...Samantha Harris April 4, 2014 The Columbian Exchange Columbus’s Voyage played a pivotal role in History because it lead to the exchange of goods, people and ideas, between the Old World and the World, which has been termed the Columbian Exchange or the Great Exchange, devised by historian Alfred Crosby, of the University of Texas. Many new and different goods were exchanged between parts of the Earth and transformed Europe and American ways of life. Everyone today knows that Florida is famous for our oranges, and as a matter of fact it is our official state fruit and is a major part of Florida’s economy. However, did you know that before Columbus and the Columbian Exchange, oranges did not exist in the Americas? The orange plant is believed to be native to Asia. I believe that It’s Important to understand the Columbian Exchange, because understanding the Columbian Exchange helps us understand the forces that shape the world , as we know it today. This essay will specifically focus on the impact the Columbian Exchange had on Europe in regards to newly introduced plants. New plants impacted Europe in a very positive way by increasing Europe’s population tremendously and also creating economic stimulation which make this country a very powerful country. Newly introduced plants also had some negative impacts, not on Europe but on slaves. New plants associated with the Columbian Exchange had a huge impact on the population of Europe. The Old World received bountiful...
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...The Colombian Exchange The Columbian Exchange (also sometimes known as The Great Exchange) has been one of the most significant events in the history of world ecology, agriculture, and culture. The term is used to describe the enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that occurred after 1492. Many new and different goods were exchanged between the two hemispheres of the Earth, and it began a new revolution in the Americas and in Europe. In 1492, Christopher Columbus' first voyage launched an era of large-scale contact between the Old and the New World that resulted in this ecological revolution: hence the name "Columbian" Exchange. The Columbian Exchange greatly affected almost every society on earth, bringing destructive diseases that depopulated many cultures, and also circulating a wide variety of new crops and livestock that, in the long term, increased rather than diminished the world human population. Maize and potatoes became very important crops in Eurasia by the 1700s. Peanuts and manioc flourished in tropical Southeast Asian and West African soils that otherwise would not produce large yields or support large populations. This exchange of plants and animals transformed European, American, African, and Asian ways of life. Foods that had never been seen before by people became staples of their diets, as new growing regions opened up for crops...
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...Phase 1: Settle down! Our event will begin within 10 minutes. Please settle down and turn off your phone or switch to silence. Good morning, everyone! Welcome to Vietnamese – Colombian Culture Exchange Ceremony! I’m Quang and I will be the MC today. Our event will begin with an entertainment show contributed by Mr. Dang, from TDT University. Thank you for your beautiful performance, Mr. Dang! Phase 2: Speech! I would like to invite Mr. A from VPV to present about our ceremony. Thank you for your meaningful presentation! I would like to invite Mr. B, the representative from Colombia, to have some words. Thank you for your wonderful speech, Mr. B! Our event will continue with a speech from Mr. C, Principle of Vstar School. Thank you for your wonderful speech, Mr. C! Phase 3: Entertainment! And now, we will continue with the most important part of our event: Musical performance. To continue, our friends from Colombia will contribute to our event a performance name: “ . . .” What an amazing performance! The next following performance will come from our friends from Vstar School, “ . . .” The next following performance will come from our friends from Ton Duc Thang University, “ . . .” Our event will be continued with a performance from Colombian friends, “. . .” The next following performance will come from our friends from Vstar School, “ . . .” Now I want to introduce a performance name as: “ . . .” from Ton Duc Thang University. The next following performance...
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...Personal Reflection Paper BSHS 345 August 26, 2014 Personal Reflection Paper Invidious comparison is the act of comparing one person to others according to their class, race, sex, or religion. This act can have a negative effect on people who are aware of it. Growing up in California, where the predominant Hispanic races were of Mexican and Central American origin, I was constantly compared to those Hispanic backgrounds. This was frustrating because I am Colombian and the Colombian Culture is very different from the Central American culture. My mind could not understand why people would compare me to them if I am South American. The traditions, food, music, slang, and even accents were different. American non-Hispanic people would call me, among many other things, a “dirty Mexican” or “wet back.” This was extremely frustrating because neither one of my parents hopped the border nor were they dirty. My young mind did not know how that these people were just ignorant so my frustration turned into anger and total repulsion of races of those other backgrounds and countries. A sense of insecurity and even self-hate would overcome me. I did not want to be Hispanic, I wanted to be white, and I wanted to be accepted. My way of seeing things changed in 2006 when the Immigration Equality Movements became popular. Latino activists would speak at events and in a sense give the people a sense of empowerment and hope. Attending these events made me feel proud of my Hispanic heritage...
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...a plan on how to use each influential tactic to better influence those around me (Scharlatt 19). There are eleven different tactics used to gain influence. These are rational persuasion, consultation, inspirational appeals, collaboration, apprising, ingratiation, exchange, personal appeals, legitimizing, pressure, and coalition tactics. Rational persuasion includes logical explanations and factual and detailed evidence (Scharlatt 17). Consultation includes being open to ideas from the requested and thoughtful responses from me regarding those ideas (Scharlatt 18). Inspirational appeal includes showing how the request meets that person’s goals and is clear and appealing for that person to support (Scharlatt 17-18). Collaboration includes my ability to provide the necessary resources to complete the task and reduction of difficulty to ensure success (Scharlatt 17-18). Apprising includes explanation of long-term benefits of opportunities to learn a new skill (Scharlatt 17-18). Ingratiation includes my enthusiasm for the task and confidence that it can be completed in order to appeal to that person’s self-image (Scharlatt 18). Exchange includes my agreement to help with future projects and regular work in exchange for their help (Scharlatt 18). The Personal appeal includes my promise to repay this individual for doing a favor for me and my dependence on my working relationship with this person (Scharlatt 18-19). Legitimating includes how my position makes me responsible for the...
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...Reflective Essay on Negotiation Zhaokun Lin 26096137 1. Introduction Negotiation is a conservation between two or more people intended to reach an understanding to satisfy various interests, so we can see that negotiation is pretty important in our many aspects of life such as working, collaborating or just making a friend. The ability to know how to negotiation effectively will be the key point in our decision making and our future work. In the week 4 tutorial, we were required to participate in a role play activity on negotiation that involved three characters: a manager (Dale Williams) and two subordinates (Pat Taylor and Chris Johnson). I was allocated to act the manager and my two friends were my subordinates. Because of the company regulation, the employees in the company must wear safety glasses to avoid accident no matter what the department they are in and how their experience is. But there are two issues on me which are that a 20-year experience staff, Pat Taylor always does not wear safety glasses while Chris Johnson who is just distributed to my department because he has bad relationship with previous manager. The responsibility of me is to conduct a negotiation and let them wear safety glasses. I think it is a really interesting activities and allow me to learn many thing from it. 2. Things I have learnt from the role play activities 2.1 My personal tactics I am the person more comfortable using rationality tactics and pressure tactics, because I want to...
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...administrative capacities were awesome, permitting him to grow and get hides basically for about nothing, making benefits on all parts of the work including transportation and wages. Morals this man did not have, making an organization on what seemed like morals promising to manage Indians genuinely and issue stocks to other, neither of which happened. Temperance and achievement have no relationship for Astor's situation. Astor had high achievement however poor or extremely humbler temperance. Indeed, even to the end of his life he contributed little to society. For Astor achievement was a temperance and disappointment was impossible. 2. In 1832, individuals trusted that the exchange of this product was what was bringing about the spread of cholera. This made individuals quit needing to exchange the product. At that point in 1837, the steamboat, conveyed smallpox up the Mississippi, murdering more than 17,000 individuals. Additionally, in the mid 1800s the pattern changed from hide to silk . The authentic strengths that embroiled these progressions were globalization, imbalance, country state and risk. 3. Monetarily, the products were light so it was less demanding for dealers to transport by donkeys, freight ships, and ships to eastern ports and after that to Europe. Benefits were tremendous. Administratively, with Astor, they don't have anything on him since he utilized an item that he knew merchants would acknowledge. That product was liquor....
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...Subtopic, provides general guidance to be used in distinguishing contributions from exchange transactions, including membership dues and agency transactions . > Implementation Guidance 55-2 The accounting and reporting of grants, membership dues, and sponsorships is determined by the underlying substance of the transaction.Those terms are broadly used to refer not only to contributions but also to assets transferred in exchange transactions.A grant, sponsorship, or membership may be entirely a contribution, entirely an exchange, or a combination of the two; therefore, care must be taken in evaluating each grant, sponsorship, or membership agreement.In addition, those resource transfers may also have the characteristics of agency transactions. 55-2A The implementation guidance is organized as follows: a. Distinguishing contributions from exchange transactions (see paragraphs 958-605-55-3 through 55-8 : ) b. Distinguishing the contribution portion of membership dues (see paragraphs 958-605-55-9 through 55-12 : ) c. Distinguishing contributions from agency transactions (see paragraph 958-605-55-13 : ). > > Distinguishing Contributions from Exchange Transactions 55-3 Some transfers of assets that are exchange transactions may appear to be contributions if the services or other assets given in exchange are perceived to be a sacrifice of little value and the exchanges are compatible with the recipient's mission. 55-4 Foundations, business entities...
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...the objectives of both parties in the exchanges? Marilyn and Len are both looking out for their teams, and protecting their own best interests. Marilyn’s objective is to get Len to turnover five billion dollars worth of viable accounts. Len’s objective is to get Marilyn to accept the accounts he has chosen to give her, so that his team won’t incur a loss of commission. How would you describe the general "tone" of the exchanges? I would describe the general tone as a negative emotional tone in the first exchange. In the second exchange, the tone shifts from a negative to a more positive tone, as the negotiation evolves. In the end it appears that Marilyn changes the tone of the negotiations. Part B: Were Marilyn's objectives achieved in the first exchange? Not really. Marilyn stated her position expecting to maximize her resources and share of value, but failed to make her needs or interests known. Seeking to make the best possible case for his or her preferred perspective, Marilyn should have assembled some facts, or other evidence to persuade Len of the validity for her perspective. Arguments and frames began to shift, as the parties focused on refuting the other’s case. I believe, Marilyn’s argument suffered because of a lack of frame control. She failed to test different frames to determine if they fit the issue, or whether she was being improperly influenced by Len. Were Len's objectives achieved in the first exchange? Yes, I believe so. Len didn’t change...
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...Measuring Translation and Transaction Exposure PART I. ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE: Accounting and Economic Risk I. ALTERNATIVE MEASURES A. TYPES 1. Accounting Exposure: arises when reporting and consolidating financial statements require conversion from subsidiary to parent currency. 2. Economic Exposure: arises because exchange rate changes alter the value of future revenues and costs. Accounting Exposure B. Accounting Exposure = Transaction risk + Translation risk [pic] ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE C. Economic Exposure = Transaction Exposure +Operating Exposure Operating Exposure arises because exchange rate changes alter the value of future revenues and costs. PART II. ALTERNATIVE CURRENCY TRANSLATION METHODS (ACCY) I. FOUR METHODS OF TRANSLATION A. Current/Noncurrent Method 1. Current accounts use current exchange rate for conversion. 2. Income statement accounts use average exchange rate for the period. B. Monetary/Nonmonetary Method 1. Monetary accounts use current rate 2. Pertains to - Cash - Accounts receivable - Accounts payable - Long term debt 3. Nonmonetary accounts - Use historical rates - Pertains to: Inventory, Fixed assets, Long term investments 4. Income statement accounts - Use average exchange rate for the period. C. Temporal Method 1. Similar to monetary/non-monetary...
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...Forecasting the USD/COP Exchange Rate: A Random Walk with a Variable Drift Peter Rowland Banco de la República* Abstract This study develops three exchange rate models as well as a simple statistical model defined as a random walk with a variable drift. The exchange rate models all use the purchasing power parity hypothesis to account for the long-term relationships between prices and the exchange rate, together with error correction models to represent any shortterm dynamics. The models are estimated for the USD/COP rate of exchange, and their forecast performance is compared to that of a simple random walk as well as to that of the random walk with a variable drift term. Two of the models are shown to outperform the simple random walk on the 12 and 24-months forecasting horizon. However, all the models are outperformed by the random walk with a variable drift, where the drift term is estimated using a Kalman filter. The results suggest that fundamental models might only be a useful tool for forecasting of the exchange rate in the very long run. The opinions expressed here are those of the author and not necessarily of the Banco de la República, the Colombian Central Bank, nor of its Board of Directors. I express my thanks to Luis Eduardo Arango, Javier Gómez, and Luis Fernando Melo for helpful comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors are my own. * Contents 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 Introduction Exchange Rate Models A Random...
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...Oxfam: International Commodity Research – Coffee Confidential: Not for distribution or publication The Coffee Market – a Background Study Oxfam: International Commodity Research – Coffee Confidential: Not for distribution or publication Acknowledgements This background study was written by Oliver Brown, Celine Charveriat and Dominic Eagleton. The authors want to thank the following persons for their useful comments: Mehmet Arda, Maria Jose Barney, Bart Ensing, Penny Fowler, Brian Lewin, Lamon Rutten, Denis Seudieu, Robert Simmons, Marcelle Strazer, Kevin Watkins, Michael Wheeler and Pete Williams. i Oxfam: International Commodity Research – Coffee Confidential: Not for distribution or publication EXECUTIVE SUMMARY '[When prices are low] , we sacrifice a lot in the way of clothing, tools and food. We can’t afford meat, we had to buy other parts of the animal which were inferior. We can’t eat eggs, or drink milk...When the children get ill we don’t have the money to take them to the doctor… One always lives with uncertainty, always in debt; it's always borrow here, borrow there; we live dependent on credit... Of course, there is no peace living with such uncertainty. You don't know whether to take out a loan or not because you could lose the money you've invested.’ Vitelio Menza, small coffee producer in Colombia1 Providing livelihoods to farmers in developing countries is a crucial challenge for reducing world poverty. When fairly priced, export...
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...Week 4 Assignment What are the objectives of both parties in the exchanges? Both parties in these exchanges want to obtain the best accounts available for their teams to maximize profit for the company, and also for their staff. They both want to get their points across while looking out for their teams’ best interest. Based on the exchange, it seems that Marilyn prefers sharing the accounts rather than being left with the small ones, while Len would like to work on accounts that will generate more money. How would you describe the general "tone" of the exchanges? The tone of the exchanges seems to be slightly aggressive between Marilyn and Len. In the first exchange, it almost seems like Len’s tone is a little threatening and Marilyn’s tone is defensive in response to this. She also seems to be worried that she’ll be stuck with the smaller, less productive accounts that Len is trying to push on her. Were Marilyn's objectives on the way to being effectuated in the first exchange? No, I feel that Marilyn started off well but then allowed Len’s aggression to get the best of her. She became more defensive while countering each of Len’s comments, which caused her to lose sight of the points she had to present in this negotiation. If this would have continued in this manner, Marilyn will not get her point across. Len had her backed into a corner, and Marilyn’s defensiveness was ineffective, since it wasn’t able to turn the negotiation in her favor. Were Len's...
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...Review of Warehouse Receipt System and Inventory Credit Initiatives in Eastern & Southern Africa Final report commissioned by UNCTAD under the All ACP Agricultural Commodities Programme (AAACP) *The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations September 2009 CONTENTS CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .....................................................................................................................iii GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. iv GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. iv SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Observations on the different approaches ......................................................................... 1 Policy conclusions and recommendations ........................................................................ 3 Specific proposals .....................................................................
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...Question 10-1 Distinguish between realized gains and losses and recognized gains and losses. You will always have a loss or a gain due to an exchange transaction. One the transaction is completed the corresponding amount will be recorded on your income statement. Recognition exists only in the context of tax laws, in some cases the exchange transaction will be excluded under IRC Section 1031. Problem 10-47 On April 18, 2010, Jane Juniper purchased 30 shares of Bryan Corp. stock for $210, and on September 29, 2010, she purchased 90 additional shares for $900. On November 28, 2010, she sold 48 shares, which could not be specifically identified, for $576 and on December 8, 2010, she sold another 25 shares for $188. What is her recognized gain or loss? $210/30=$7 per share - April 18, 2010 $900/90=$10 per share - September 29, 2010 I will use FIFO to calculate the recognized gain or loss: November 28, 2010 – Sold 48 shares for $576, the cost basis was $390 (30*$7 plus 18*$10) therefore the total gain was $186.00 December 8, 2010 - Sold 25for $188, cost basis was $250 (25*$10) therefore the total loss was $62. Jane Juniper had an overall gain for the year of 2010 of $124.00 Problem 11-40 Debbie Davis and Elizabeth Engels exchanged like-kind property. Debbie had an adjusted basis of $12,000 in her property (fair market...
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