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James Carey Communication As Culture

(Lecture Notes)

Mass Communication scholar James W. Carey compares two views or models of communication, the “ritual” model and the “transmission” model. These two views of values associated with them, and emphasize different aspects of communication. The transmission model comes from the traditional social-scientific Sender- Message- Channel- Receiver or S-M-C-R approach whereas the ritual model comes from the social constructionist paradigm. Although he primarily refers to mass media, and particularly journalism, his comparison fits for public speaking as well. In fact, most communication textbooks, including public speaking, begin with the transmission model of communication. The following are excerpts, quotes, and paraphrases from the first two chapters of the book Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).

“Society not only exists by transmission, by communication, but it may fairly be said to exist in transmission, in communication.”
— Dewey

The most important single change in human consciousness in the last century, and especially in the American consciousness, has been the multiplying of the means and forms of what we call “communication.” Modern communications have drastically altered the ordinary terms of experience and consciousness, the ordinary structures of interest and feeling, the normal sense of being alive, of having a social relation.

Technological extensions and resettlement could never unload the instincts and necessities of an ancient past outside history. We remained possessed by that which we no longer quite possessed: rituals and narratives that are in the strict sense anthropological. Democracies are limited to range of foot and tongue. America is an oral democracy.

Reading the news is a dramatic ritual act. [The news is ] not information but a portrayal of contending forces in the world. [The ritual model is not about] information acquisition, though that’s part, but of dramatic action in which the reader joins a world of contending forces as an observer at a play. News is not information but drama, part of the ritual actions of everyday social life.

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