in this market. Marketing analysis is indispensable because it allows the company to get enough information about the competitors, costumers, government, and changes in the environment to be prepared and decide and determine what are their opportunities, Selecting target markets Now the company knows how is the market they will deal, they must be customer centred; they have to know what they want and start competing the costumers with the competitors, but they need to know specifically who are they customers. This process is called market segmentation and is the process where the company define and divide the market into different and smaller groups with different needs and behaviour. And market targeting is the processes of analyse and select one or more of the markets segments...
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...Economics’ Approach to Financial Planning by Laurence J. Kotlikoff, Ph.D. |Executive Summary | |Economists long have shown that when it comes to consuming lifetime economic resources, households seek to neither splurge nor hoard, but | |rather to achieve a smooth living standard over time. Consumption smoothing not only underlies the economics approach to spending and | |saving, it is central to the field’s analysis of insurance decisions and portfolio choice. | |Smoothing a household's living standard requires using a sophisticated mathematical technique called dynamic programming to solve a number | |of difficult and interconnected problems. Advances in dynamic programming coupled with today's computers are permitting economists to move | |from describing financial problems to prescribing financial solutions. | |Conventional planning’s targeted liability approach has some surface similarities to consumption smoothing. But the method used to find | |retirement- and survivor-spending targets is virtually guaranteed to disrupt, rather than smooth, a household’s living standard as it ages.| |Moreover, even very small targeting mistakes will suffice to produce major consumption disruption for the simple reason that the wrong...
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...Is College Worth It? Noe Gutierrez Charter College Abstract Is college worth it? This has been on the mind of every prospective student trying to decide what they are going to do for the rest of this life’s. Although it’s not a simple yes or no answer, it can be simplified. Whether they want to attend a state university, local community college, or a private school it’s all the same. It depends on what degree is perused and what field Is College Worth It? College has always been a gateway to a better future ever since the mid-1600’s. Prosperous students have lined up to attend college. In recent events, the cost to attend college had risen 130% from fall 1982 to fall 2012. It raised speculation about attending college or not. All though college education is the same, the financial aspect made all the difference. College offers higher pay grade with a crippling student loans, better job opportunities without any guarantee for a job. A diluted college degree but more jobs require a college degree and the college stress can lead to health problems but can afford better health insurance. College can be worth it depending on the degree is pursued and if the field is in demand. Attending college will give people the opportunity for a higher pay grade. On average the higher degree is pursued, the higher annual salary will be earned. An Associate’s Degree is worth $170,000 over a lifetime than a high school diploma while a Bachelor’s Degree is worth $30,000 more per year...
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