...to find cheap sources of raw materials. The 19th century brought about the greatest prosperity in Britain. Its sources lay in colonial expansion, industrialization, improved transport, and social reforms. At the beginning of the century Britain was at war with Napoleonic France. In 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree forbidding any country under his control from trading with Britain. In the following year, the British issued Orders in Council, granting the right to seize neutral shipping bound for French controlled ports. This decision led to a war with the USA (1812-1814). In 1815, the Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) defeated Napoleon at Waterloo near Brussels, and after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Britain became the greatest and richest power in Europe. The British controlled world trade. In the 19th century the population of Britain increased rapidly. By 1815 it had reached 13 million and London was one of the largest cities in Europe (1 million inhabitants). By 1850 half the population lived in towns and London had more than 2 million inhabitants. Between 1750 and 1850 the population of Britain increased threefold. Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Kent, a younger son of King George III, succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 1837. Her reign lasted until her death in 1901, and it was marked by a steady growth of national wealth and expansion of the empire. Britain held the unchallenged position of world economic and political leadership. A popular saying of the time...
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...Merchants wanted the Stamp Act repealed, but wealthy English land holders saw capitulation to the Colonists as uppity and taking advantage of the English (Morgan, 462). Townshend repealed the Stamp Act, but introduced the Quartering Act of 1765. Instead of bringing English troops home after the French and Indian War, England had established a regular standing army, which they expected the Colonies, in large part, to provision and maintain. The Massachusetts and New York Assemblies refused to authorize supplies to the troops. Instead of directly taking on the Massachusetts Assembly, which had already proven to be difficult, Townshend went after New York, disbanding the Assembly and adding new taxes to imported goods, including tea. He also extended English control over the Judiciary. Overt disobedience, such as the Boston Tea Party, resulted. When the Redcoats fired into a colonial crowd in what became known as the Boston Massacre, open, widespread talk of English oppression and corruption further united the colonies. Jefferson wrote, “By the act for the suppression of riots and tumults in the town of Boston, … , a murder committed there is, if the governor pleases, to be tried in the court of King's bench in the island of Great Britain, by a jury of Middlesex” (Jefferson). Americans were outraged that they were being striped of their judicial...
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...Tales of conquest and triumphs are critical subjects that make up the history of England. Western expansion and the spreading of the culture is read about in almost all history textbooks. While these conquests and expansions are taking place, there are other challenges and conflicts that arise. Not all of the colonials may have the same viewpoint on cultural colonization. Some may choose to rebel against the colonizers and others will have a passive response and assimilate to the situation. On Seeing England for the First Time reflects the conflicts and other forms of challenges that are brought up by the post-colonials. Eurocentrism is inflicted and shoved down the throat of Kincade as she is taught to believe she is inferior because the English have wiped out her native culture and that gave birth to the challenges that come along with cultural colonization that make her life discolored and tormented....
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...led to its break from England. The French and Indian war taught the divided colonials many things that would help them in the upcoming war with England, including military experience, realization of the fallibility of England, anti-English sentiment, growth in colonial unity, the elimination of the threat that France and its Indian allies posed to the colonies. Without the contributions of the French and Indian War, the American Revolution could have been much more difficult to begin and carry out. The experiences of colonials in the French and Indian War were invaluable in their revolution, specifically in the war with England. The colonials under George Washington gained military experience, and learned they could defeat a bigger force. In the initial conflict of the war that was only formally declared two years later, Washington was sent as a lieutenant colonel in command of around one hundred and fifty colonial militiamen in order to secure the claims of several Virginians in Ohio Valley. They encountered a small force of French troops about forty miles from the French Fort Duquesne. After a short battle, the French leader was killed, and his troops retreated. This gave the colonials that fought there, including Washington, valuable experience for how warfare would be conducted in the English colonies, specifically the guerrilla style attacks that they would later use against the English in the heavily forested colonies. It also proved to the colonial militiamen that it was...
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...Urban Indian North America Mourning Wars – When Europeans came over and started interaction and trades with Indians, they affected Indians by brought diseases, which resulted in deaths of large amounts of Indians. Those deaths were devastating for Indians and resulted in mourning wars. When Indian communities lost members to disease or warfare, they often kidnapped neighboring enemies in mourning wars, adopting the women and children into their own community and torturing the men, enacting a ritual form of grief. As an example of a mourning war might be “Beavers Wars” (17 century - about 1640). The smallpox brought by Dutch and English killed huge amounts of Indians ( probably more than a half of the population of Iroquois). The lost of such a big amount of people set the Iroquois with other tribes on a warpath and resulted in a war between Huron and Iroquois. Columbian Exchange – when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas it set in motion a movement of people between Old and New World. Europeans got interested in Americas and its goods. Columbian exchange was a transfer of people, plants, animals, and disease between the Americas and the rest of the world that began during the time of Columbus ( XV century- about 1493). The Columbian Exchange had an impact on European and Indian life. Many unknown goods were exchanged between colonialists and Indians, such as plans (corn, potatoes), animals (ships, lamas, horses), tools (weapons), which changed life for...
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...colonists of the New England and Chesapeake Bay areas. The differentiating characteristics among the Chesapeake and New England colonies developed due to economy, religion, and motives for colonial expansion. The colonists of the New England area possessed a very happy and healthy life. This high way of living was due in part to better farming, a healthier environment, and a high rate of production because of more factories. The colonists of the Chesapeake Bay region, on the other hand, led harder lives compared to that of the colonists of New England. The Chesapeake Bay had an unhealthy environment, bad eating diets, and intolerable labor. The colonists had different reasons for settling in these two distinct regions. The New England region was a more religiously strict yet diverse area compared to that of the Chesapeake Bay. The development of religion in the two regions came from separate roots. After Henry VIII and the Roman Catholic Church broke away from each other, a new group of English reformers was created called the Puritans. The Puritans came from protestant backgrounds, after being influenced by Calvinistic ideas. When their reforms were thwarted by King James I of England, they fled to the New World in what is now known as the "Great Migration". The Puritans were then joined by Quakers, Protestants, and Catholics in the religiously diverse New England area. These diverse religious factions were allowed to live freely but under the laws of New England. It was due to this...
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... * England provided things to the colonies: 1. Security- colonies didn’t have militias 2. Trade 3. Law- colonists didn’t make the rules themselves 4. Money * England gets raw materials back from colonies; ex: coal and lumber * Colonies paid $0 in taxes * They became used to not having to pay anything and then England taxed them and they didn’t like it. Political Revolution Social Revolution - Aimed at a change in the - Changes society Government or State. “French & Indian War” OR “7 years war” (1756-1763) * England passed a law saying “No More Westward Expansion” 1. It was hard to govern that much land 2. They wouldn’t have to pay for security of a lot of land therefore they could pay out their debt. * Sugar Act (1764): placed taxes on coffee, sugar, and wine which are luxury goods. * Stamp Act (1765) : Any type of economic transaction involving a contract had to get a stamp on it. Money went to England. * Quartering Act (1765): colonist had to provide shelter and food for soldiers. * Townshend Act (1767): Imposed taxes on tea * 1772-1774: protests began to emerge. Led by upper class. * 1774: Boston Tea Party- in England, it looked like the colonists were defying the king. * Coercive Acts- make British Navy lock Boston Harbor * England put sanctions on the colonists * 4,000 troops to block Harbor - Georgia sent delegates to get together to send a message about colonial grievances...
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...The cotton industry was essential to the expansion of worldwide capitalism and furthermore, it shaped the earth we live in currently. We as humans need to understand to what extent that the process of defining the world depended on the trade, land expropriation, genocide, and slavery. In The Empire of Cotton, Beckert calls this way of defining our world as “War capitalism”, and additionally explains that the usage of guns by European states in order to change the world's cotton business was a factor in why the industrial revolution took place. When Samuel Greg created the first water-driven yarn-spinning factory at Quarry Bank Mill, England in 1784, he got the money to start it that he consumed as a slave owner on a West Indian island. A great...
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...Doug Kerr June 14, 2013 History 201 Part One: Early Settlers of the American Colonies Early settlers of the American colonies came to the future United States for a variety of reasons. Settlers set off to the new world and left their families, friends, and homes to start new lives. Under those circumstances, why would they still go? Religious oppression. Both the Protestant and Catholic churches were fighting for power in England. When Britain was under catholic powers, the protestant people were persecuted, and fled to the new world in hopes of being able to worship in their own ways freely. Another reason was economic struggle in Europe. Due to economic struggle, people were losing their jobs and became destitute. When the opportunity to come to the New World arose, many of the struggling people saw it as a way to start over and make their fortune in hope to alleviate the suffering in Europe. Beginning as early as thirty thousand years ago, during the Pre-Columbian Era, Americans came from Asia over a land bridge formed at the Bering Strait during the Ice Age. The new immigrants were gatherers and hunters, known as Native Americans, who reached a population perhaps as many as 100 million spread across Central and South America by the time the Europeans “discovered” the New World. Native Americans development of agriculture provoked new innovations and cultures that would influence America forever ("Study Notes - Free AP Notes," n.d.). During the Middle Ages, Europeans...
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...the fort. c. French ambush them while building but the fort was just a pile of scraps d. Start building the fort Hastily (Fort Necessity) 3. Held at ransom a. Washington and his men were held at ransom b. told to go home (sally Fairfax is pregnant) i. he was held a hero once he goes home to virginia ii. Washington has done nothing though B. The Albany Conference / The Albany Convention 1. Convened by the officials of the British board of Trade 2. Held at Albany New York in 1754 3. This was considered the first attempt at cooperation among leaders a. Representatives from New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland i. Ben Franklyn Was the representative of Pennsylvania 4. The British wanted the Colonists and Indians on their side a. 150 chiefs of the Iroquois Tribes i. Iroquois had grown impatient because of the colonial land grabing ii. "Brother, you are not to expect to hear of me anymore" (Chief Hendrick) b. British could not afford to lose both of them i. although this, they had real estate agents bribed some minor Iroquois Chiefs to sign a "deed" to a huge land tract in Pennsylvania. ii. Which caused the Indians to refuse all British alliances 5. The Plan of Union (Ben Franklyn , Deputy postmaster General) a. Indian Affairs, western settlement, other items of mutual interest to all the colonies be placed under the authority of a grand...
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...the nineteenth century, England, France and Germany entered into a keen rivalry (competition, antagonism). The economic and financial rivalry (competition) is decisive and the high stake is the control of existing markets or of new markets as well as raw materials and, in particular, of the colonies’ precious metals. This rivalry, however, promotes a crucial scientific and technical competition. They had to improve the machine tool for a better competitiveness of the industries. They needed to ensure better health conditions for the hardworking population (the labor force) and for soldiers engaged in close or distant conflicts; better travel conditions, quality armaments, etc... The agricultural, industrial and armaments...
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...is on the digital history (see course home page) **You will be tested on all of this material on the respective quizzes Native Americans (Read this for quiz 1) “ The First Americans” (Not a link…go to the assigned website) European Society (Read this for quiz 1) Colonial Era/Exploration and Discovery The Significance of 1492 European Commercial and Financial Expansion Slavery and Spanish Colonization The Meaning of America The Black Legend Colonial Era/17th Century (Read below for quiz 1) European Colonization North of Mexico Spanish Colonization English Settlement Colonial Era/17 century (Read below for quiz 2) English Colonization Begins Life in Early Virginia Slavery Takes Root in Colonial Virginia Founding New England The Puritans The Puritan Idea of the Covenant Regional Contrasts Dimensions of Change in Colonial New England The Salem Witch Scare Slavery in the Colonial North Struggles for Power in Colonial America Diversity in Colonial America The Middle Colonies: New York Fear of Slave Revolts The Middle Colonies: William Penn’s Holy Commonwealth The Southernmost Colonies: The Carolinas and Georgia Colonial Administration (Read below for quiz 2) No readings th Road to Revolution (Read for quiz 3) Colonial America/18th Century The The The The The The Emergence of New Ideas about Personal Liberties and Constitutional Rights Great Awakening Seven Years’ War Rise of Antislavery Sentiment Fate of Native Americans Road to Revolution American Revolution (Read for quiz 3)...
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...Smith 1 Week 2 Individual Assignment William Smith His/309 American Colonial and Revolutionary History 10/14/13 Smith 2 With the colonization of the new world came the opportunity of economic growth and expansion for both the Monarchies and the Colonies. In Virginia and Maryland the boom of tobacco would take hold and both of their economies would be based solely off of the production and trade of this product. Other colonies prospered off the production of corn, fishing, and even fur trade with the Indians and other colonies. The English however, would look to monitor the trade system and implement acts and regulations to control trade. The Navigation act made it so that all goods brought from Asia, Africa, and America to England had to be carried in British ships. When the British would eventually conquer islands in the West Indies they would replace tobacco production with sugar. They would later revise the Navigation act to ensure that goods were carried in a British Ship, with a British captain, as well as a British crew. Eventually Parliament would enact the Plantation Duty Act which would require merchants to pay a duty on anything shipped between the colonies. This would extremely benefit the monarchies back home and help the British monitor any violators of these rules. These regulations and acts did not sit well however with the colonists at the time. Eventually over time this allowed for many of the rich prosperous land owners to be the only ones growing...
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...British in North America in 1754-1763. Both nations wanted expansion of their country’s claimed territory, causing frontier tensions to grow larger. The war lasted seven years, and a series of effects subsequently followed. The French and Indian War resulted in long term and short term effects politically, economically and ideologically, and ultimately had a negative impact on the relations between Britain and its American colonies. Prior to the French and Indian War, the colonies were benefitting from Salutary neglect, an idea that England should leave the colonies alone to prosper. This was favorable to the colonies as they were able to benefit from trade and other resources which gave them a stepping stone towards independence. Even though the British gained a majority of France’s land (Doc A), the British had to keep their eyes set on the colonies because of their rebellion. They began to enforce strict laws and restrictions that even...
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...with England were quite complicated because of the new tax policy and administration of the motherland. The new laws clearly represented a change of direction in the management and especially in the conception of the colonies by the British government. The harsh protests and riots that started overseas showed that the colonists insinuated a doubt about the intentions of England, whose behavior was seen as a direct attack against their freedom. In the atmosphere of the colonial debate there were two main options on the positions to take regarding the facts. Many still supported the need for a reconciliation with England, either for the tradition that it bound the colonies or for the protection of trade and security of the American continent. So the fear and uncertainty to be an independent nation in the future restrained settlers' minds. More and more, on the other hand, were the voices, who courageously invoke the separation from the motherland as the only real alternative for the development and prosperity of the colonies. Therefore, the idea of independence had been circulating in the debates and private conversations, but before January 10, 1776 no one had publicly supported his needs, urging Americans to actively pursue it. The English radical Thomas Paine, with his Common Sense was in fact the first to propose the American people the separation from Great Britain, as a concrete solution, reachable in a short time. The pamphlet had an enormous impact on the colonial debate...
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