...Dr. Katherine Heenan English 472 Spring 2007 February 20, 2007 Aristotle’s Life and the Rhetoric Books I and II Aristotle (384-322 BCE) • Aristotle was a student of Plato’s who disagreed with his mentor over the place of public speaking in Athenian life • born in Macedonia about the time Plato was opening the Academy in Athens • age seven went to Athens and entered the Academy--stayed on as teacher; left 20 yrs later on Plato’s death in 347 • Was ineligible to inherit Academy because he wasn’t Athenian • believed only scientific demonstration and the analysis of formal logic could arrive at transcendent truth • Dialectic and rhetoric form 2 major divisions in his view of human inquiry but they deal with subjects on which true knowledge isn’t available • Rhetoric: making persuasion possible • for Aristotle, rhetoric as the discovery in each case of the available means of persuasion--this discovery requires scientific investigation o in terms of speech situations, he focused on civic affairs • forensic speaking considers guilt or innocence—judicial speech centering on accusation and defense • deliberative speaking considers future policy—political speech centering on future policy • epideictic speaking considers praise and blame—ceremonial speech ▪ Aristotle classified rhetoric as the counterpart of dialectic o dialectic is on-on-one conversation; rhetoric is one...
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...Midterm Essay of Mills and Dahl The representations in political science about aspects of political theory and such subjects like representation or group action are relevant to the understanding of the current political atmosphere in the United States today. Their relevance to political science becomes important in understanding the mechanisms of equal representation or the function of the government because political thinkers such as C. Wright Mills or Robert Dahl wrote and discusses the aspects of who governs, who is represented, and who rules in a democracy like the United States. While C. Wright Mills and Robert Dahl worked off the ideas of one another, they also maintained different ideas in the sense of such subjects. Applied to the current political scene today, their philosophies provide a unique understanding of who governs as well as give their respects to the ideas of the Founding Fathers. What lasting philosophies of these two men provide in context to the state of current events? Author R. Hofsteadter published a book entitled The Founding Fathers: An Age of Realism and the contents of the the publication argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States held a particular view of their fellow man, one in which shaped their thinking and ultimately, the writing of the Constitution. Hofsteadter argues that the Founding Fathers of the country held a rather negative view of their fellow countryman. Such view made an impact of the writing of the Constitution and...
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...origins of the Essene movement, specifically at Khirbet Qumran, in his book Beyond the Essene Hypothesis. In his book, Boccaccini argues that the Essene movement was actually an offspring of Enochic Judaism during the Second Temple period, which later led to the parties of Jesus and John the Baptist. Boccaccini looks at the historiographical analysis and systematic analysis of the Essene community at Qumran to construct his argument. Boccaccini believes that Khirbet Qumran was not the only Essene settlement, but a group of Essenes which were further isolated from society, and followed a stricter covenant than the mainstream Essene community. Beyond the Essene Hypothesis does not suggest anything too radical regarding the Essene hypothesis; but, Boccaccini believes that the term “Qumran” and “Essene” should not be interchangeable with one another. Qumran was merely one example of an Essene settlement throughout the Palestinian area of that time. Comparing the historical writings of Jewish to non-Jewish authors, Boccaccini largely looks at the writings of Philo; the Jewish historian, Flavius Josephus; and Pliny the Elder for historiographical analysis. Boccaccini looks at the ancient historical writings and their examination of the location and extent of the Essenes, as well as the Essenes attitudes towards communal ownership and marriage. Boccaccini notices some discrepancies between the writings of Philo and Josephus, and Pliny and Dio. He reaches the conclusion that the Jewish writers...
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...the concern of income maldistribution. By discussing the maldistribution of income in the business, the focus of this article will be the analysis of historical reasons, which may contribute to addressing this ethical issue. Maldistribution of Income during the Great Depression When discovering the reason of the great depression since 1929 in USA, income inequality was seen as one of the main factors that make the system vulnerable to economic shocks (Heilbroner 95). Although American economy created enough potential buying power to purchase what it had produced, the conditions of income maldistribution can be very serious. Those lower-income groups such as farmers and workers, with a limitless desire to consume, did not get sufficient capability to buy because of the failure to distribute the profits of productivity at that time. As Heilbroner stated (96), such extraordinarily intensive incomes among diverse income pyramid displayed a prosperity of unequaled extent with little care about moral equity. Therefore, the disproportionate distribution of purchasing ability laid a serious problem for the economic society and resulted in the great depression to some extent. The Analysis of Income Inequality According to the research of Simpson (Simpson 525), income inequality negatively influences the progress of economic society, and this argument can be supported by the great...
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...Assignment On Financial Analysis & Control Submitted To: Umme Hanna Airin Ara Acting Head of Finance Department of Business Administration Stamford University Bangladesh Submitted By: Md.Nazmul Hasan ID: BBA 031 11119 BATCH: 31(P) Program: BBA Course Title: Financial Analysis & Control Course Code: FIN- 434 Stamford University Bangladesh Date of submission: 17th November, 2011 The Demand for financial Statement Information: * Introduction Financial statement is the product of a diverse set of demand and supply forces. Financial statement information is needed to facilitate decision making to facilitate the monitoring of management or to interpret contracts or agreement that includes provisions based on such information. Parties demanding financial statement information A. Shareholders, Investors and Security Analysts: Shareholders and other investors of corporation these parties range from individuals with relatively limited resources to large, well endowed institutions such as insurance companies and mutual funds. These decision made by the parties include not only which shares to day retain, or sell, but also the timing of the purchases or sales of those shares. In an investment focus, the emphasis is on choosing a portfolio of securities that is consistent with the preferences of the investor for risk, return, dividend yield, liquidity and so on. In that...
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...Is stock option backdating ethically defensible? Background Stock options are widely used to supplement the amount of non-performance-based cash compensation for executives and CEOs. Furthermore, Bishara & Schipani state that stock options, “have long been touted as a way to align the interests of the executive with the shareholder…”(2008, p. 13) and thus provide, “greater incentives for executives to improve firm performance.” (Raiborn et al. 2007, p.1) However, due to the transactional nature of options that they can be cashed in there exists motivation for executives or firms to manipulate the price so as to receive the greatest gain. Prior to 2002, a company was not required to, “report the issuance of stock options until after the close of the fiscal year.” (Raiborn et al. 2007 p.3 ) As such many firms decided to retroactively increase the value of their share options, particularly executives options. However, by 2002, the time the control measure, Section 403 of the Sarbanes-Oxley act, was passed, 1 out of every 5 companies were suspected to still utilise the practice. Widespread backdating caused a media stir in 2006, with prominent companies such as Comverse and UnitedHealth being indicted. This caused a ripple through the business community as other organisation came under investigation. In 2006, 173 companies were purported to have retroactively altered the stock options of prominent members of their organisations. Retroactively dating options is defined as...
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...economic and social disruptions are caused by imperialism. However, when one examines the evidence chosen and rhetoric of both sides, one may realize the faults in Nathan’s essay which are not shown in Esherick’s. Esherick, as opposed to Nathan, delivers his arguments and defends his stance in a well-rounded manner along with wise usage of his evidence–forming a more crystalized and convincing argument. The two sides disagree on the fundamental question of whether imperialism brought harm or benefits to China in three aspects: effects on the economy, effects on politics, and the results of imperialism. Nathan focuses on the economic benefits foreign trade has brought, while undermining the arguments that his opponents made (in this case, mainly James Peck and Issac’s arguments.) Nathan explains that “it is difficult to establish a negative relationship between the foreign presence and the success of Chinese enterprise.” He attributes the failure of the Chinese industrialization process to the “failure of that sector as a whole to develop,” and states that the problem can “hardly be explained by the depressing effect of foreign treaty port enterprise on Chinese treaty port enterprise.” He responds that the net drain of wealth is inherently inevitable since “China’s national debt per capita and her foreign trade per capita must have been among the lowest in the world.” He also points out that “the distorting impact of imperialism on China’s political evolution...
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...NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION: USE ONLY IN COMPLIANCE WITH COPYRIGHT: DAVID RISSTROM AN INTERPRETATION OF LAW IN CONTEXT Bottomley, S., Gunningham, N. and Parker, S., 1991, Law in Context, The Federation Press, Leichhardt. { } = additional material from lectures. ( ) = my comments. (See ‘x’) refers to book page number. A short (somewhat boring) message from the summary executioner before you dive in; These notes are an interpretation of the book Law in Context and the lectures given as part of the 1991 Course. They are not a satisfactory substitution for reading the text. You are only likely to get the maximum value out of this summary by reading it in conjunction with the text. The question of ‘the law in whose context’ may be worth keeping in mind as you read. This is an interpretation seen through my eyes, not yours. My comments are not unbiased, as it is as equally unlikely that yours may be. So my ‘advice’ is consider what is said here and in the book considering the need to understand the ‘mechanics’ that help make sense of the more involved themes that develop in the book as you progress through Law in Context. The observations, important in their own right, may be particularly useful for seeing how their often ubiquitous expression is taken as ‘normal’ in the areas of wider society, such as in discussions of economics and power. It is unlikely that you will find any ‘right answers’ from this summary, but I do hope it helps you in synthesising...
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...THE FORD PINTO CASE: THE VALUATION OF LIFE AS IT APPLIES TO THE NEGLIGENCE-EFFICIENCY ARGUMENT Christopher Leggett Law & Valuation Professor Palmiter Spring, 1999 Abstract Text of Paper Abstract The cases involving the explosion of Ford Pinto's due to a defective fuel system design led to the debate of many issues, most centering around the use by Ford of a cost-benefit analysis and the ethics surrounding its decision not to upgrade the fuel system based on this analysis. ISSUE Should a risk/benefit analysis be used in situations where a defect in design or manufacturing could lead to death or seriously bodily harm, such as in the Ford Pinto situation? RULE There are arguments both for and against such an analysis. It is an economically efficient method which has been accepted by courts for numerous years, however, juries may not always agree, so companies should take this into account. ANALYSIS Although Ford had access to a new design which would decrease the possibility of the Ford Pinto from exploding, the company chose not to implement the design, which would have cost $11 per car, even though it had done an analysis showing that the new design would result in 180 less deaths. The company defended itself on the grounds that it used the accepted risk/benefit analysis to determine if the monetary costs of making the change were greater than the societal benefit. Based on the numbers Ford used, the cost would have been $137 million versus the $49.5 million...
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...is a report on a seminar entitled Caritas in Veritate: The Logic of Gift and the Meaning of Business that was held in February 2011 at the PCJP. The report highlights the practical guiding principles for business men and women on Christian practices in the contemporary economic and financial world. It also acts as a handbook to be utilized by professors to instruct students in schools and universities on ethical dilemmas and good business practices. The report emphasizes the need for human dignity and service to the common good in business practices. It is generally meant to enable Christian business people to overcome the challenges presented by different unique circumstances in the corporate world and strike a balance between Christian faith and contemporary business practices. This is explored through three stages including seeing, judging and acting. The report suggests the proper functioning business markets and economies focused on serving the common good greatly contribute to both material and spiritual well being in the society. Moreover, good management practices enhance the dignity of employees and development of virtues. The report also stresses the importance of the integration of Christian faith and business practices. It discourages business people from living a divided life which ultimately leads to idolatry. This occurs when business leaders pursue business goals and objectives that are not consistent with Christian teachings and instead...
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...quantitative section begins. So if you do not write essays during at least one of your practice exams, you will probably find it surprisingly tiring the day of the exam when you have to head into the math section after an hour of writing. First, you should be aware of the two types of essay you will be required to write. One is known as "Analysis of Issue." The other is known as "Analysis of Argument." They demand different approaches and need to be understood in their particularities. Let's talk first about "Analysis of Issue." In "Analysis of Issue", you will given a statement (the "issue"). For example, "Responsibility for preserving the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person, not to government." (This is an actual GMAT topic and is property of GMAC which is no way affiliated with Manhattan GMAT.) Your task now is to decide whether you agree with the statement. There is no "right" answer to this: either position (pro or con) is perfectly valid. The only reaction that is not valid is to sit on the fence. You must take a side and defend it. If you waffle or remain uncommitted, you will lose points. The point of "Analysis of Issue" is to see how well you can defend a policy position. You must state a clear opinion, but...
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...Dialectical Journal Quote (page number) Analysis “The sheer predictability of life in an American suburb left me hoping—somewhat irresponsibly—for a hurricane or a tornado or something that would require us all to band together to survive. Something that would make us feel like a tribe. What I wanted wasn’t destruction and mayhem but the opposite: solidarity.” (pg. xiv) He in no way means that he wants to see devastation, but rather healing. Junger profoundly points out that destruction and mayhem bring unity and togetherness by forcing people together into community. I find it ironic that destruction can lead to healing, but then again rainbows come after storms. The uncertainty, devastation and lack of fortune break people down to their...
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...Upon your request, I have analyzed Dee Dee Myers ‘What class warfare really looks like’. I recommend this article to be published in The Shorthorn. In Myers’ article, she discusses the arguments between Democrats and Republicans on the issue of President’s calls to eliminate tax breaks for corporate jet owners. From that issue, she points out that the tax preferences or spending priorities in the United States are favoring the wealthy which are class warfare. She analyzes and proves the fiscal challenges that Americans are facing right now. I recommend publishing this article because Myers is able to use the rhetorical appeals: logic and evidence (logos), credibility as a writer (ethos), and skills of invoking emotions (pathos) through...
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...Hussein Tawil 201620152 Presented to Dr. Assem Saffieddine The Long Run Performance of Convertible Debt Issuers As convertible debt has become a major source of financing in USA, a study was performed to examine the long run operating performance and stock price performance of 828 convertible debt issuers relative to matched, non-issuing firms, which serve as a benchmark to compare and analyze the attained results from the study. The selected firms to conduct this study meet specific conditions, for example, the availability of the firms balance sheet, stock price and convertible debt data; a maximum of 1 convertible debt offer is included per year, and the firm’s stock should be listed on NYSE, AMEX, or NASDAQ. To measure the long run operating performance, pre-tax operating cash flow (EBIT) were used instead of net earnings (NI) as taxes and interest can obscure the operating performance, which is the focus of the study, in addition, the operating cash flows represent the economic benefits represented by the firm. The duration picked for the study was the year of the issuance, in addition to 3 years prior and the 3 years after the issuance, making it a total of 7. The operating performance was then analyzed by studying the performance relative to the year before the offering of the convertible debt (year -1), it was shown that there is an improvement of operating performance before the issuance but a large decline in the short period after it. Looking at this from...
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...17 17 23 25 26 30 32 34 34 35 36 38 38 38 39 43 46 49 50 51 54 55 1.10 Research Issues Identified 1.11 Summary Derivation of Research Issues 2.1 2.2 Introduction Evidence from Extant Accounts 2.2.1 Fixed Assets in Mercantile Accounting 2.2.2 The East India Company 2.2.3 Fixed Assets and Early Industrial Accounting 2.2.4 Capital Asset Accounting After 1870 2.2.4.i Renewal Accounting 2.2.4.ii Double-Account System 2.2.4.iii A Rejected Hypothesis 2.3 Steam and Iron: the ‘Railway Age’ iv 2.3.1 ‘Loco motion’: An Evolving Technology 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Research Issues Methodological Approach Structure of the Thesis Summary 59 68 69 70 72 74 74 75 77 77 79 79 81 82 86 88 Evaluative Framework 3.1 3.2 3.3 Introduction Static Equilibrium Analysis...
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